Tu Dien AA Ki Thuat Dien

8/10/2019 Tu Dien AA Ki Thuat Dien

1/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

T in DchAC bridge one of a wide go!p of "idgecic!i#$ !$ed fo mea$!emen#$ of e%$i$#ance$& ind!c#ance$& and capaci#ance$&

and #o po'ide () $ignal in #he "idge#an$d!ce$ incl!ding e$i$#o$& ind!c#o$&and capaci#o$*The +hea#$#one "idge can "e !$ed wi#ha $in!$oidal powe $!pply& and wi#h an() de#ec#o ,headphone$& o$cillo$cope-&one can !$e e$$en#ially #he $ame

poced!e fo mea%$!emen# of e$i$#o$a$ in D) applica#ion$* .nly a $malln!m"e of o#he () "idge$ ae !$ed in

moden elec#ic and elec#onic e/!ip%men#* ( $#ong $elec#ion fac#o wa$ #hefac# #ha# in a $#andad capaci#o #heelec#ical pa%ame#e ae clo$e$# #o #he

paame#e$ of an ideal capaci#o* 0ence&no# only a capaci%#ance i$ mea$!ed in#em$ of capaci#ance ,in e$i$#i'e a#ioam$ "idge$-& "!# #he ind!c#ance a$ welli$ mea$!ed in #em$ of capaci#ance ,0ay

and .wen "idge$-*The () "idge$ wi#h a#io am$ #ha# ae#igh#ly co!pled ind!c#ance$ allowmea$!emen# of a 'ey $mall diffeence

"e#ween c!en#$ in #he$e ind!c#ance$&and #hi$ fac# i$ !$ed in 'ey $en$i#i'ecapaci#ance #an$d!ce$*

cu ACm1# #ong nhng m3ch c4!ph5 "i6n $7 d8ng o cc in #9&c!1n c:m ' #8 in& ' c!ng c;p

#


2/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

AC/AC converter a powe elec#onic$de'ice in which an () inp!# 'ol#age of$ome magni#!de& fe/!ency& and n!m"eof pha$e$ i$ changed #o an () o!#p!# wi#h

change$ #o any of #he pe'io!$lymen#ioned paame#e$* ()() con'e#e$!$!ally ec#ify #he inp!# $o!ce #o a D)'ol#age and #hen in'e# #he D) 'ol#age #o#he de$ied () 'ol#age*

B bin i AC / ACm1# #hi6# "in #7 cng $!;#& #ong ? m1# inp 4! 'o () 'i c@Cng 1& #4n $J&' $J l@Ang cc pha @Ac #hay 5i

#hnh m1# 4! a () 'i nhng #hay5i ";# K #hng $J O cp #@c?* B1 ch!yn 5i () () #h@Cng$7a cha cc ng!>n 4! 'o 'i m1#in p D) ' $a! ? nghch l@! inp D) 'i in p () mong m!Jn

air core transormer #wo o moe coil$placed $o #ha# #hey ae linKed "y #he $ame

fl![ wi#h an ai coe* +i#h an ai coe #hefl![ i$ no# confined*

bin !" #$i %h&ng %h' hai hoVc nhi!c!1n dy @Ac liQn K6# "9i cc #hng

l@Ang cFng 'i m1# li Khng Kh


3/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

a#ternating current machine anelec#omechanical $y$#em #ha# ei#hecon'e#$ al#ena#ing c!en# elec#ical

powe in#o mechanical powe ,()

mo#o-& o con'e#$ mechanicalpowe in#o al#ena#ing c!en# elec#icalpowe ,() genea#o& o al#ena#o-*ome () machine$ ae de$igned #o

pefom ei#he of #he$e f!nc#ion$&depending on #he enegy $o!ce #o #hedynamo*

1!y i0n xoay chiuY m1# h #hJngin c? #h ch!yn 5i nZng l@Angin [oay chi! #hnh nZng l@Ang cEhc ,1ng cE ()-& hoVc ch!yn 5i

nZng l@Ang cE hc #hnh nZng l@Angin ,my ph# in [oay chi!*-* M1#$J my in [oay chi! @Ac #hi6# K6 #hLc hin m1# #ong nhng chHcnZng& #! #h!1c 'o ng!>n nZngl@Ang cho my ph# in*

am"#itude stabi#i2ation circuit a cic!i#!$ed #o o"#ain a peci$e o$cilla#ionampli#!de of o$cilla#o$* The$e cic!i#$ae !$ed in in% $#!men#a#ion when i# i$e/!ied #o incea$e #he p!i#y of o!#p!#$ignal and ed!ce #he fe% /!encydepe$$ion ,e$pecially in Meachem%

"idge o$cilla#o wi#h cy$#al- of #he mainha%monic "y highe hamonic$ ,'an deol ef%fec#-* Thee #ype$ of cic!i#$ ae!$edY^*

(n elemen# of lage ine#ia ,#!ng$#enlamp& #hemi$#o- i$ incl!ded in #he cic!i#a# a poin# whee i# can change #hemagni#!de of feed"acK& "!# no# affec# #hefe/!ency*2*( con#olled e$i$#o ,!$!ally an qTopea#ing in a #iode egime- #ha# i$ al$o

pa# of #he feed"acK cic!i# ,#he D)con#ol $ignal i$ o"#ained wi#h a ec#ifieand a fil#e of lage #ime con$#an#-*r*(n a!#oma#ic gain con#ol cic!i# whee#he D) con#ol $ignal o"#ained fom aec#i% fie and fil#e i$ !$ed #o change #he

"ia$ of o$cilla#o ac#i'e elemen#*

m3ch n 4nh bi)n m1# m3ch@Ac $7 d8ng l;y "iQn 1 dao 1ngch


4/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

"1 chInh l@! ' "1 lc @Ac $7 d8ng #hay 5i [! h@ng my dao 1ngcGa ph4n #7 #


5/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

core9ty"e transormer a #an$fome inwhich #he magne#ic cic!i# !pon which#he winding$ aewo!nd #aKe$ #he fom ofa $ingle ing* +hen #he coil$ ae placed

on #he coe& #hey encicle #he coe* Seealso coe*

1BA c: #$il MB( #ong ? ccm3ch # #Qn cc c!1n dy c? hnhd3ng cGa m1# '=ng d!y nh;#* zhic!1n dy @Ac V# #Qn li & "ao 'y

cJ# li* vem #hQm li*counter9tor;ue #o/!e de'eloped inoppo$i#ion #o #he o#a#ion of a machine* j#i$ pod!ced a$ load c!en# flow$ in #he

pe$ence of and pependic!la #omagne#ic fl![ in a machine #ha# i$genea#ing elec#ic powe*

m&9men xo


6/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

@C motor a mo#o #ha# opea#e$ fom aD) powe $!pply* Mo$# D) mo#o$ ha'ea field winding on #he $#a#o of #hemachine #ha# cea#e$ a D) magne#ic field

in #he aigap*The ama#!e winding i$ loca#ed on #heo#oof #he machine and #he D) $!pply i$in'e#ed

"y #he comm!#a#o and "!$he$ #o po'idean al#ena#ing c!en# in #he ama#!ewinding$*

ng c mt chiul m1# 1ng cEho3# 1ng @Ac # ng!>n in m1#chi!* 04! h6# cc 1ng cE D) c?m1#

c!1n dy #Qn $#a#o cGa my#3o a m1# # #@Cng D) #ong Khe h9Khng Kh


7/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

@e#ta connection a #hee%pha$e powe$o!ce o load in which #he elemen#$ aeconnec#ed in $eie$ and ae #h!$epe$en#ed on a $chema#ic diagam a$ a

#iang!la config!a#ion*

i tam gi!cY m1# ng!>n in hoVc#:i "a pha #ong ? cc ph4n #7 @AcK6# nJi "i! di\n #Qn $E > nh@ m1#c;! hnh #am gic*

@irect current machine a D) machinei$ an elec#omechanical dynamo #ha#ei#he con'e#$ diec# c!en# elec#ical

powe in#o mechanical powe ,D)mo#o-& o con'e#$ mechanical powein#o diec# c!en# elec#ical powe ,D)genea#o-* ome D) machine$ aede$igned #o pefom ei#he of #he$ef!nc#ion$& depending on #he enegy

$o!ce #o #he dynamo*

1!y i0n mt chiu?My in D)ch!yn 5i # nZng l@Ang in $angnZng l@Ang cE hc,1ng cE in-hoVc ch!yn # nZng l@Ang cE $angnZng l@Ang in,my ph# in-*'ilo3i my in D) @Ac #hi6# K6 #hLc hin m1# #ong nhng chHc nZngKhcFy #h!1c 'o ng!>n nZng l@Angcho my ph#*

@irect current motor a o#a#ion machineenegied "y D) elec#ical enegy and!$ed #o con'e# elec#ical enegy #omechanical enegy*

ng c i0nmt chiu?m1# myin /!ay @Ac c!ng c;p nZng l@Angin m1# chi! ' ch!yn 5i # nZngl@Ang in $ang nZng l@Ang cE

@ynamo a #em !$ed #o de$ci"e any ofa 'aie#y of o#a#ing machine$ #ha# con'e#mechanical #o elec#ical enegy& o le$$commonly& elec#ical #o mechanical

enegy* Dynamo$ #ypically con$i$# of a$#a#ionay $#!c#!e& called #he $#a#o&$!ppo#ing a o#a#ing elemen# called #heo#o* qnegy con'e$ion occ!$ 'iaaaday ind!c#ion* ( field winding ,o in$ome $malle machine$& pemanen#magne#$- i$ mo!n#ed on one of #hemechanical $#!c#!e$ and pod!ce$ amagne#ic fl![* (n ama#!e winding i$mo!n#ed on #he o#he $#!c#!e& and

o#a#ion of #he o#o pod!ce$ ela#i'emo#ion "e#ween #he field fl![ and #hecoil$ of an ama#!e winding& ind!cing aaaday 'ol#age in #he ama#!e coil* Thi$aaday ind!ced 'ol#age i$ #he $o!ce ofelec#ical enegy a# #he dynamo o!#p!#*

@ynamom1# #h!# ng dFng m#: m1# lo3# cc my ch!yn 5i cEhc #hnh nZng l@Ang in& hoVc mm1# c;! #}c cJ nh& @Ac gi l$#a#o& hu #A m1# ph4n /!ay @Ac gil o#o* )h!yn 5i nZng l@Ang [:ya #hng /!a c:m Hng aaday* M1#c!1n dy Kn gJc cGa nZng l@Ang

Nhm SV: Nguy\n 0! Ton 2]^]2_`^ Mai bZn Thi 2]^]2^^ Page 7


8/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

in #3i 4! a my ph# in*

D#ectronica##y commutated machine aD) machine wi#h o#o%mo!n#ed

pemanen# magne#$& and concen#a#ed

,$/!ae- $#a#o winding$* The machinef!ndamen#ally "eha'e$ liKe a D)machine wi#h linea $peed and #o/!echaac#ei$#ic$& and hence i$ al$o called a

"!$hle$$ D) machine* The machine i$di$#ing!i$hed fom con'en#ional D)machine$ in i#$ $!"$#i#!#ion of a $i[%$wi#ch in'e#e fo "!$he$ and coppecomm!#a#o "a$ and in i#$ need fo #he

o#o po$i#ion infoma#ion in eal #ime*

My in m1# chi! 'i nam chm'|nh c7! gn #Qn o#o& ' c!1n dy$#a#o #p #!ng* b cE ":n ho3# 1ng

nh@ m1# my in m1# chi! 'i ccVc #


9/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

FaradayGs #a( one of Ma[well~$e/!a#ion$ #ha# de$ci"e$ #he f!ndamen#alela#ion$hip "e#ween ind!ced 'ol#age anda #ime'aying magne#ic field* o a

cond!c#ing coil& #he ind!ced 'ol#age i$popo#ional #o #he #ime a#e of change in#he magne#ic fl![ linKing #he coil* Thi$change may "e pod!ced ei#he "y ac#!al'aia#ion of field $#eng#h o "y ela#i'emo#ion "e#ween coil and field* See alsoMa[well~$ e/!a#ion$*

4nh #uHt FaradayY m1# #ong ccph@Eng #nh Ma[well m #: cc mJi/!an h cE ":n gia in p c:m Hng' #hCi gian "i6n #hiQn # #@Cng *Ji

'i m1# c!1n dy dxn in& in pc:m Hng #U l #h!n 'i #U l #hCi giancGa $L #hay 5i # #hng liQn K6# ccc!1n dy* L #hay 5i ny c? #h @Ac#3o a "Png cch #hay 5i #hLc #6 cGac@Cng 1 # #@Cng hoVc "9i ch!yn1ng #@Eng Ji gia c!1n dy ' ##@Cng* vem #hQm ph@Eng #nhMa[well*

#ux density line$ of magne#ic fl![ pe!ni# aea& mea$!ed in #e$la ^T =^Wb=m2*

1Ht th&ng #+,ng tE th&ng#Qnm1# En ' din # #h m #:mJi /!an h gia m# 1 # #hng 'c@Cng 1 # #@Cng #ong m1# '#li!* ,#h@Cng l $# #-



10/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

hysteresis motor any of a 'aie#y of$ingle%pha$e () mo#o$ #ha# !$e #hehy$#ee$i$ pope#ie$ of had magne#icma#eial$ #o de'elop #o/!e* #a#o

winding$ of a hy$#ee$i$ mo#o can "e ofany de$ign #ha# pod!ce$ a o#a#ing fl![wi#hin #he machine* Mo#ion of#he o#a#ing fl![ o'e #he o#o agne#ie$#he had magne#ic ma#eial on #he o#ohowe'e& #he hy$#ee$i$ chaac#ei$#ic$ of#he ma#eialca!$e #he alignmen# of magne# fl![ #o lag#he o#a#ing $#a#o fl![* Thi$ mi$alignmen#

pod!ce$ o#o #o/!e* Beca!$e of #he

na#!e of #he #o/!e pod!c#ion& hy$#ee$i$mo#o$ opea#e a# $ynchono!$ $peed andha'ea con$#an# #o/!e chaac#ei$#ic& which

pemi#$ #hem #o $ynchonie any load #ha##hey can accelea#e*

ng c tE trK l m1# #ong lo3# cc

1ng cE m1# pha () $7 d8ng cc '#li! # [!;# ph# # ;# hi6m ph#

#in lQn m%men [on* )!1n dy$#a#o cGa m1# 1ng cE # #\c? #hcGa ";# K #hi6# K6 $:n [!;# m1# d=ng[oay #ong my* ch!yn 1ng cGa#hng l@Ang /!ay #Qn o#omagne#ie$ cc '# li! # cHng #Qncnh /!3# T!y nhiQn& cc Vc #


11/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

induction generator an ind!c#ionmachine opea#ed a$ a genea#o* jf #hemachine i$ connec#ed #o an () $y$#emand i$ di'en a# gea#e #han $ynchono!$

