Twentieth Century Twentieth Century Poetry 1Poetry 1

Teaching Plan Teaching Plan

T.S. Eliot ( 45’) T.S. Eliot ( 45’) Thomas Hardy and A. E. Housman(5’)Thomas Hardy and A. E. Housman(5’)

Technical Revolution in PoetryTechnical Revolution in Poetry

Three influencesThree influences Imagism Ezra Pound( Imagism which demands precisImagism Ezra Pound( Imagism which demands precis

ion in imagery and freedom in rhythmic movemention in imagery and freedom in rhythmic movement Metaphysical poets of th e17th c (John Donne)Metaphysical poets of th e17th c (John Donne) French Symbolist poetry French Symbolist poetry Ps the rediscovery of William Blake and The publicatPs the rediscovery of William Blake and The publicat

ion of th etwo editions of G.M. Hopkins’ poetry also ion of th etwo editions of G.M. Hopkins’ poetry also contributed to the development of 20th c poet contributed to the development of 20th c poet

Chief Traits of Modernist PoetryChief Traits of Modernist Poetry

insisted on ‘direct treatment of things’ and on tinsisted on ‘direct treatment of things’ and on the avoidance of all words ‘ that di not contribuhe avoidance of all words ‘ that di not contribute to the prensentation’te to the prensentation’

freer metrical movement freer metrical movement introduced to poetry a much higher degree of iintroduced to poetry a much higher degree of i

ntellectual complexity because o f the enthusiantellectual complexity because o f the enthusiasm of Metaphysical psm of Metaphysical p

T. S. Eliot 1888-1965T. S. Eliot 1888-1965

A poet playwright and literary criticA poet playwright and literary critic Born in the US and as an adult became a Born in the US and as an adult became a

British subject, his works are considered a British subject, his works are considered a part of both national literaturepart of both national literature

In 1915 settled down in London working as a bank clIn 1915 settled down in London working as a bank clerk later an editor of a litery magazine and a reviewer erk later an editor of a litery magazine and a reviewer for several journals for several journals

In 1917 published