$peed& #he machine can con'e#mechanical enegy #o elec#ical fom* Theind!c#ion genea#o e/!ie$ a $o!ce ofeac#i'e powe*

1!y "h!t i0n c=m Mng?m1# myc:m Hng ho3# 1ng nh@ m1# my ph#in* s6! my in @Ac K6# nJi 'im1# h #hJng [oay chi! ' #!yn

1ng 'i #Jc 1 ln hEn #Jc 1 >ng"1& my c? #h ch!yn 5i nZng l@AngcE hc hnh #hnh in* )c my

ph# in c:m Hng =i hXi m1# ng!>ncng $!;# ph:n Khng

induction machine cla$$ifica#ion of anyof a 'aie#y of elec#ical machine$ inwhich an () c!en# in #he $#a#o coil$ i$!$ed #o pod!ce a o#a#ing magne#ic fl![

#ha#& "y aaday ac#ion& ind!ce$ an ()'ol#age in a $e# of coil$ ,#he ind!c#ioncoil$- on #he machine~$ o#o* The o#ocoil$ ae $ho#ed #o ca!$e a $econd ()c!en# #o flow in #he o#o coil$& which

pod!ce$& in #!n& a $econd o#a#ing fl![*The in#eac#ion of #he o#o% and $#a#o%

pod!ced fl![e$ cea#e$ #o/!e*

1!y i0n c=m MngYphn lo3i cGa ";#K my in no #ong ? d=ng [oaychi! #ong cc c!1n dy $#a#o @Ac$7 d8ng #3o a m1# # #hng /!ay

heo l!# aaday& gy a m1# in p[oay chi! #ong m1# #p hAp ccc!1n dy ,c!1n dy c:m Hng- #Qno#o cGa my* )c c!1n dy o#ongn gy a m1# [oay chi! #hH haid=ng in ch3y #ong cc c!1n dyo#o* L #@Eng #c cGa cc o#o% '$#a#o #3o a m%men [on*



12/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

induction vo#tage transormers"ecia##ycon$#!c#ed #an$fome wi#h a o#a#ing

pi%may coil #ha# i$ !$ed #o po'ide'ol#age eg!la#ion on indi'id!al powe

cic!i#$* The $econday of an ind!c#ioneg!la#o i$ mo!n#edon #he $#a#ionay $hell of cylindical coe&and#he pimay i$ mo!n#ed on a mo'a"le&cen#e o#o*jn #he ne!#al po$i#ion& #he magne#ic a[e$of #he pimay and $econday coil$ aeoien#ed ] degee$ #o each o#he&ed!cing #he magne#ic co!pling #o eo*

jn #hi$ po$i#ion& enegiing #he pimaydoe$ no# ind!ce'ol#age in #he $econday howe'e&o#a#ing #he pimay coil in ei#hediec#ion fom #he ne!#al po$i#ion cea#e$m!#!al fl![ linKage and ca!$e$ a$econday 'ol#age #o appea*o#a#ion in one diec#ion ca!$e$$econday 'ol#age #o "e in pha$e wi#h #he

pimay o#a#ion in #he oppo$i#e diec#ionca!$e$ $ec%onday 'ol#age #o "e o!# ofpha$e wi#h #he pimay* bol#ageeg!la#ion i$ po'ided "y connec#ing #he

pimay coil aco$$ #he line #o "eeg!la#ed and connec#ing #he $econdaycoil in $eie$ wi#h #he load*By po$i#ioning #he pimay coil "a$ed onload demand in #he line& $econday'ol#age can "e !$ed #o ad!$# line 'ol#age

ei#he !p o down* jnd!c#ion eg!la#o$ae al$o e/!ipped wi#h a$ho#%cic!i#ed coil mo!n#ed on #he

pimay in $pa#ial /!ada#!e wi#h #hepimay coil*

jn #he ne!#al po$i#ion& #hi$ coil ha$

1!y bin !" c=m Mng bin !" Ncbi0t@Ac [y dLng "i6n 5i 'i m1# c!1ndy l c: $E c;p ' #hH c;p @Ac $7

d8ng c!ng c;p in p /!y nh#Qn m3ch in c nhn* )c c!1ndy #hH c;p c:m Hng c? #h i!chInh ' @Ac lp #Qn li hnh #8 '@Ac cch in& ' c!1n dy $E c;p@Ac lp V# #Qn m1# di ch!yn&

#!ng #m o#o* ' #< #!ng lpc # cGa c!1n dy $E c;p ' #hHc;p l nh h@ng ] 1 'i nha!&lm gi:m cc Khp nJi # $J Khng*

' #< ny& #i6p #hQm $inh lLc ch


13/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

O9actor rating an indica#ion of a#an$fome~$ capa"ili#y #o po'ide a$pecified amo!n# of hamonic con#en# ini#$ load c!en# wi#ho!# o'ehea#ing* z%

fac#o a#ed #an$fome$ #ypically !$e#hinne lamina#ion$ in #he coe #o ed!ce#he eddy c!en# lo$$e$& lage cond!c#o$#o ed!ce $Kin effec#& and fo #hee%pha$e#an$fome$ a lage ne!#al cond!c#o #ocond!c# eo%$e/!ence hamonic c!en#$*

0 s tP #0 O?m1# d;! hi! cGa Kh:nZng "i6n p c!ng c;p $?ng hi #:i#ng hin #3i cGa mnh m Khng /!n?ng* 0 s tP #0 O#h@Cng $7 d8ng l

#hWp mXng hEn #ong li gi:m #hi#h3i d=ng in [oy& dy dxn ln hEn gi:m hi! Hng " mV#& ' cho my

"i6n p "a pha m1# dy dxn #!ng #


14/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

#oc%ed9rotor current #he c!en# dawn"y an ind!c#ion mo#o when #he $haf# i$no# mo'ing and a#ed 'ol#age i$ applied*The $#a#ing c!en# i$ e$$en#ially e/!al #o

#he locKed o#o c!en# and may "e a$m!ch a$ eigh# #ime$ #he a#ed c!en# of#he machine*

@ng hQm rotoYd=ng }# a "9i m1#1ng cE c:m Hng Khi #8c Khng dich!yn ' in p danh nh @Ac pd8ng* d=ng Kh9i 1ng "Png 'i d=ng

Kh?a o#o ' c? #h #m l4n d=ngdanh nh cGa my **

#oc%ed9rotor tor;ue #he #o/!e pod!cedin an ind!c#ion mo#o when #he o#o i$locKed and a#ed () 'ol#age i$ applied #o#he $#a#o*

m&9men xo


15/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

magnetic moment fo a c!en#%cayingcoil in an e[#enal magne#ic field& #hea#io of #he #o/!e $en$ed "y #he coil #o#he fl![ den$i#y of #he e[#enal field* jn

pemanen# magne#$& #he pod!c# of #hepola fl![ and #he magne#ic leng#h #hepod!c# of #he in#in$ic fl![ den$i#y and#he magne# 'ol!me*

1omen tE #+Rng c6cd=ng c!1n dymang #ong m1# # #@Cng "Qn ngoiU l cGa cc m%men [on ph:n h>i

"9i cc c!1n dy 'i m# 1 #hng

l@Ang cGa #@Cng "Qn ngoi* Tongnam chm '|nh c7!& $:n phRm cGa#hng l@Ang cLc ' chi! di # $:n

phRm cGa m# 1 #hng l@Ang "Qn#ong ' KhJi l@Ang nam chm*

magnetic motor starter #ha#!$e$ elec#omechanical de'ice$ $!ch a$con#ac#o$ and elay$*

%hLi ng tE ng cm$7 d8ng cc #hi6# " in nh@Y cng#c #E ' Ele

magneti2ing current #he c!en# e/!ied#o magne#ie #he diffeen# pa#$ of amagne#ic cic!i#* j# i$ calc!la#ed a$ #hea#io of #he #o#al magne#omo#i'e foce ,F-and #he n!m"e of #!n$ ,N-* Moe o le$$in #an$fome$& and ()$ynchono!$ andind!c#ion machine$& #he magne#iingc!en# i$ #he c!en# #ho!gh #hemagne#iing ind!c#ance* Deno#ed "y Im&i# i$ calc!la#ed a$ #he a#io of #he ind!cedqM aco$$ #he magne#iing ind!c#ance#o i#$ magne#iing eac#anceXm*

dng tEd=ng c4n #hi6# Kh7 # cc"1 phn Khc nha! cGa m1# m3ch #*s? @Ac #


16/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

mo#ded case circuit brea%er alow'ol#ageai cic!i# "eaKe #ha# incl!de$ #hemalando magne#ic o'ec!en# $en$ing

diec#ly #ip$ #he "eaKe* The moldedca$e cic!i# "eaKe i$ nealy alway$man!ally clo$ed& opened& and e$e#*

A"tomat d3ng Tcng# in p#h;p&My c# Khng Kh< "ao g>m nhi#hoVc c:m "i6n /! d=ng # #Lc #i6p

ch!y6n i "1 ng# m3ch* (p#oma#d3ng }cg4n nh@ l!n l!n #L ?ng&m9& ' #L #hi6# lp l3i*

1otor an e#ectromechanica#de'ice #ha#con'e#$ elec#ical enegy fom a D) oan () $o!ce in#o mechanical enegy&!$!ally in #he fom of o#ay mo#ion*

ng c #U mt thit b4 i0nch!yn 5i nZng l@Ang in # ng!>nin D) hoVc () #hnh nZng l@AngcE hc& #h@Cng #heo hnh #hHc ch!yn1ng /!ay*

motor circuit "rotector -1CV. a li$#edcom"ina#ion mo#o con#olle con#ainingan ad!$#a"le in$#an#aneo!$%#ip cic!i#

"eaKe and coodina#ed mo#o o'eloadpo#ec#ion* M)$ can po'ide $ho#%cic!i# and "ol#ed go!nd%fa!l# po#ec#ion'ia #he cic!i# "eaKe magne#ic elemen#&o'eload po#ec% #ion 'ia #he o'eloadde'ice& mo#o con#ol& and di$connec#ingmean$ all in one a$$em"ly*

A typical electric motor circuit.

m3ch b=o v0 ng c -1CV.lm3ch in K6# hAp cc #hi6# " nh@i! Khin ch!yn m3ch& "1 ng#m3ch phJi hAp ":o ' /! #:i 1ngcEM) c? #h [:y a ngn m3ch '

@Ac nJi ;# ":o ' #hng /!a ccm3ch in c? cE c;! ":o ' "Png #*)? y6! #J ng# # #


17/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

motor circuit#he #hee componen#$ ofan elec#ical cic!i# ae $o!ce& load& andin#econnec#ing cic!i# cond!c#o$* (mo#o cic!i# i$ an elec#ical cic!i#

de$igned #o de li'e powe #o a mo#o* j#incl!de$ #he o'e c!en# po#ec#i'ede'ice$& con#olle& di$con nec# $wi#ch&cic!i# cond!c#o$& and #he mo#oi#$elf

M3ch in 1ng cE g>m "a #hnhph4n l ng!>n& #:i& ' dy dxn K6#nJi*M1# m3ch in @Ac #hi6# K6 c!ng

c;p m1# 1ng cE* s? "ao g>m cc/! #hi6# " ":o ' /! d=ng in&i! Khin ch!yn m3ch& dy dxnm3ch& ' 1ng cE ch


18/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

o"en9de#ta transormer a connec#ion$imila #o a del#a{del#a connec#ion& e[cep##ha# one $ingle%pha$e #an$fome i$emo'ed* j# i$ !$ed #o deli'e #hee%pha$e

powe !$ing only #wo $ingle%pha$e#an$fome$* The nomal capaci#y of #heopen%del#a #an$fome i$ ed!ced #o_*_ of i#$ del#a a#ing*

bin !" ni W mLm1# K6# nJi#@Eng #L nh@ m1# K6# nJi W%W& ngo3i# d!y nh;# m1# giai o3n "i6n p@Ac l;y a* s? @Ac $7 d8ng c!ng

c;p in "a pha chI $7 d8ng hai my"i6n p m1# pha* )ng $!;# "nh#h@Cng cGa "i6n p nJi m9 @Acgi:m [!Jng _&_ cGa gi cGa n?*

overcurrent ,^- c!en# in a cic!i# #ha#e[ceed$ a pe$e# limi#*,2- mo#o c!en# magni#!de in #he nomalcic!i# pa#h e[ceeding #he f!ll%load

c!en#*

;u! dng,^- l #@Cng hAp d=ng in#ong m3ch '@A# /! m1# gii h3nnh $n , #h@Cng gi l gi # nhmHc-*

,2- l #@Cng hAp d=ng in #ong1ng cE hin c? 1 ln hEn "nh#h@Cng '@A# /! #:i hin hnh*

over#oad a $i#!a#ion #ha# e$!l#$ inelec#icale/!ipmen# caying moe #han i#$ a#edc!en#* lacing #oo m!ch elec#ical loadon a genea#o o #oo m!ch mechanicalload on a mo#o wo!ld ca!$e an o'eload*

;u! t=im1# #nh h!Jng m K6# /!:#ong #hi6# " in mang nhi! hEnd=ng nh mHc cGa n?* V# /! nhi!#:i in #Qn m1# my ph# in hoVccE Kh< n3p /! nhi! 'o m1# 1ng cE$N gy a m1# #nh #3ng /! #:i

"ermanent magnet -V1.a magne# #ha#pod!ce$ an e[#enal magne#ic field "y'i#!e of #he alignmen# of domain$ in$ide#he ma#eial and e#ain$ i#$ magne#i$maf#e "eing $!"ec#ed #o demagne#iingfield$*

nam chXm vYnh cZu -V1.l m1#nam chm #3o a # m1# # #@Cng

"Qn ngoi nhC $L liQn K6# cGa ccl|nh 'Lc "Qn #ong '# li! ' gi l3i# #


19/84


20/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

"ermanent s"#it9ca"acitor -V]C. motora ind!c#ion mo#o #ha# opea#e$ fom a$ingle" pha$e $!pply* The mo#o con#ain$#wo pha$e winding$ in /!ada#!e

howe'e& one of #hem ha$ a capaci#o in$eie$ wi#h i# #o cea#e a pha$e $hif#"e#ween #he winding c!en#$* Bo#hwinding$ and #he capaci#o opea#econ#in!o!$ly $o #he machine ac#$ liKe a#wo%pha$e machine when !nning a# i#$opea#ing $peed& pod!cing le$$ 'i"a#ionand noi$e #han a $ingle%pha$e mo#o*ince #he capaci#o !n$ con#in!o!$ly& i# i$$ied $malle #han #he capaci#o !$ed in a

capaci#o $#a# ind!c#ion mo#o ,)jM-*Th!$& #he ) mo#o pod!ce$ a lowe$#a#ing #o/!e #han #he )jM*

ng c nam chXm vPnh cZu c: t^-V]C-l m1# 1ng cE c:m Hng mho3# 1ng # m1# ng!>n c!ng c;p m1#

pha d!y nh;#* 1ng cE c? hai c!1n

dy pha '!ng g?c T!y nhiQn& m1##ong hai c!1n dy c? m1# #8 in nJi#i6p 'i n? #3o a m1# $L #hay 5i

pha gia hai c!1n dy *): hai c!1ndy ' #8 in ho3# 1ng liQn #8c my ho3# 1ng nh@ m1# my hai

pha * Khi ch3y 9 #Jc 1 nh mHc n?ho3# 1ng mhai hoVc "a c!1n dy **

"rimary ,^- #he $o!ce%$ide winding*,2- efe$ #o #he po#ion of a n!clea

powe plan# con#aining #he eac#o and i#$e/!ipmen#*

] cI",^- c!1n dy phn,2- cp 6n m1# ph4n cGa m1# nhmy in h3# nhn c? chHa cc l=

ph:n Hng ' cc #hi6# " cGa n?

"rimary coo#ant #he medi!m !$ed #oemo'e enegy& in #he fom of hea#& foma n!clea eac#o coe& e*g*& wa#e& heli!m&o li/!id me#al*

n+Sc #Um m!t ch'nh@Ac $7 d8ng lo3i "X nZng l@Ang& d@i d3ngnhi#& # m1# li l= ph:n Hng h3#nhn& '< d8 nh@& n@c& heli!m& hoVcKim lo3i lXng*

"rimary vo#tage in powe di$#i"!#ion#he 'ol#age a# #he pimay winding of #hedi$#i"!#ion #an$fome*

i0n !" s cI"#ong phn phJi inin p 9 c!1n $E c;p cGa my "i6np phn phJi*



21/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

"rimary (inding #he #an$fomewinding connec#ed #o #he enegy $o!ce*

cun s cI" m!y bin !" c!1n dyK6# nJi 'i cc ng!>n nZng l@Ang*

;uantum e#ectronics #he field of $#!dy of#he in#eac#ion$ of elec#omagne#ic field$wi#h ma##e& wi#h empha$i$ placed onin#e% ac#ion$ #ha# canno# "e de$ci"edcla$$ically*

#+,ng tZ h_cl|nh 'Lc nghiQn cH! '$L #@Eng #c cGa #@Cng in # 'i'# ch;#& 'i $L nh;n m3nh @Ac V##Qn cc #@Eng #c m Khng #h @Acm #: Kinh in*

;uarter9(ave transormer a piece of#an$mi$$ion line wi#h an elec#ical leng#hof ^ of #he opea#ing fe/!ency wa'e

leng#h ,o odd m!l#iple- !$ed foimpedance ma#ching*

`/ b+Sc s:ng m!y bin !"m1# ph4ncGa @Cng dy #!yn #:i in 'ichi! di cGa ^ cGa cc "@c $?ng

#4n $J ho3# 1ng ,hoVc l nhi!- @Ac$7 d8ng cho phF hAp #9 Khng*

reactance grounded an elec#ical $y$#emin which #he ne!#al i$ in#en#ionallygo!nded #ho!gh a eac#ance* e/!en#ly!$ed in #he ne!#al of genea#o$ and#an$fome$ #o limi# #he magni#!de ofline #o go!nd fa!l# c!en#$*

i0n trL It m1# h #hJng in& #ong? #!ng #n in * );! #}cm3ch in c? #h l Khc nha! Y c?#h $7 d8ng in #9 h3n ch6 & hoVcm1# ph4n c!1n dy ,yQ! c4! 1ng cEVc "i# hoVc c? hai c!1n dy inp-* Thi6# " in #7 cSng c? #h @Ac$7 d8ng #Zng d4n in p cho h#hJng c;p* zhi hon #hin Kh! Kh9i1ng cSng ph:i "ao g>m #hi6# " ":o' /! #:i*

re#uctance motora mo#o con$#!c#ed on#he pinciple of 'aying el!c#ance of #he

ng c tE trLl m1# 1ng cE [ydLng #Qn ng!yQn #c #hay 5i Kho:ng



22/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

ai gap a$ a f!nc#ion of #he o#o po$i#ionwi#h e$pec# #o #he $#a#o coil a[i$*The #o/!e in #he$e mo#o$ ai$e$ fom #he#endency of #he o#o #o align i#$elf in #he

minim!m el!c#ance po$i#ion along #heleng#h of #he ai gap*

cch cGa ' #< o#o $o 'i #8c c!1ndy $#a#o*m%men [on #ong nhng 1ng cE

ph# $inh # cc [! h@ng h}# o#o

ch


23/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

resonant tunne#ing efe$ #o #he poce$$of e$onan# enhancemen# of elec#on#!nneling "y in#emedia#e enegy $#a#e$*jn #he $imple$# ca$e& i# occ!$ when

incoming elec#on$ coincide in enegywi#h #he $#a#e$ cea#ed in #he well*

+Jng hm cng h+Lng cp 6n/! #nh nng cao c1ng h@9ng cGa@Cng h4m elec#on "Png #3ng #hinZng l@Ang #!ng gian* Tong #@Cng

hAp En gi:n nh;#& n? [:y a Khi ccelec#on 6n #Fng nZng l@Ang 'i cc#3ng #hi #3o a #ong gi6ng*

rotor "o(er de'eloped#he amo!n# ofpowe de'eloped "y #he o#o* jn D)machine$& #he de'eloped powe&fe/!en#ly deno#ed "y Pd& i$ calc!la#ed a$#he pod!c# of #he ind!ced qMEaand#he ama#!e c!en# Ia* jn ind!c#ion

machine$& #he o#o powe de'eloped i$o"#ained "y $!"#ac#ing #he o#o coppelo$$e$ fom #he ai gap powe*

i0n gi:ph# #in$J l@Angin hay ph# #in "9i cc o#o*Tong my D)& in ph# #inh@Cng "i! hin "Png d& @Ac #


24/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

#he powe #an$feed aco$$ #he ai gap #o#he o#o of an ind!c#ion mo#o #ha# i$ lo$#ei#he #ho!gh ohmic hea#ing of #he o#owinding$ o d!e #o fic#ion and windage

lo$$e$ in #he o#o* The mechanical powea'aila"le a# #he mo#o $haf# i$ #hediffeence "e#ween o#o powe inp!# ando#o powe lo$$e$* See also o#o poweinp!#*

cho ph4n cGa cng $!;# #!yn /!acc Kho:ng cch Khng Kh< cho o#ocGa m1# 1ng cE c:m Hng m " m;#hoVc #hng /!a h #hJng $@9i cGa

c!1n dy o#o hoVc do ma $# ' gi?ph# a #5n #h;# #ong o#o* )ng $!;#cE Kh< #hLc hin #3i cc #8c 1ng cEl $L Khc "i# gia 4! 'o ino#o ' #5n #h;# in nZng o#o* vem#hQm cng $!;# 4! 'o o#o*

rotor s"eed /!an#ifica#ion of #heo#a#ionalopea#ion of #he mo'ing pa# of a o#a#ingelec#ical machine* The o#o $peed i$

mea$!ed ei#he in j !ni#$ in adian$ pe$econd ,ad$- o in pac#ical !ni#$ ine'ol!#ion$ pe min!#e ,e'min-*

tc rotornh l@Ang cGa ho3#1ng /!ay cGa cc ph4n ch!yn 1ngcGa m1# my in /!ay* TJc 1 o#o@Ac o hoVc #ong En ' j l

adian #Qn giy ,ad $- hoVc #ongcc En ' #hLc #6 l '=ng #Qn ph}#,'=ng ph}#-*

rotor #he o#a#ing pa# of an elec#icalmachine incl!ding #he $haf#& $!ch a$ #heo#a#ing ama#!e of a D) machine o #hefield of a $ynchono!$ machine*

otorph4n /!ay cGa m1# my in"ao g>m cc #8c& chng h3n nh@ph4n Hng /!ay cGa m1# my in m1#chi! hoVc # #@Cng cGa m1# my>ng "1*

]9`A #echnical $#andad de'eloped "y#he qlec#onic$ jnd!$#y ($$ocia#ion #ha#de$ci"e$ in de#ail #he ela#ion$hip

"e#ween 'e#ical& hoion#al& and$!"caie componen#$ wi#hin a 'ideo$ignal* The $#andad pemi#$$ynchonia#ion of #wo o moe 'ideo$ignal$*

]9`A#iQ! ch!Rn Kk #h!# @Acph# #in "9i 0ip h1i )ng nghipin #7 m #: chi #i6# mJi /!an hgia #heo chi! dc& ngang& ' cc#hnh ph4n $?ng mang #ong m1# #


25/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

saturation #ux density #he ma[im!m'al!e of in#in$ic ind!c#ion ,Bi - "eyondwhich an incea$e in magne#iing fieldyield$ no f!#he impo'emen#& indica#ing

#ha# all magne#ic momen#$ in #he ma#eialha'e "een aligned*

mHt tE th&ng bQo hagi # #Jia cGa c:m Hng "Qn #ong ,Bi- ngoim $L gia #Zng #ong # #@Cng h?aKhng c? c:i #hin hEn na& chI a

Png #;# c: nhng Kho:nh Khc ##ong '# li! O @Ac liQn K6#

]chematic a diagam #ha# $how$ how anelec#onic de'ice i$ con$#!c#ed*

nguy)n #m1# $E > cho #h;y lm #h6no m1# #hi6# " in #7 @Ac [ydLng*

secondary vo#tage contro# an a!#oma#ic'ol#age con#ol $cheme #ha# i$ $imila inf!nc#ion #o #he a!#oma#ic 'ol#ageeg!la#o& "!# i#$ p!po$e i$ #o con#ol a

"!$ 'ol#age which need no# ha'e a$ynchono!$ genea#o connec#ed a# #he

"!$*

%i7m so!t i0n !" thM cI"m1#ch@Eng #nh Kim $o# in p #L1ng #@Eng #L nh@ chHc nZng i!chInh in p #L 1ng& nh@ng m8cng "1 K6# nJi'o @Cng ?*

secondary vo#tage in powe di$#i"!#ionwoK #he 'ol#age a# #he $econday of #hedi$#i"!#ion #an$fome*

i0n !" thM cI" #ong phn phJi inlm 'ic in p 9 #hH c;p cGa my

"i6n p phn phJi

secondary (inding #he #an$fomewinding #o which #he load$ ae connec#ed*See alsopimay winding*

Cun dXy thM cI"c!1n dy "i6n pm #:i @Ac K6# nJi* vem #hQm c!1ndy $E c;p



26/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

]emiconductor a ma#eial in whichelec#on$ in #he o!#emo$# $hell ae a"le #omiga#e fom a#om #o a#om when amode$# amo!n# of enegy i$ applied* !ch

a ma#eial i$ pa#ially cond!c#ing ,can$!ppo# elec#ical c!en# flow-& "!# al$oha$ pope#ie$ of an in$!la#o* The amo!n#of c!en# cond!c#ion #ha# can "e$!ppo#ed can "e 'aied "y doping #hema#eial wi#h appopia#e ma#eial$&which e$!l#$ in #he incea$ed pe$ence offee elec#on$ fo c!en# flow* )ommone[ample$ ae $ilicon and a($* (l$ocalled $emi%in$!la#o*

M1# lo3i '# li! "n dxn #ong ? ccelec#on #ong 'X ngoi cFng c? #h dich!yn # ng!yQn #7 ny $ang ng!yQn#7 Khi m1# $J #in KhiQm #Jn nZng

l@Ang @Ac p d8ng* M1# lo3i '# li!nh@ l m1# ph4n #hLc hin ,c? #h hu#A d=ng ch:y d=ng in-& nh@ng cSngc? cc #


27/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

]i#icon mo$# common elemen# in #heea#h~$ c!$# and a #ype jb ,fom peiodic#a"le of elemen#$- $emicond!c#oma#eial* The "ipola caie$& "o#h hole$

,p dopan#$- o elec#on$ ,n dopan#$- aeo!ghly in popo#ion #o each o#he&e$!l#ing in nealy e/!al c!en#$ in #he$ame diec#ion* They mo'e a# a"o!# half#he $peed of compaa"le a($ !nipolacaie$* The #hemal e$i$#ance i$ al$oa"o!# half #ha# of a($* ilicon ha$ anindiec# "and gap of ^*^^ eb& den$i#y%of%$#a#e$ ma$$e$ of ^*^ #ime$ #he fee%elec#on ma$$ fo #he cond!c#ion "and and

]*` fo #he 'alence "and*

]i#iconng!yQn #J ph5 "i6n nh;# #onglp 'X cGa #i ;# ' m1# lo3i jb ,#

":ng #!4n hon ng!yQn #J- '# li!"n dxn* l@ng cLc& c: hai lu ,p #3p

ch;#- hoVc elec#on ,n #3p ch;#- l#@Eng [Hng 'i nha!& dxn 6n d=ngg4n nh@ "Png nha! #ong cFng m1#h@ng* )h}ng di ch!yn Kho:ng m1#n7a #Jc 1 $o $nh a($ En cLc*)c Khng nhi# cSng l Kho:ng m1#n7a cGa a($* ilicon c? m1# Khe h9gin #i6p ^&^^ eb& m# 1 cGa "angKhJi l@Ang cGa ^&^ l4n KhJi l@Angelec#on #L do cho 'Fng dxn ' ]&`

cho 'Fng h?a #*

sine(ave brush#ess @C a pemanen#magne# "!$hle$$ mo#o wi#h $in!$oidallydi$#i"!#ed $#a#o pha$e winding$* Moecommonly Known a$ pemanen# magne#$ynchono!$ machine*

ng c @C %h&ng chi than s:ngsin1ng cE Khng ch5i #han c? d3ng hnh$in phn phJi pha cho c!1n dy $#a#o*Th@Cng @Ac gi l my in >ng

"1 nam chm '|nh c7!

s#i"9ring contacta o#a#ing& "!$h%con#ac#ed ing elec#ode connec#ed #o oneend ofa coil in an () genea#o*

vng tr+,t #i6p [}c m1# #8c /!ay&ch5i #han #i6p [}c 'i '=ng in cLc@Ac nJi 'i m1# 4! cGa m1# c!1ndy #ong my ph# in ()*

s#ot#ess motorpemanen# magne#"!$hle$$ D) mo#o in which $#a#o #ee#hae emo'ed and #he e$!l#ing $pace i$

pa#ially filled wi#h coppe* The $lo#le$$con$#!c#ion pemi#$ an incea$e in o#o

diame#e wi#hin #he $ame fame $ie& oal#ena#i'ely an incea$e in elec#icloading wi#ho!# a coe$ponding incea$ein c!en# den$i#y*

ng c %h&ng rQnh 1ng cE D)nam chm '|nh c7! Khng ch5i #han#ong ? Zng $#a#o @Ac lo3i "X 'Khng gian phG 4y >ng* c;! #}cKhng Onh cho phWp #Zng @Cng K


28/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

in which #he longi#!dinal pha$e 'eloci#yof #a'eling micowa'e i$ $lowed down #oalmo$# e/!al $peed of elec#on$ in #hein#eac#ing elec#on "eam of #he #!"e*

i l3i #ong ? giai o3n 'n #Jc #heochi! dc cGa $?ng i " chm l3i 'i#Jc 1 g4n nh@ "Png cGa cc elec#on#ong chFm elec#on #@Eng #c cGa

Jng*smart "ixe# an elemen# in an aay ofligh# de#ec#o$ #ha# con#ain$ elec#onic$ignal poce$$ing cic!i#y in addi#ion #o#he ligh# de#ec#o a $pa#ial ligh#mod!la#o in which each pi[el i$con#olled "y a local elec#onic cic!i#*ma# pi[el$ ae fa"ica#ed wi#h bj#echnology* qach ligh# mod!la#ing pi[el i$connec#ed #o i#$ own #iny elec#onic

cic!i# adacen# #o #he pi[el* The cic!i#may con$i$# of de#ec#o& $wi#ching ologic cic!i#& memoy& and $o!ce oaddi#ional $h!##e* j# i$ an ad'anced&op#ically adde$$ed $pa#ial ligh#mod!la#o and $#ill imma#!e*

i7m =nh th&ng minh m1# ph4n #7#ong m1# m:ng cc #hi6# " d= nh$ng c? chHa m3ch [7 l #m ph# hin& ch!yn 5ihoVc m3ch logic& "1 nh& ' ng!>nhoVc ch8p "5 $!ng* s? l m1# #iQn#i6n& gi:i /!y6# /!ang hc i! chInhnh $ng Khng gian ' 'xn ch@a lnm3nh

smart sensor $en$o wi#h inheen#in#elligence 'ia "!il#%in elec#onic$* c=m bin th&ng minhc:m "i6n 'i#< #hng minh 'Jn c? #hng /!a [ydLng #ong cc #hi6# " in #7

so#id state re#ay a po#ec#i'e elay #ha#employ$ analog elec#onic$& logicelec#onic$& and magne#ic$ #o implemen##he opea#ing logic*

r #e tr3ng th!i r


29/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

source,^- efe$ #o #he $ignal genea#ode'ice#ha# genea#e$ #he & micowa'e& omicomilliwa## fe/!encie$*

,2- #he #eminal of a qT fom whichelec#on$ flow ,elec#on$ in #he qTchannel flow fom #he $o!ce& and c!en#flow i$ alway$ in #he nega#i'e diec#ion ofelec#on mo'emen#& $ince elec#on$ aenega#i'e-* j# i$ !$!ally con$ideed #o "e#he me#al con#ac# a# #he $!face of #he die*

ngu[n,^- cp 6n cc my ph# #n&' d=ng in l!n l!n l #heo h@ng#iQ! cLc cGa phong #o in #7& #in #7 l #iQ! cLc-* s? #h@Cng @Accoi l $L #i6p [}c Kim lo3i #Qn " mV#cGa Kh!n*

s"ar% ga" a pe$$!ied high%c!en#

$wi#ch !$ing a pinciple of elec#ic fielddi$!p#ion #o $#a# #he elec#on flow*

Kho:ng cch #ia l7a m1# cng #c cao

p $7 d8ng m1# ng!yQn l cGa #@Cnggin o3n in "# 4! d=ng ch:yelec#on*

s"atia# #ight modu#ator in o"tica#com"utinga de'ice fo mod!la#ing ampli#!de o

pha$e of ligh# pa$$ing #ho!gh i#* jf #heinp!# $ignal i$ a ligh# "eam& i# i$ calledop#ically adde$$ed $pa#ial ligh#mod!la#o* jf #he inp!# $ignal i$

elec#onic& i# i$ called elec#icallyadde$$ed $pa#ial ligh# mod!la#o* igh#mod!la#ion i$ !$!ally "a$ed on #heelec#o%op#ic effec#* jn op#ical comp!#ing&an op#ically adde$$ed $pa#ial ligh#mod!la#o i$ a de'ice !$ed a$ a medi!mfo con#olling o $wi#ching ligh# !$ingligh#* ince a ligh# "eam canno# diec#lyaffec# ano#he ligh# "eam& a $pa#ial ligh#

mod!la#o i$ e/!ied* The mod!la#ionpoce$$ can "e $een& fi$#& a$ #hemod!la#ing ligh# affec#ing #he $pa#ial ligh#mod!la#o #hen #he affec#ed $pa#ial ligh#mod!la#o mod!la#e$ ano#he ligh# "eam*

iu chPnh %h&ng gian !nh s!ngtrong m!y t'nh ;uang h_c m1# #hi6#

" i! chInh "iQn 1 hoVc pha cGanh $ng i /!a n?* s6! #


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Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

gian #h " :nh h@9ng Khng gian nh$ng i! "i6n i! "i6n m1# chFm #ia$ng*

]VkCD a comp!#e $im!la#ion pogam

de'eloped "y #he ni'e$i#y of )alifonia&BeKeley& in ^_* be$ion$ ae a'aila"lefom $e'eal companie$* The pogam i$

pa#ic!laly ad'an#ageo!$ fo elec#oniccic!i# analy$i$& $ince D)& ()& #an$ien#&noi$e& and $#a#i$#ical analy$i$ i$ po$$i"le*

]"icem1# ch@Eng #nh m phXng

my #m m1# #:i ph:n Hng,hoVc /!y n3p hoVc capaci#i'e- 'm1# lo3# ch!yn 5i in #7 ,#hyi$#o- i! Khin cng $!;# ph:n Khng*



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Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

stator #he po#ion of a mo#o #ha# incl!de$and $!ppo#$ #he $#a#ionay ac#i'e pa#$*The $#a#o incl!de$ #he $#a#ionay po#ion$of #he magne#ic cic!i# and #he a$$ocia#ed

winding$ and lead$*

statom1# ph4n cGa m1# 1ng cE "aog>m ' hu #A cc "1 phn ho3# 1ngcJ nh* #a#o "ao g>m cc ph4n #|nhm3ch # ' cc c!1n dy dxn

]treamer a pec!$o of #he high%'ol#ageelec#ical "eaKdown of a ga$ whichcon$i$#$ of a linKed $eie$ of localelec#on a'alanche$ foming a finge%liKe$#!c#!e e[#ending fom one elec#ode#owad ano#he* Befoe a ligh#ning $#iKe&$#eame$ e[#end fom poin#$ on #he ea#h!p #owad$ #he #h!ndeclo!d*

]treamer l #in #hn cGa $L cJ incao p cGa m1# ch;# Kh< #ong ? "aog>m m1# lo3# liQn K6# cGa #!y6# l9in #7 #3i a ph@Eng #3o #hnh m1#c;! #}c nh@ ng?n #ay KWo di # m1#in cLc ' phi cch in*

sync se"arator elec#onic cic!i#y !$ed#o $epaa#e #he hoion#al and 'e#ical$ync infoma#ion #ha# ae con#ained in acompo$i#e 'ideo o compo$i#e $ync$ignal*

B t!ch [ng bm3ch in #7 $7d8ng #ch cc #hng #in >ng "1ngang ' dc @Ac chHa #ong m1#'ideo #5ng hAp hoVc #ng "1#5ng hAp



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Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

synchro al$o called a $el$yn ,fo$elf$ynchono!$-* (n () $e'o machine!$ed in pai$ pimaily fo emo#e $en$ingand $haf# po$i#ioning applica#ion$* j#$

con$#!c#ion i$ e$$en#ially #ha# of awo!nd%o#o ind!c#ion machine wi#hei#he a $ingle%pha$e o r%pha$e o#owinding* baio!$ $#a#o and o#oin#econnec#ion$ ae po$$i"le& dependingon de$ied f!nc#ion and e/!ied #o/!e*

[ng bhay c=n gi l $el$yn ,#L>ng "1-* M1# my $e'o () @Ac $7d8ng #ong cVp chG y6! cho cc c:m

"i6n # [a ' cc Hng d8ng nh '

#8c* vy dLng cGa n? l cE ":n cGam1# my c:m Hng '6# #h@Eng o#o'i hoVc l m1# giai o3n En hoVc r

pha o#o /!anh co* zhc nha! $#a#o' o#o mJi liQn K6# l c? #h& #Fy#h!1c 'o chHc nZng mong m!Jn 'm%men [on yQ! c4!*

synchronous condenseran !nloaded&o'e%e[ci#ed $ynchono!$ mo#o #ha# i$!$ed #o genea#e eac#i'e powe*

t^ [ng bKhng #:i&1ng cE >ng "1 #ong K


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Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

synchronous re#uctance motora$ynchono!$ mo#o #ha# depend$ on ael!c#ance 'aia#ion on #he o#o fo #hemechani$m of #o/!e pod!c#ion* The

o#o $hape i$ de$igned #o po'ide a highdiffeence in #he el!c#ance$ "e#ween #hed and / a[e$

ng c tE trL [ng b m1# 1ng cE>ng "1 m ph8 #h!1c 'o m1# # #9#Qn o#o cho cE ch6 $:n [!;# m%men [on* 0nh d3ng cnh /!3# @Ac

#hi6# K6 c!ng c;p m1# $L Khc "i#cao #ong # #9 gia cc #8c d ' /

ta" a connec#ion ,ac#!ally one of $e'eal-#o a coil& allowing #he n!m"e of #!n$ in#he coil #o "e 'aied*

Khai #hc m1# K6# nJi ,#hLc $L l m1##ong nhi!- m1# c!1n dy& cho phWp$J l4n l@A# #ong cc c!1n dy @Ac #hay 5i

ta" changer a de'ice #o change #he #ap$e##ing on a #an$fome coil& allowing'ol#age con#ol* See also #ap& #ap changing

Khai #hc #hay 5i cGa m1# #hi6# " #hay 5i cc #hi6# lp #Qn my m1#c!1n dy "i6n p& cho phWp Kim $o#

ta" changing under #oad -5C8. a #ypeof #an$fome in which #he o!#p!# 'ol#agecan "e ad!$#ed while #he load i$connec#ed #o #he #an$fome* The 'ol#agei$ ad!$#ed "y changing #he #!n$ a#io of#he pimay and $econday coil$* Tha#& in#!n& i$ accompli$hed "y "inging o!#

connec#ion$ ,#ap$- a# $e'eal poin#$ on #hecoil* )hanging fom one #ap #o ano#heei#he add$ o $!"#ac#$ #!n$ fom #he coiland ai$e$ o lowe$ #he 'ol#age&e$pec#i'ely*

%hai th!c thay i theo t=i tr_ng,T)- m1# lo3i "i6n p& #ong ?in p 4! a c? #h @Ac i! chInh#ong Khi #:i @Ac K6# nJi 'i cc my

"i6n p* )c in p @Ac i! chInh"Png cch #hay 5i #U l l4n l@A# cGacc c!1n dy $E c;p ' #hH c;p* ?

l& l4n l@A#& @Ac #hLc hin "Png cch@a a cc K6# nJi ,#ap$- #3i m1# $Jim #Qn cc c!1n dy* Thay 5i #m1# '=i n@c Khc hoVc l c1ng hoVc# ch!yn # cc c!1n dy ' lm#Zng hoVc lm gi:m in p #@EngHng*

ta"e9(ound core a feomagne#ic coecon$#!c#ed "y winding i""on%liKe $#eel

in$#ead of $#acKing #hicKe& p!nchedlamina#ion* $!ally !$ed fo highefe/!ency de'ice$& o whee i# i$ de$ied#o ed!ce #he eddy c!en# lo$$e$*

b*ng tE ;uIn #$im1# li $# # @Ac[y dLng "9i c!1n dy #hWp i""on#hay ' [6p ch>ng dy hEn& ;m cn*Th@Cng @Ac $7 d8ng cho cc #hi6# "#4n $J cao hEn& hoVc nEi n? @Acmong m!Jn gi:m #hi# h3i d=ngin [oy



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Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

teaser transormer one of #wo$inglepha$e #an$fome$ !$ed #o maKe !pa co## o T%connec#ion #an$fome* The#ea$e #an$fome i$ connec#ed "e#ween

one line of #he #hee%pha$e 'ol#age $y$#emand #he cen#e%#ap of #he main #an$fomein #he Tconnec#ion* (l$o called #ea$ecoil*

mL u m!y bin !"m1# #ong haimy "i6n p m1# pha dFng #3o nQnm1# co## hoVc T%K6# nJi my "i6n p*o3n #ea$e my "i6n p @Ac K6# nJi

gia m1# d=ng cGa h #hJng in p"a pha ' #!ng #m%#ap cGa my "i6np ch


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Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

tes#a a unit o magnetic #ux densitye;ua##o one we"e pe $/!ae me#e& i*e*& one'ol#$econd pe $/!ae me#e* Deno#ed "y

T* The !ni# i$ named in hono of siKolaTe$la& an ealy pionee in #he elec#icind!$#y& who i$ mo$# ommonly cedi#edwi#h "!ilding #he fi$# pac#ical ind!c#ionmo#o*Te$la& siKola ,^`{^r- BonY mil%

an& )oa#ia Te$la i$ "e$# Known a$ #heelec#ical pi onee who championed #he!$e of al#ena#ing c!en#* +hen Te$lafi$# came #o #he ni#ed #a#e$ he woKed

fo qdi$on* 0e $oon $pli# wi#h qdi$on&"eca!$e Te$la appoached in'en#ion foma #heoe#ical $#andpoin#& wheea$ qdi$onwa$ a #ial and eo #ypee[peimen#ali$#* Toge#he wi#h hi$financial "acKe& eoge +e$#ingho!$ehey "a##led wi#h qdi$on& whochampioned #he !$e of diec# c!en# foelec#ifying #he wold* Te$la i$ al$o

Known fo hi$ many in 'en#ion$ incl!ding#he Te$la coil and #he ()ind!c#ion mo#o* j# wa$ +e$#ingho!$ewho made a fo#!ne fom Te$la~$in'en#ion$* Te$la wa$ Known fo hi$eccen#ici#ie$ and died a ecl!$e in sewoK )i#y*

tes#a mt n v4 tE chP mHt th&ng #+,ng"Png m1# we"e #Qnmui mW# '!ng& #Hc l& m1#'ol#$econd #Qn mui mW# '!ng* z

hi! l T* )c En ' c? #Qn #ongdanh $ch cGa siKola Te$la& m1# nh#iQn phong #ong ngnh cng nghipin& ng@Ci m @Ac ghi nhn 4!#iQn 'i 'ic [y dLng cc 1ng cEc:m Hng*Te$la& siKola ,^`%^r- inhYmilan& )oa#ia Te$la @Ac "i6# 6nl ng@Ci #iQn phong ;! #anh $7d8ng d=ng in [oay chi!* zhi Te$la

4! #iQn 6n 0oa z ng lm 'iccho qdi$on* ng O $m chia #ay 'iqdi$on& "9i ' Te$la #i6p cn ph#minh # m1# /!an im l #h!y6#ong Khi qdi$on l m1# #h7 ' $ailo3i #hLc nghim* )Fng 'i ng@Ci Gngh1 #i ch


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Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

5he set used to be em"#oyedfo ()%#o%D) o D)%#o%() powe*con'e$ion o 'ol#age le'el o fe/!encycon'e$ion* olid%$#a#e con'e$ion !ni#$

ae eplacing mo#o%genea#o $e#$ in mo$#applica#ion$*

5hit #H" 7 +,c sZ d^ngcho 'icch!yn 5i ng!>n () $ang D) hoVcD) $ang () * bic ch!yn 5i ccc;p in p hoVc ch!yn 5i #4n $J*

)h!yn 5i En ' hoVc ch!yn 5i#3ng #hi lm 'ic #ong "1 1ng cEmy ph# in #ong h4! h6# cc Hngd8ng*

three9(inding transormer a#an$fome wi#h #hee winding$& #ypically

pimay& $econday& and #e#iay*)ommon#hee pha$e& #hee winding#an$fome$ employ wye connec#ed

pimay and $econday winding$ and adel#a connec#ed #e#iay winding* jn $omeca$e$& an a!#o#an$fome i$ !$ed #o fom#he pimay{$econday com"ina#ion*

ba cun dXy m!y bin !"m1# "i6np 'i "a c!1n dy& #h@Cng l $E c;phH c;p ' c;p "a* "a giai o3n ph5

"i6n& "a my "i6n p c!1n dy nJi K6# nJi 'i c!1n dy $E c;p ' #hH

c;p ' K6# nJi c!1n $E c;p* Tongm1# $J #@Cng hAp& m1# my "i6n p#L 1ng @Ac $7 d8ng #3o #hnh $LK6# hAp $E c;p ' #hH c;p

tor;ue ang#e #he di$placemen# angle"e#ween #he o#o and o#a#ing magne#icfl![ of #he $#a#o d!e #o incea$e$ in $haf#load in a $ynchono!$ machine* See also

powe angle*

g:c m&9men xon& 'cc y6! #J #h8 1ng #hay #h6 "Png

#hi6# " ch!yn 5i*



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Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

transormer a de'ice #ha# ha$ #wo omoe coil$ wo!nd on an ion coe*Tan$fome$ po'ide an efficien# mean$of changing 'ol#age and c!en# le'el$&

and maKe #he "!lK powe #an$mi$$ion$y$#em pac#ical* The #an$fome pimayi$ #he winding #ha# accep#$ powe& and #he#an$fome $econday i$#he winding #ha# deli'e$ powe*The pimay #o $econday 'ol#age$ aeela#ed "y #he #!n$ a#io of #he coil$* Thecoe$ponding c!en#$ ae ela#edin'e$ely "y #he $ame a#io*

1!y bin !"Ym1# #hi6# " c? hai hoVcnhi! hEn c!1n dy /!;n #Qn m1# li$#* my "i6n p c!ng c;p m1#

ph@Eng #in hi! /!: cGa 'ic #hay

5i gi # in p 'i gi # hin #3i&' lm 'ic #ong h #hJng #!yn #:iin ln #hLc #6* )!1n dy $E c;p cGamy "i6n p llf c!1n dy nhn nZngl@Ang& ' c!1n dy #hH c;p l c!1ndy c;p nZng l@Ang cho #:i in*in p #Qn c!1n dy $E c;p ' #hHc;pc? liQn /!an #U l l4n l@A# 'i ccc!1n dy* #@Eng Hng cc d=ng in#ong cc c!1n dy c? liQn /!an #I l

nghch 'i in p*

transormer dierentia# re#ayadiffeen#ial elay $pecifically de$igned #o

po#ec# #an$fome$* jn pa#ic!laan$fome diffeen#ial elay$ m!$# dealwi#h c!en# #an$fome #!n$ a#io eoand #an$fome in!$h and e[ci#a#ionc!en#*

1!y bin !" %h!c so vSi r #e9 'icE le @Ac #hi6# K6 ":o ' my

"i6n p*Vc "i# E le ph:i Ji ph?#c 1ng 'i cc $L cJ hin hnh [:ya cGa my "i6n p*

transormer usea f!$e employed #oi$ola#e a #an$fome fom #he powe$y$#em in #he e'en# of a #an$fome fa!l#o hea'y o'eload*

Cu ch m!y bin !"l c4! ch $7d8ng #ong my "i6n p ":o ' Khih #hJng in [:y a /! #:i nVng n

turns ratio the ratio o the number oturns"e#ween #wo co!pled winding$&e*g*& fo a #an$fome& i# i$ #he a#io ofn!m"e of #!n$ of #he pimay winding #o#he n!m"e of #!n$ of #he $econday

winding$* o an ind!c#ion machine& i# i$#he a#io of #he n!m"e of #!n$ of #he$#a#o winding #o #he n!m"e of #!n$

bin tp #0 #U tp s #n #+,tgia hai c!1n dy & '< d8& Ji 'i m1#

"i6n p& n? l $J #U l l4n l@A# giac!1n dy $E c;p ' c!1n dy #hH c;p*

Ji 'i m1# my in c:m Hng& #U $J? l #U $J l4n l@A# cGa c!1n dy $#a#o'i c!1n dy o#o *

t(o9;uadrant o"eration opea#ion of amo#o wi#h a con#olle #ha# can po'ide

powe #o !n #he mo#o and a"$o" powe

ho3# 1ng hai g?c ph4n #@ 'i m1# "1i! Khin ho3# 1ng 9 hai g?c ph4n#@ cGa m1# 1ng cE c? #h c!ng c;p



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Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

fom #he mo#o d!ing decelea#ion,egenea#i'e "aKing-* Two /!adan#opea#ion po'ide$ impo'ed efficiency if#he mo#o i$ $#a#ed and $#opped

fe/!en#ly\

nZng l@Ang ch3y cc 1ng cE 'h;p #h8 nZng l@Ang # 1ng cE Khigi:m #Jc ,phanh #i #3o-* bic 'nhnh ho3# 1ng 9 hai g?c ph4n #@

@Ac c:i #hin 3# hi! /!: Khi 1ngcE Kh9i 1ng ' dng l3i #h@Cng[!yQn*

under excited a conditionof opea#ing a$ynchono!$ machine& in which #hec!en# #o #he D) field winding i$in$!fficien# #o e$#a"li$h #he e/!iedmagne#ic fl![ in #he ai gap* ($ a e$!l#he machine e/!ie$ eac#i'e powe fom

#he () $y$#em* (n !nde e[ci#ed$ynchono!$ mo#o opea#e$ a# a lagging

powe fac#o& a$ i# appea$ a$ an ind!c#i'eload #o #he () $y$#em* (n !nde e[ci#ed$ynchono!$ genea#o opea#e$ wi#h aleading powe fac#o& $ince i# m!$# deli'e

powe #o a leading ,capaci#i'e- $y$#em*

d+Si %'ch tE 4nh mMcm1# i! Kin'n hnh m1# my in >ng "1ong ? d=ng cc c!1n dy c?d=ng D) l G #hi6# lp # #hngc4n #hi6# #ong Khng Khng "1 ho3# 1ng d@i Kng "1 'n hnh 9ch6 1 d@i K


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Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

variab#e re#uctance machine $alien# polemachine con$i$#ing of $#a#o$ ha'ingconcen#a#ed e[ci#a#ion winding$ and amagne#ic o#o de'oid of any winding$&

comm!#a#o$& o "!$he$* The machineopea#e$ on #he pinciple of 'ayingel!c#ance along #he leng#h of #he ai gap*To/!e i$ pod!ced "y #he #endency of #heo#o #o align i#$elf wi#h #he $#a#o

pod!ced fl![ wa'e$ in $!ch a way #ha##he $#a#o pod!ced fl![%linKage$ aema[imied* The mo#o opea#e$con#in!o!$ly in ei#he diec#ion ofo#a#ion wi#h clo$ed loop po$i#ion

feed"acK*

1!y i0n tE trL bin thi)nmy "ao g>m $#a#o c? cc c!1n dyKng "1 Khim1# #4n $J c8 #h @Ac p d8ng* TJc

1 #hay 5i $7a cha cc ng!>n inp () in p #3o a m1# in pD) $a! ? @Ac :o ng@Ac 'i #4n $Jmong m!Jn ' $J pha*

variab#e s"eed @C drivea D) mo#ocon#olle #ha# allow$ #he D) mo#o #oopea#e o'e a wide $peed ange* (common #ype of 'aia"le $peed D) di'e!$e$ a $epaa#ely e[ci#ed D) mo#o*

(ma#!e 'ol#age con#ol i$ !$ed #opo'ide opea#ion "elow "a$e $peed& andfield weaKening i$ !$ed #o po'ideopea#ion a"o'e "a$e $peed*

bin i tc truyn ng @Cm1#"1 i! Khin 1ng cE D) cho phWpcc 1ng cE D) ho3# 1ng #Qnm1# d:i #Jc 1 1ng* M1# d3ng ph5

"i6n cGa #Jc 1 "i6n 5i D) $7 d8ng

m1# 1ng cE D) K


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Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

9curves the characteristicc!'e$ #ha#$how #he 'aia#ion of #he ama#!e c!en#'e$!$ #he field c!en# in $ynchono!$mo#o$*

9 +Jng cong l cc @Cng congVc #@ng m hin #h $L "i6n 5i cGad=ng in ph4n Hng $o 'i cc l|nh'Lc hin #ong 1ng cE >ng "1*

vector contro##ed induction motora'aia"le $peed con#olle and mo#o inwhich #he magne#iing and #o/!e

pod!cing componen#$ of c!en# aecon#olled $epaa#ely*ome 'ec#o di'e$ e/!ie$ o#o po$i#ion$en$o$* bec#o con#olled ind!c#ionmo#o$ can opea#e o'e a wide $peedange& and may pod!ce a#ed #o/!e e'en

a# eo $peed&m!ch liKe a D) mo#o* Th!$& 'ec#ocon#olled ind!c#ion mo#o$ ae of#en!$ed fo applica#ion$ #ha# migh# o#hewi$ee/!ie a" D) mo#o di'e*

vector iu %hi7n ng c c=m Mngl $L i! Khin #Jc 1 1ng cE #ong?cc #hnh ph4n # h?a #3o nQn m%men [on hin #3i @Ac i! KhiniQng "i#*M1# $J 'ec#o i! Khin =i hXi '#< cGa o#o ' c:m "i6n* bec#o i!Khin 1ng cE c:m Hng c? #h ho3#

1ng #Qn m1# ph3m 'i i! chInh #Jc1 ln& ' c? #h #3o a m%men [on#hm ch< 9 #Jc 1 l ]& giJng nh@ m1#1ng cE D)* b 'y& Kim $o# 'ec#o1ng cE c:m Hng #h@Cng @Ac $7d8ng cho cc Hng d8ng Khc c? #hyQ! c4! i! Khin m1# 1ng cE c:mHng*

vo#tage9behind9reactance mode#aepe$en#a#ion of a machine in which #he$#a#o 'ol#age e/!a#ion$ ae modeled a$ a'ol#age $o!ce in $eie$ wi#h a eac#ance,and #ypically a e$i$#ance-* The 'ol#age$o!ce epe$en#$ #he "acK emf pe$en# on#he $#a#o winding$ d!e #o #he co!pling

"e#ween #he $#a#oand o#o cic!i#$* jn $ynchono!$machine modeling& $e'eal diffeen#'ol#age%"ehind eac#ance model$ ha'e

hi$#oically "een !$ed& wheeinappo[ima#ion$ ae !$ed #o epe$en# #hemachine in 'aio!$ de#ail*

m& hnh i0n !" "h'a sau i0n%h!ng m1# 3i din cGa m1# my #n nJi #i6p 'i m1# in Khng ,'#h@Cng l m1# lo3i #9 Khng-* )cng!>n in p 3i din cho hin #3iemf #9 l3i #Qn cc c!1n dy $#a#o docc Khp nJi gia $#a#o' m3ch o#o* Tong m hnh my>ng "1& cc m hnh in p $a!

Khng Khc nha! c? lch $7 @Ac $7d8ng& #ong ? [;p [I @Ac $7 d8ng 3i din cho my #


41/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

vo#ts/hert2 contro#a me#hod of $peedcon#ol of ind!c#ion machine$& !$ed

"elow a#ed $peed* +hen #he 'ol#$he#a#io i$ Kep# con$#an#& #he c!en# #ho!gh

#he $#a#o winding$ emain$ almo$# #he$ame& e[cep# fo 'ey low $peed$ hencehe a'aila"le #o/!eemain$ con$#an#& "!# #he $peed change$d!e #o change in fe/!ency*

i! Khin 'ol# he# l m1# ph@Engphp i! Khin #Jc 1 cGa my inc:m Hng& $7 d8ng d@i y nh gi#Jc 1* zhi #U l 'ol# he# l gi

Khng 5i& d=ng in /!a c!1n dy$#a#o 'xn g4n chG y6! Khng 5i&ngo3i # #Jc 1 ;# #h;p do ?& m%men [on c? $n 'xn Khng 5i&nh@ng #Jc 1 #hay 5i do#hay 5i do #hay 5i #4n $J*

(ound rotor induction motoranind!c#ion mo#o in which #he $econdaycic!i# con$i$#$ of a polypha$e winding o

coil$ connec#ed #ho!gh a $!i#a"le cic!i#*+hen po'ided wi#h $lip ing$& #he #em$lip%ing ind!c#ion mo#o i$ !$ed*

1ng cE c:m Hng o#o dy /!;n lm1# 1ng cE c:m Hng& #ong ? m3ch#hH c;p "ao g>m m1# hoVc nhi! pha

c!1n dy c!1n dy K6# nJi #hng /!am1# m3ch in phF hAp* zhi @Acc!ng c;p cc '=ng #@A#& cc '=ng@Ac $7 d8ng gii h3n #ong 1ng cEc:m Hng*

(ye9de#ta startera mo#o $#a#e #ha#$#a#$ a #hee%pha$e () mo#o in wye o$#a config!a#ion $o #ha# #he mo#o $#a#$on appo[ima#ely of nomal 'ol#age&wi#h a #wo%#hid$ ed!c#ion in $#a#ingc!en#* ($ #he mo#o appoache$opea#ing $peed& #he winding$ aeeconfig!ed in del#a config!a#ion $o #ha#f!ll 'ol#age i$ applied fo nomalopea#ion* The #an$i#ion fom $#a #odel#a i$ pefomed wi#h #he help of #ime$e##ing$and con#ac#o$*

OhLi ng i ni sao j tam gi!clm3ch in i! Khin 1ng cE "a phal 'ic nJi #am gic& #ong l}c Kh9i1ng & 1ng cE nJi $ao 3# Kho:ng in p "nh #h@Cng& 'i mHcgi:m hai ph4n "a d=ng in Kh9i1ng* sh@ng Khi 1ng cE Kh9i 1ng[ong& cc c!1n dy @Ac nJi l3i hnh#am gic 3# in p nhmHc*bic ch!yn 5i # ;! nJi hnh$ao $ang ;! nJi hnh #am gic @Ac#hLc hin 'i $L gi}p cGa E le #hCigian ' cng #c #E*



42/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

(ye9de#ta transormer a connec#ion ofa #hee%pha$e #an$fome wi#h one

pimay and one $econday which can "econ$ideed a$ #hee $imila $ingle%pha$e

#an$fome$* The pimay i$ connec#ed inwye& #ha# i$ one #eminal fom each pha$ei$ connec#ed #o ne!#al and one #o a line'ol#age* The $econdayi$ connec#ed in del#a& wi#h each pha$econnec#ed "e#ween #wo line 'ol#age$*

m!y bin !" q9Wm1# K6# nJi cGam1# my "i6n p "a pha 'i $E c;p '#hH c;p m c? #h @Ac coi nh@ "amy "i6n p m1# pha #@Eng #L* )!1n

$E c;p @Ac nJi & ? l m1# #hi6# "4! c!Ji # mui giai o3n @Ac nJi'i #!ng #


43/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

q connection a #hee%pha$e $o!ce oload which i$ connec#ed $!ch #ha# #heelemen#$ ae connec#ed in paallel and ae#h!$ epe$en#ed in a $chema#ic diagam

in a o $#a{$haped config!a#ion*

ni qm1# ng!>n "a pha hoVc #:i@Ac nJi m cc y6! #J ny @Ac nJi$ong $ong ' 3i din #ong m1# $E >#ong m1# c;! hnh hay hnh ngi

$ao

bac%bone wiing #ha# !n$ wi#hin and"e#ween floo$ of a "!ilding and connec#$local%aea ne#woK $egmen#$ #oge#he*

+Jng dXy tr^c ch3y "Qn #ong 'gia cc #4ng cGa m1# #=a nh ' K6#nJi cc phn o3n m3ng c8c "1 'inha!*

bac%eed in powe di$#i"!#ion woK&powe which flow$ fom #he $econdayline$ in#o #he pimay line$ #ho!gh #hedi$#i"!#ion #an$fome& e*g*&fom anemegency genea#o connec#ed #oc!$#ome load*

"h=n h[i#ong 'ic phn phJi in&in ch:y # d=ng #hH c;p 'o d=ng$E c;p #hng /!a cc my "i6n p

phn phJi& '< d8& # m1# my ph#in KhRn c;p K6# nJi 'i #:i cGaKhch hng*

bac%ground noise #he noi$e #ha# #ypicallyaffec#$ a $y$#em "!# i$ pod!cedindependen# of #he $y$#em* Thi$ noi$e i$#ypically d!e #o #hemal effec#$inma#eial$& in#epe#ed a$ #he andommo#ion of elec#on$& and #he in#en$i#ydepend$ on #he #empea#!e of #he

ma#eial* jn adio channel$& "acKgo!ndnoi$e i$ #ypically d!e #o adia#ion #ha# i$inheen# #o #he !ni'e$e and d!e mainly #oadia#ion fom a$#onomical "odie$* Theei$ a f!ndamen#al lowe "o!nd on #hein#en$i#y of $!ch noi$e which i$ $olelydependen# on #he !ni'e$e andindependen# of an#enna and ecei'ede$ign*

nhiKu nn#i6ng >n m #h@Cng :nhh@9ng 6n h #hJng nh@ng @Ac #3oa 1c lp 'i h #hJng* Ti6ng >n ny#h@Cng l do hi! Hng nhi# #ong '#li!& gi:i #h


44/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

bac%"#ane busa $pecial da#a "!$e$pecially de$igned fo ea$y acce$$ "y!$e$ and allowing #he connec#ion of !$ede'ice$ #o #he comp!#e* j# i$ !$!ally a

ow of $ocKe#$& each pe$en#ing all #he$ignal$ of #he "!$& and each wi#happopia#e g!ide$ $o #ha# pin#edcic!i# cad$ can "e in$e#ed* ( "acKplanediffe$ fom a mo#he"oad in #ha# a "acK%

plane nomally con#ain$ no $ignifican#logic cic!i#y and a mo#he"oadcon#ain$ a $ignifican# amo!n# of cic!i#y&fo e[ample& #he poce$$o and #he mainmemoy*

B=ng ni a +Jng truyn m1#@Cng #!yn d li! Vc "i# @Ac#hi6# K6 Vc "i# d\ dng #!y cp

"9i ng@Ci $7 d8ng ' cho phWp K6#

nJi cc #hi6# " $7 d8ng cho cc my#


45/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

bac%(ard (ave interaction in#eac#ion"e#ween "acKwad popaga#ingmicowa'e elec#ic field$ again$# anelec#on $#eam and #he elec#on in #he

elec#on "eam* The diec#ion ofpopaga#ing micowa'e$ and #hediec#ion of mo#ion of elec#on$ in #he

"eam ae oppo$i#e each o#he*

t+ng t!c s:ng ng+,c#@Eng #cgia $?ng lan #!yn ng@Ac #ong in#@Cng chJng l3i m1# d=ng elec#on 'elec#on #ong chFm elec#on*h@ng

cGa 'i $?ng lan #!yn ' h@ngch!yn 1ng cGa elec#on #ong chFmng@Ac nha!*

bac%"ro"agation a#gorithm a$!pe'i$ed leaning algoi#hm #ha# !$e$ afom of $#eepe$# de$cen# #o a$$ign change$#o #he weigh#$ in a feedfowad ne#woK$o a$ #o ed!ce #he ne#woK eo fo a

pa#ic!la inp!# o $e# of inp!#$*)alc!la#ion of #he modica#ion$ #o "emade #o #he weigh#$ in #he o!#p!#laye allow$ calc!la#ion of #he e/!iedmodifica#ion$ in #he peceding laye& andmodifica#ion$ #o any f!#he pecedinglaye$ ae made a laye a# a #ime

poceeding "acKwad$ #owad #he inp!#laye hence #he name of #he algoi#hm*

thuHt to!n#an truyn ng+,c m1##h!# #on gim $# $7 d8ng m1# hnh#hHc c? ng!>n gJc $! nh;# gn#hay 5i cc #ng $J #ong m1# m3ngfeedfowad,#!yn #hng- gi:m$ai $J m3ng cho m1# 4! 'o c8 #hhay #p hAp cc y6! #J 4! 'o* T


46/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

ead medium ga" #he di$#ance "e#ween#he ead{wi#e head and #he di$K inmagne#ic o op#ical di$K memoy de'ice$*

Ohe hL u trung bnh Kho:ngcch gia 4! c%ghi ' cc 5 |a#ong cc #hi6# " "1 nh |a # hoVc/!ang hc*

ebbian #earning a me#hod of modifying$ynap#ic weigh#$ $!ch #ha# #he $#eng#h ofa $yna#ic weigh# i$ incea$ed if "o#h #he

pe$ynap#ic ne!on and po$#$ynapicne!on ae ac#i'e $im!l#aneo!$ly,$ynchono!$ly- and decea$ed if #heac#i'i#y i$ $ynchono!$* jn a#ificial ne!alne#woK$& #he $ynap#ic weigh# i$ modified

"y a f!nc#ion of #he coela#ion "e#ween#he #wo ac#i'i#ie$*

_c tH" ebbianm1# ph@Eng php$7a 5i #ng l@Ang Khp #h4n Kinh$ao cho $Hc m3nh cGa m1# #ngl@Ang Khp #h4n Kinh #Zng lQn n6! c:cc nEon #@c Khp #h4n Kinh 'nEon $a! Khp #h4n Kinh ang ho3#1ng >ng #hCi ,>ng "1- ' gi:mn6! ho3# 1ng @Ac >ng "1* Tongcc m3ng #h4n Kinh nhn #3o& #ngl@Ang Khp #h4n Kinh @Ac i! chInh

"Png m1# chHc nZng cGa $L #@Eng/!an gia hai ho3# 1ng

e#ium neon #aser neon la$e in whiche[ci#a#ion of #he neon a#om$ occ!$

pimaily "y colli$ion$ wi#h elec#on%impac#%e[ci#ed heli!m a#om$ #he fi$# ga$la$e& and e$pecially impo#an# fo i#$ )+'i$i"le o$cilla#ion line$*

tia #a2e e#ium9 neon #ia lae neon#ong ? $L K


47/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

dro"out com"ensation$ignalcompen$a#ion po'ided when a lo$$ ofinfoma#ion fom magne#ic #ape defec#$occ!$ d!ing b) #ape play"acK* ignal

dopo!#$ e$!l# fom o[ide o d!$#in#efeing wi#h #he #apehead #o #apecon#ac# when #he b) i$ in #he ecod o#he play"acK opea#ional mode* (hoion#al delay line $#oe$ #he l!minance$ignal of #he pe'io!$ line #ha# i$ !$ed #oeplace #he lo$# 'ideo infoma#ion* The$ignal dopo!# i$ de#ec#ed a$ a lo$$ of #he#ape play"acK* M $ignal ac#i'a#e$ anelec#onic $wi#ch* The $wi#ch $!"$#i#!#e$

#he $#oed delay line con#en#$ in#o #he'ideo pa#h #o compen$a#e fo #he lo$#'ideo fom #he #ape play"acK*

b t'n hi0u t


48/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

code division m!l#iple acce$$ ,)DM(-a #echni/!e fo po'iding m!l#iple acce$$#ocommon channel e$o!ce$ in a

comm!nica#ion $y$#em* )DM( i$ "a$edon $pead $pec#!m #echni/!e$ whee all!$e$ $hae all #he channel e$o!ce$*M!l#iple !$e$ ae di$#ing!i$hed "ya$$igning !ni/!e $peading code$#o each !$e* Tadi#ionally& indi'id!alde#ec#ion i$ accompli$hed a# #he ecei'e#ho!gh coela#ion o ma#ched fil#eing

"hXn chia theo mQ a truy nhH",)DM(-m1# Kk #h!# c!ng c;p #!y cpnhi! #i

ng!>n #i ng!yQn KQnh ch!ng #ongm1# h #hJng #hng #in liQn l3c*)DM( dLa #Qn cc Kk #h!# lan#!yn ph5 nEi #;# c: ng@Ci dFng chia$ #;# c: ccng!>n #i ng!yQn KQnh* shi! ng@Ci$7 d8ng @Ac phn "i# "Png cchgn mO lan #!yn 1c ocho mui ng@Ci dFng* Theo #!yn#hJng& ph# hin c nhn @Ac #hLc

hin #3i my #h! /!amJi liQn h hoVc lc phF hAp

"#anarjo"tic interconnectanin#econnec# in which op#ical $ignal$#a'el along igag pa#h in a #an$paen#$!"$#a#e wi#h a $o!ce and a de#ec#oaay& and o#he op#ical elemen#$ $!ch a$mio$& ga#ing$& and hologam$* (ll

op#ical elemen#$ on #he $!"$#a#e can "efa"ica#ed "y li#hogaphic #echni/!e$* Themei#$ ae compac# pacKaging& ea$yalignmen#$& lage hea# emo'al capaci#y&and $!i#a"ili#y fo in#ega#ion wi#h op#o%elec#onic de'ice$*

%t ni mNt "hng ;uang h_cm1#K6# nJi #ong ? cc #


49/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

"o#ari2ation,^- #he $hape #aced o!# "y#he #ip of #he elec#ic field 'ec#o a$ af!nc#ion of #ime and #he $en$e in which i#i$ $haped*

,2- a de$cip#ion of #he fom of #he#empoal 'aia#ion of #he elec#ic field'ec#o of a ligh# field* jn geneal& #he

polaia#ion $#a#e can "e de$ci"ed "y #heellip$e #ha# #ip of #he elec#ic field 'ec#o#ace$ each op#ical cycle* )ommonlyenco!n#eed limi#ing fom$ ae linea

polaia#ion and cic!la polaia#ion*,r- #he e$pon$e of ma#eial $y$#em$& anapplied ligh# field "y de'eloping a #ime

'aying dipole momen#* The e$pon$e i$de$ci"ed /!an#i#a#i'ely in #em$ of #hedipole momen# pe !ni# 'ol!me& which i$Known a$ #he polaia#ion 'ec#o*,- de$cip#ion of #he diec#ion andmo#ion of #he elec#ic field 'ec#o of awa'e* lane wa'e$ may "e linealy oellip#ically ,incl!ding cic!laly-

polaied*

phn cLc ,^- hnh d3ng '3ch a "9imSi cGa 'ec#o in #@Cng nh@ lm1# hm cGa #hCi gian ' #heo ngh|am n? @Ac nh hnh*

,2- M #: hnh #hHc cGa $L #hay 5i#heo #hCi gian cGa 'ec#o in #@CngcGa m1# #@Cng nh $ng* s?i ch!ng&cc #3ng #hi phn cLc c? #h @Acm #: "Png hnh elip m Inh cGa'ec#o in #@Cng cc d;! '6# muich! K /!ang* )c hnh #hHc h3n ch6#h@Cng gVp ph:i l phn cLc #!y6n#


50/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

s"ace division mu#ti"#e access -]@1A.m!l#iple acce$$ #echni/!e whee #he!$e$~ channel$ ae $epaa#ed in#o $po#%

"eam$ wi#h highly diec#ional o adap#i'e

an#enna$ allowing e!$e of #ime andfe/!ency e$o!ce$ "e#ween !$e$* $edin con!nc#ion wi#hDM(TDM()DM(*

"hXn chia %h&ng gian a truy nhH",DM(- nhi! Kk #h!# #!y cp ccKQnh cGa ng@Ci $7 d8ng @Ac phn#hnh nhng chFm im 'i Zng%#en

nh h@ng cao hoVc #h


51/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

s"atia# #ight modu#ator -]81.a de'ice#ha# al#e$ "o#h #he $pa#ial and #empoalchaac#e of a ligh# "eam* ( #hee%po#de'ice wi#h inp!#& eado!#& and con#ol o

mod!la#ion po#$* Mod!la#ion $ignal$ can"e applied ei#he elec#ically& i*e*& anelec#ically adde$$ed $pa#ial ligh#mod!la#o& o op#ically& i*e*& op#icallyadde$$ed $pa#ial ligh# mod!la#o* (l$ocalled a ligh# 'al'e*

iu ch %h&ng gian !nh s!ng,M- m1# #hi6# " 'i m8c


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Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

s"atia# redundancy#he ed!ndancy"e#ween $ample$ of an image o andompoce$$ #ha# i$ a f!nc#ion of $pa#ialcoodina#e$* jmage$ #ypically e[hi"i# a

high degee of $pa#ial ed!ndancy whichcan "e e[ploi#ed #o o"#ain a highcompe$$ion a#io*

%h&ng gian d+ thEad@ #ha gia ccmx! cGa m1# hnh :nh hoVc /! #nhngx! nhiQn m l m1# chHc nZng cGa#a 1 Khng gian* 0nh :nh ;# Vc

#@ng m1# mHc 1 cGa $L d@ #haKhng gian m c? #h @Ac Khai #hc c? @Ac m1# #U l nWn cao*

s"ea%er identiicationa #a$K #ha#con$i$#$ of iden#ifying which $peaKe ,ofa clo$ed $e#- pono!nced a gi'en po#ionof $peech $ignal*The "a$ic a$$!mp#ion i$ #ha# no $peaKediffeen# fom #he defined clo$ed $e# i$

con$ideed* The empha$i$ i$ on #hedi$cimina#ion of #he gi'en $peaKe$&wheea$ no $#ong eec#ion con$#ain#$ae commonly e/!ied*

nhHn d3ng #oam1# nhim '8 "aog>m [c nh nhng loa ,cGa m1# #p?ng- ph# m l m1# ph4n nh;# nhcGa #


53/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

s"ectrum,^- a ange of elec#omagne#icenegy odeed in accodance wi#h #heiela#i'e peiodici#y*,2- #he magni#!de of #he o!ie

#an$fom of a ,de#emini$#ic- $ignal* Thewod $pec#!m i$ al$o !$ed #o efe #o #hepowe $pec#!m of a andom poce$$*

;uang "h,^- m1# lo3# cc nZngl@Ang in # a lnh #heo ch! K#@Eng Ji cGa ch}ng*,2- 1 ln cGa "i6n 5i o!ie cGa

m1# ,[c nh- #


54/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

s"eech activityactor#he fac#ion of#ime fo which a $peech $ignal i$ noneo%'al!ed$& o'e a long peiod of #ime* eo%'al!ed $peech #ime $egmen#$ occ! a$ a

e$!l# of pa!$e$ in #he $peech poce$$*The $peech ac#i'i#y fac#o i$ an impo#an#concep# in #he #heoy of $#a#i$#icalm!l#iple[ing of 'oice $ignal$ in a#elephone $wi#ch* j# i$ al$o an impo#an#concep# in #he j% )DM( cell!la$y$#em*

o3t ng ng&n #uHny6! #J #ongcc Kho:ng #hCi gian ngn m m1# #


55/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

unidirectiona# busa go!p of $ignal$ #ha#caie$ infoma#ion in one diec#ion*q[ampleY The adde$$ "!$ of #hemicopoce$$o i$ !nidiec#ional i#

caie~$ adde$$ infoma#ion in onediec#ion fom #he micopoce$$o#o memoy o peipheal*

+Jng truyn n h+Sngm1# nh?mcc #


56/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

atmos"heric attenuationdecea$e in #heampli#!de of a $ignal popaga#ing #ho!gh#he a#mo$phee& d!e pimaily #oa"$o #ion and $ca##e*

s6 yu dn do %h' ;uy7n$8# gi:m"iQn 1 cGa #


57/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

attractoran a$ymp#o#ic $#a#e of adynamical $y$#em of which #hee ae #hee

"a$ic #ype$* qi#he ,i- #he $y$#em come$ #oe$# and #he a##ac#o i$ a fi[ed poin# in

$#a#e $pace& ,ii- #he $y$#em $e##le$ in#o apeiodic mo#ion Known a$ a limi# cycle& o,iii- #he $y$#em en#e$ a chao#ic mo#ion& inwhich ca$e #he a##ac#o i$ called $#ange*

i7m hI" dnm1# #3ng #hi #imcn cGa m1# h #hJng 1ng #ong ?c? "a lo3i cE ":n* 0oVc l ,i- h #hJngi Ktm nghI ngEi ' im h;p dxn

l m1# im cJ nh #ong Khng gian#3ng #hi& ,ii- h #hJng gi:i /!y6# 'om1# ch!yn 1ng ch! K @Ac gi lm1# ch! K gii h3n& hoVc ,iii- h#hJng 'o m1# ch!yn 1ng hun lo3nong #@Cng hAp ny $L im h;p dxn@Ac gi l K l3*

audio o##o(9video s(itcher -AF.a$wi#che #ha# $im!l#aneo!$ly $wi#che$ #he'ideo and a!dio infoma#ion* The #em i$a$$ocia#ed wi#h #he ac#ion of #he a!dio$ignal and coe$ponding 'ideo $ignal$wi#ching #oge#he*

chuy7n i Xm thanh theo video,(b- m1# ch!yn 5i m >ng #hCich!yn m3ch 'ideo ' #hng #in m#hanh* Th!# ng ny l gn 'i hnh1ng cGa #


58/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

Auto conigurationa poce$$ #ha# de#emine$ wha# hadwae ac#!ally e[i$#$d!ing #he c!en# in$#ance of #he !nningKenel a# $#a#ic config!a#ion #ime* j# i$

done "y #he a!#oconfig!a#ion $of#wae#ha# a$K$ #he de'ice$ #o iden#ify#hem$el'e$ and accompli$he$ o#he #a$K$a$$ocia#ed wi#h e'en#$ occ!ing d!ing#he a!#oconfig!a#ion of de 'ice$* oin$#ance& )j de'ice$ ha'e a!#oconfig!a#ion capa"ili#ie$ and do no# ha'e#o "e config!ed "y !$e$*

56 ng cIu hnhm1# /! #nh [cnh ph4n cHng nhng g #hLc $L #>n#3i #ong cc '< d8 d=ng cGa h3# nhnang ch3y 9 #hCi gian c;! hnh #|nh*

s? @Ac #hLc hin "9i cc ph4n mm#L 1ng c;! hnh m yQ! c4! cc #hi6#" ny [c nh ":n #hn ' hon#hnh cc nhim '8 Khc liQn /!an6n cc $L Kin [:y a #ong /! #nh#L 1ng c;! hnh cGa #hi6# "* b< d8&cc #hi6# " )j c? Kh: nZng c;! hnh#L 1ng ' Khng c4n ph:i @Ac c;!hnh "9i ng@Ci $7 d8ng*

Auto corre#ation unction#he e[pec#ed'al!e of #he pod!c# of #wo andom'aia"le$ genea#ed fom a andom

poce$$ fo #wo #ime in$#an#$ i# epe$en#$#hei in#edependence* The o!ie#an$fom of #he a!#ocoela#ion f!nc#ioni$ #he powe $pec#!m ,powe $pec#alden$i#y- fo #he andom poce$$*

chMc n*ng t6 ng t+ng ;uan'idL Ki6n gi # cGa cc $:n phRm cGahai "i6n ngx! nhiQn @Ac #3o a #m1# /! #nh ngx! nhiQn cho haiKho:nh Khc #hCi gian n? #@Ang#@ng cho ph8 #h!1c lxn nha!cGach}ng *shng "i6n 5i o!ie cGachHc nZng #L 1ng #@Eng /!an l ph5nZng l@Ang ,m# 1 nZng l@Ang

/!ang ph5- cho cc /! #nh ngx!nhiQn*

automated meter reading -A1.#he!$e of me#e$ which ha'e #he capa"ili#y of#an$mi##ing a# #he lea$# con$!mp#ioninfoma#ion #o #he !#ili#y #ho!gh $omemean$ of elec#onic comm!nica#ion*

[ng h[ _c t6 ng -A1.cc lo3i>ng h> $7 d8ng mW# m c? Kh: nZng#!yn cc #hng #in #iQ! #h8


59/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

automatic chroma contro# -ACC.())i$ !$ed #o coec# #he le'el of #he inp!#choma $ignal* Typically& #he ())cic!i#y maKe$ coec#ion$ #o #he choma&

"a$ed on #he ela#i'e degenea#ion of #hecolo "!$# efeence $ignal& $ince #hi$$ignal will ha'e "een $!"ec#ed #o #he$ame degada#ion*

Oi7m so!t mUu s


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Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

automatic re"eat re;uest -A.aneo con#ol $cheme fo channel$ wi#hfeed"acK* The #an$mi##ed da#a i$ encodedfo eo de#ec#ion and a de#ec#ed eo

e$!l#$ in a e#an$mi$$ion e/!e$#*

y)u cu t6 ng #N" #3i -A.m1#ch@Eng #nh Kim $o# lui cho ccKQnh #hng #in ph:n h>i* )c d li!#!yn @Ac mO h?a ph# hin lui

' K6# /!: ph# hin a lui #ong m1#yQ! c4! #!yn l3i*

automationefe$ #o #he "inging#oge#he of machine #ool$& ma#eial$handling poce$$& and con#ol$ wi#h li##lewoKe in#e'en#ion& incl!ding^* a con#in!o!$ flow pod!c#ion poce$$#ha# in#ega#e$ 'aio!$ mechani$m$ #o

pod!ce an i#em wi#h ela#i'ely few o nowoKe opea#ion$& !$!ally #ho!ghelec#onic con#ol2* $elf%eg!la#ing machine$ ,feed"acK-#ha# can pefom highly peci$e opea#ion$in $e/!ence andr* elec#onic comp!#ing machine$*jn common !$e& howe'e& #he #em i$of#en !$ed in efeence #o any #ype ofad'anced mechania#ion o a$ a $ynonymfo #echnological poge$$ moe

$pecifically& i# i$ !$!ally a$$ocia#ed wi#hcy"ene#ic$*

t6 ng h:a cp 6n cc /!y #8cGa my cng c8& '# li! /! #nh [7l& ' i! Khin 'i


61/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

auxi#iary (indinga winding de$igned #o"e enegied occa$ionally fo a $pecificp!po$e& $!ch a$ $#a#ing a $ingle%pha$emo#o* The powe #o #he winding may "e

con#olled "y 'aio!$ mean$ incl!ding a#ime& cen#if!gal $wi#ch& c!en# $en$ingelay& o 'ol#age ,co!n#e qM- $en$ingelay*

cun dXy "h^ tr,m1# c!1n dy @Ac#hi6# K6 #hInh #ho:ng c;p nZngl@Ang cho m1# m8c


62/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

current9mode contro##he ind!c#oc!en# i$ $en$ed #o con#ol #he p!l$ewid#h*The $wi#ch i$ #!ned on "y a con$#an#

fe/!ency clocK and #!ned off when #heind!c#o c!en# eache$ #he con#olefeence* Thi$ me#hod pod!ce$$!"hamonic o$cilla#ion$ if #he $#eady%$#a#e d!#y a#io i$ gea#e #han o e/!al #o]** (n a#ificial $#a"iliing amp i$nece$$ay #o achie'e $#a"le con#olo'e #he f!ll ange of d!#y a#io$* +hen#he $lope of #he amp i$ e/!al #o #hefalling $lope of #he ind!c#o c!en#& one

cycle e$pon$e i$ achie'ed* ,i*e*& #he inp!#pe#!"a#ion$ ae eec#ed& and #he c!en#efeence i$ followed wi#hin one cycle-*

iu %hi7n ch dng i0nd=ngc:m Hng l i! chInh 1 1ng[!ng*bic ch!yn 5i @Ac "# "9im1# >ng h> #4n $J Khng 5i ' ##

Khi d=ng c:m Hng 3# ch!Rn i!Khin* h@Eng php ny #3o a dao1ng i! h=a ph8 n6! #U $J nhim '8#3ng #hi 5n nh l ln hEn hoVc

"Png ]&* M1# o3n @Cng nJi nhn#3o 5n nh l c4n #hi6# 3# @AcKim $o# 5n nh #Qn ph3m 'i 4yG h $J $7 d8ng* zhi 1 dJc cGao3n @Cng "Png 'i 1 dJc [!JngcGa d=ng c:m Hng& m1# ch! K ph:n

Hng l 3# @Ac* ,#Hc l& nhi\! 4!'o " # chJi& ' d=ng in ch!Rn#i6p #ong '=ng m1# ch! K-*

cybernetics,^- #he field of con#ol andcomm!nica#ion #heoy in geneal& wi#ho!#$pecific e$#ic#ion #o any aea ofapplica#ion o in'e$#iga#ion*

,2- #he "eha'io and de$ign ofmechani$m$& ogani$m$& andoogania#ion$ #ha# ecei'e and genea#einfoma#ion and e$pond #o i# in ode #oo"#ain a de$ied e$!l#*

iu %hi7n h_c,^- cc l|nh 'Lc i!Khin ' l #h!y6# #!yn #hng n?ich!ng& Khng h3n ch6 c8 #h ";#K l|nh 'Lc cGa Hng d8ng hoVc nghiQn

cH!*,2- cc hnh 'i ' #hi6# K6 cc cE ch6&$inh '#& ' hoVc #5 chHc #i6p nhn' #3o a cc #hng #in ' p Hng 'in? c? @Ac m1# K6# /!: mong

cut9outa pole%mo!n#ed de'ice whichcon#ain$ a high%'ol#age f!$e in#egal wi#ha di$connec# $wi#ch* j# i$ !$ed #o po#ec#and di$connec# pimay cic!i#$ in

di$#i"!#ion woK*

5hit b4 ng


63/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

cyc#ic accessin de'ice$ $!ch a$ magne#icand op#ical di$K$ ,and olde "!""lememoie$- #ha# $#oe da#a on o#a#ingmedia& #he pope#y #ha# any indi'id!al

piece of da#a can "e acce$$ed once d!ingeach cycle of #he media*

truy cH" tun hoUn#ong cc #hi6# "nh@ |a # #n c!ng c;p `] 0 cGa ";# K #hH#L pha mong m!Jn

cyc#otron re;uencya fe/!ency ofelec#on o$cilla#ion in a cyclo#on* (fe/!ency of cic!la mo#ion of anelec#on and magne#ic field$ applied

pependic!laly #o #he plane of #hecic!la mo#ion*

tn s m!y gia tcl #4n $J dao 1ngcGa elec#on #ong m1# my gia #Jc*M1# #4n $J cGa ch!yn 1ng #=n cGam1# elec#on ' # #@Cng '!ng g?c'i mV# phng cGa cc ch!yn 1ng#=n*

dam"ing actora mea$!e of #he a"ili#yof #he #o #acK an inp!# $ignal $#ep*$!ally !$ed #o indica#e #he amo!n# of

o'e$hoo# pe$en# in #he o!#p!# #o a $#eppe#!"a#ion in #he inp!#*

h $J ## d4n m1# #h@c o Kh: nZngcGa #heo di #


64/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

dash"ot timera fl!id #ime%on #ime #ha#can "e !$ed in defini#e #ime D) mo#oaccelea#ion $#a#e$ and con#olle$* Theda$hpo# #ime f!nc#ion$ whee a magne#ic

field foce$ a pi$#on #o mo'e wi#hin acylinde when #he coil i$ enegied* TheMo'emen# of #he pi$#on i$ limi#ed "yfl!id pa$$ing #ho!gh an oifice on #he

pi$#on* The amo!n# of fl!id pa$$ing#ho!gh #he oifice i$ con#olled "y a#ho##le 'al!e& which in #!n de#emine$#he amo!n# of #ime delay* (f#e #he fl!id

pe$$!e e/!alied aco$$ #he pi$#on&mo'emen# $#op$ and con#ac#$ change

$#a#e* The fl!id can ei#he "e ai,pne!ma#ic da$hpo#- o oil ,hyda!licda$hpo#-* +hen #he #ime i$ de enegied&a checK 'al'e allow$ #he pe$$!e #oe/!alie aco$$ #he pi$#on apidly& #hee"yca!$ing #he con#ac#$ #o change $#a#eimmedia#ely*

B ch ha %h'-b gi=m chIn tit#+u. hwn giJm1# "1 6m #hCi gian#Qn ch;# lXng c? #h @Ac $7 d8ng#ong #hCi gian nh;# nh mi "# 4!

#Zng #Jc 1ng cE D) ' "1 i!Khin* )c chHc nZng hn giC ch6 h=aKh< nEi m1# # #@Cng "!1c m1# pi$#onch!yn 1ng "Qn #ong m1# [i lanhKhi c!1n dy @Ac n3p nZng l@Ang*Di ch!yn cGa cc pi$#on @Ac giih3n "9i ch;# lXng #hng /!a m1# lu#Qn pi$#on* @Ang ch;# lXng i /!a#hng /!a cc lu @Ac i! Khin "9im1# gi # "@m ga& ? $N [c nh $J

l@Ang #hCi gian chm #\* a! Khi p$!;# ch;# lXng "Png nha! cc pi$#on&ch!yn 1ng ngng ' #i6p [}c #hay5i #3ng #hi* )c ch;# lXng c? #h lKhng Kh< ,ch6 h=a Kh< Kh< nWn- hoVcd4! ,ch6 h=a Kh< #hGy lLc-* zhi #hCigian @Ac n3p nZng l@Ang& m1# 'ancho phWp Kim #a p lLc "Png nha!gia cc pi$#on nhanh ch?ng& do ?

gy a cc #i6p [}c #hay 5i #3ng#hi ngay lp #Hc*

data ac;uisition,^-me#hod !$ed focap#!ing infoma#ion and con'e#ing i# #oa fom $!i#a"le fo comp!#e !$e*,2- poce$$ of mea$!ing eal%wold/!an#i#ie$ and "inging #he infoma#ionin#o a comp!#e fo $#oage o poce$$ing*

thu thH" d #i0u,^- ph@Eng php@Ac $7 d8ng nm "# #hng #in 'ch!yn n? #hnh m1# hnh #hHc #h


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Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

@ar#ington bi"o#ar unction transistora com"ina#ion of #wo "ipola !nc#ion#an$i$#o$ ,BT- whee #he emi##ec!en# of one #an$i$#o di'e$ #he "a$e of

#he $econd #an$i$#o* The aangemen#ed!ce$ #he c!en# e/!ied fom #he "a$edi'e cic!i#& and #he effec#i'e c!en#gain of #he com"ina#ion i$ appo[ima#ely#he pod!c# of indi'id!al gain$* Theconfig!a#ion can "e made fom #wodi$ce#e #an$i$#o$ o can "e o"#ained a$ a$ingle in#ega#ed de'ice*

@ar#ington Bz5m1# $L K6# hAp cGa hai "?ng "n dxnl@ng cLc nJi ,BT-& nEi d=ng incLc ph# cGa m1# "?ng "n dxn li cc

chn cc "?ng "n dxn #hH hai* bic"J #< lm gi:m d=ng yQ! c4! # ccm3ch i! Khin cE $9& ' 3# @Achi! /!: d=ng in cGa $L K6# hAp l[;p [I cc $:n phRm lAi


66/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

data "re"rocessing#he poce$$ing ofda#a "efoe i# i$ employed in ne#woK#aining* The !$!al aim$ #o ed!ce #hedimen$ionali#y of #he da#a "y fea#!e

e[#ac#ion*

d #i0u tin xZ #'ic [7 l d li!#@c Khi n? @Ac $7 d8ng #ong h!;nl!yn m3ng* Thng #h@Cng nhPm m8c


67/84


68/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

database com"uter a $pecial hadwaeand $of#wae config!a#ion aimed

pimaily a# handling lage da#a"a$e$ andan$weing comple[ /!eie$*

c sL d #i0u m!y t'nhcGa m1# ph4ncHng Vc "i# ' c;! hnh ph4n mmchG y6! nhPm [7 l cc cE $9 d li!ln ' #: lCi cc #!y ';n phHc #3p

debugger,^- a pogam #ha# allow$ in%#eac#i'e analy$i$ of a !nning pogam&

"y allowing #he !$e #o pa!$e e[ec!#ion of#he !nning pogam and e[amine i#$'aia"le$ and pa#h of e[ec!#ion a# any

poin#*,2- pogam #ha# aid$ in de"!gging*

trnh gR #i,^- m1# ch@Eng #nh chophWp phn #


69/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

decay timein #he a"$ence of any p!mp oo#he e[ci#a#ion mechani$m$& #he #imeaf#e which #he n!m"e of a#om$ in a

pa#ic!la $#a#e fall$ #o ^q of i#$ ini#ial

'al!e*

thJi i7m "hXn rQ#ong $L 'ng mV#cGa ";# K my "Em hay cE ch6 K


70/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

decode history tab#ea fom of "anchhi$#oy #a"le acce$$ed af#e #he in$#!c#ioni$ decoded and when #he "anch adde$$i$ a'aila"le $o #ha# #he #a"le need only

$#oe a Boolean "i# fo each "anchin$#!c#ion #o indica#e whe#he #hi$adde$$ $ho!ld "e !$ed*

b=ng #4ch sZ gi:i mO m1# hnh #hHc":ng lch $7 nhnh #!y cp $a! KhichI lnh @Ac gi:i mO ' Khi a chInhnh hin c? $n cc ":ng chI c4n

l@! # m1# "i# Boolean cho mui lnhN nhnh cho "i6# a chI ny nQn@Ac $7 d8ng*

decorre#ation#he ac# of emo'ing oed!cing coela#ion "e#ween andom'aia"le$* o andom 'ec#o$ a di$ce#elinea #an$fom i$ of#en !$ed #o ed!ce#he coela#ion "e#ween #he 'ec#ocomponen#$*

Oh&ng t+ng ;uanhnh 1ng lo3i"X hoVc gi:m #@Eng /!an gia cc"i6n ngx! nhiQn* Ji 'i 'ec#E ngx!nhiQn #!y6n #


71/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

degenerate our9(ave mixinga fo!%wa'e mi[ing poce$$ in which all of #hein#eac#ing wa'e$ ha'e #he $amefe/!ency* jn ce#ain geome#ical

aangemen#$& #hi$ poce$$ lead$ #o op#icalpha$e con!ga#ion and in addi#ion can "efo ce#ain #ype$ of op#ical infoma#ionoce$$in *

trn bn s:ng suy bin l /! #nh#1n "Jn $?ng m #ong ? #;# c: cc$?ng #@Eng #c c? cFng #4n $J* Tong$L $p [6p hnh hc nh;# nh& /!

#nh ny dxn 6n liQn hAp pha /!anghc ' ngoi a c? #h cho m1# $J lo3i[7 l #hng #in /!ang*

degrees o reedom#he n!m"e of in%dependen# po$i#ion 'aia"le$ #ha# ha'e #o

"e $pecified in ode #o loca#e all pa#$ of#he mechani$m i$ defined a$ a n!m"e ofdegee$ of feedom* Theefoe& #hedegee$ of feedom i$ defined a$ #he

minimal n!m"e of po$i#ion 'aia"le$nece$$ay fo comple#ely $pecifying #heconfig!a#ion of #he mechani$m*

bHc t6 do l $J l@Ang cc "i6n ' #m "1 nh& m3ch #hCi gian& 'm3ch j.* do cho i! ny l chophWp #hLc hin m1# "1 i! Khin 'im1# $J l@Ang #Ji #hi! cGa cc chip&do ? 3# @Ac c? #h #h! nhX K


79/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

min9max contro#a cla$$ of con#ol algo%i#hm$ "a$ed onwo$#%ca$ede$ignme#hodology in which con#ol lawi$ cho$en in $!ch a way #ha# i# op#imie$

#he pefomance !nde #he mo$#!nfa'oa"le po$$i"le effec# of paame#e'aia#ion$ ando di$#!"ance$* The de$ign

poced!e can "e 'iewed a$ a eo%$!mgamewi#h con#ol ac#ion and!nce#ain#y a$ #he an#agoni$#ic playe$* jn#he ca$e of lineamodel$ and /!ada#icindice$& #heminma[ con#ol co!ld "efo!nd "y $ol'ing eo$!m linea%/!ada#ic game$* Minima[ opea#ion$

may "e pefomed on co$# f!nc#ional$&$en$i#i'i#y f!nc#ion$& eacha"ili#y $e#$&$#a"ili#y egion$ o cho$en nom$ ofmodel 'aia"le$*

iu %hi7n min9max m1# lp cc#h!# #on i! Khin dLa #Qn ph@Eng

php #hi6# K6 #@Cng hAp [;! nh;#ong ? l!# i! Khin @Ac lLa

chn #ong m1# cch m n? #Ji @! h?ahi! $!;# d@i #c d8ng [;! nh;# c?#h c? cGa "i6n #ham $J ' hoVc Jilo3n* )c #hG #8c #hi6# K6 c? #h @Ac[em nh@ l m1# #= chEi c? #5ng ] 'ihnh 1ng Kim $o# ' Khng chcchn nh@ ng@Ci chEi Ji Khng*Tong #@Cng hAp cGa m hnh #!y6n#


80/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

minimum distance in a fowad eocon#ol "locK code& #he $malle$# 0ammingdi$#ance "e#ween any #wo code wod$* jna con'ol!#ional code& #he col!mn di$#ance

a# #he n!m"e of encoding in#e'al$ e/!al#o #he con$#ain# leng#h*

Oho=ng c!ch ti thi7u #ong m1# lui#@c KhJi mO i! Khin& Kho:ngcch 0amming nhX nh;# gia ";# Khai # mO* #ong m1# mO chp& Kho:ng

cch c1# #3i Kho:ng cch mO h?a "Png'i chi! di h3n ch6*1inimum "hase systema $y$#em#ha# ha$all pole$ and eoe$ in$ide #he !ni# cicle*j# i$ called minim!m pha$e "eca!$e #he

pole$ and eoe$ in$ide #he !ni# cicleca!$e #he go!p delay& which i$ #hedei'a#i'e of #he pha$e of #he $ignal #o "eminimied*

0 #hJng pha #Ji #hi! m1# h #hJngm c? #;# c: cc im cLc ' imKhng nPm "Qn #ong @Cng #=n En'* s? @Ac gi l pha #Ji #hi! ' ccim cLc ' im Khng "Qn #ong@Cng #=n En ' gy a #\& #ong ?3o hm cGa cc pha cGa #


81/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

mobi#e data termina# -1@5. a comp!#e#eminal in$#alled in a $e'ice 'ehiclewhich& #ho!gh $ome wiele$$ linK&comm!nica#e$ woK ode infoma#ion

"e#ween #he cew$ and #hei di$pa#chcen#e*

thit b4 u cui d #i0u di ng,MDT- l m1# my #


82/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

modu#ating signa##he "a$e"and $o!ce$ignal !$ed #o encode infoma#ion on#o acaie wa'e "y 'aying one o moe of i#$chaac#ei$#ic$ ,e*g*& #he ampli#!de&

fe/!ency& o pha$e of a $in!$oid o #heampli#!de& wid#h& epe#i#ion a#e& opo$i#ion of each p!l$e in a peiodic p!l$e#ain-*

iu ch t'n hi0ung!>n #


83/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

synchroni2ing re#aya elay #ha#moni#o$#he 'ol#age aco$$ an open cic!i# "eaKe#o de#emine #he fe/!ency and pha$eela#ion $hip of #he 'ol#age $o!ce$ on

ei#he $ide of #he "eaKe* ynchoniingelay$ ae !$ed on genea#o "eaKe$ #o"ing #he genea#o #o #he $y$#emfe/!ency and #o ma#ch #he pha$e angle

"e#ween #he genea#o and $y$#em pio #oclo$ing #he "eaKe*

[ng b h:a r #e m1# elay #heo diin p #Qn m1# c4! dao h9 m3ch [c nh cc mJi /!an h #4n $J '

pha cGa ng!>n in p 9 hai "Qn cGa

my c#* >ng "1 Ele @Ac $7 d8ng#Qn my c# my ph# in mangmy ph# #4n $J h #hJng ' phF hAp'i g?c pha gia cc my ph# in' h #hJng #@c Khi ?ng my c#*

synchro al$o called a $el$yn ,fo$elf$ynchono!$-* (n () $e'o machine!$ed in pai$ pimaily fo emo#e $en$ingand $haf# po$i#ioning applica#ion$* j#$con$#!c#ion i$ e$$en#ially #ha# of awo!nd%o#o ind!c#ion machinewi#hei#he a $ingle%pha$e o r%pha$e o#owinding* baio!$ $#a#o and o#o in#e%connec#ion$ ae po$$i"le& depending onde$ied f!nc#ion and e/!ied #o/!e*

[ng bhay c=n gi l #L >ng "1*M1# my in $e'o () @Ac $7 d8ng#ong #heo cVp chG y6! cho cc c:m

"i6n # [a ' cc Hng d8ng nh '#8c* ":n ch;# c;! #}c cGa n? l m1#my in c:m Hng o#o dy /!;n 'ihoVc c!1n dy o#o m1# pha hoVc r

pha*)? #h K6# hAp #a#o ' o#oKhc nha! & #Fy #h!1c 'o chHc nZngmong m!Jn ' yQ! c4! m%men [on

synchronous demodu#ationa fom of apha$e $en$i#i'e angle demod!la#ion inwhich local o$cilla#o i$ $ynchonied o

locKed in fe/!ency and pha$e #o #heincoming caie $ignal*

gi=i iu ch [ng bl m1# hnh#hHc cGa m1# gi:i i! ch6 pha& g?c#ong ? dao 1ng c8c "1 @Ac >ng

"1 hoVc nhJ# #ong #4n $J ' pha 'i#


84/84

Bi Tp ln mn My in 2

sam"#ea $inglemea$!emen# #ha# i$ #aKen#o "e epe$en#a#i'e of #hemea$!ed

pope#y o'e a wide aea& fe/!encyange& o #ime peiod* +hen ecoding

digi#al $o!nd& a $ample i$ a 'ol#agemea$!emen# #ha# efiec#$ #he in#en$i#y of#he aco!$#ic $ignal a# a pa#ic!la momen#&and ha$ a #ime peiod a$$ocia#ed wi#h i#ha# i$& #he $ample epe$en#$ #he $ignal!n#il #he ne[# mea$!emen# i$ made* jn adigi#al image& a $ample i$ a $inglemea$!emen# of ligh# in#en$i#y a# a

pa#ic!la poin# in #he $cene& and #ha#mea$!emen# i$ !$ed #o epe$en# #he

ac#!al "!# !nmea$!ed in#en$i#y a# nea"ypoin#$*

#Iy mu m1# phWp o d!y nh;# @Acl;y 3i din cho /!y #nh o #Qnm1# Kh! 'Lc 1ng ln hEn& d:i #4n $J&hoVc Kho:ng #hCi gian* zhi ghi m Kk

#h!# $J& m1# mx! l m1# phWp oin p ph:n nh c@Cng 1 cGa #

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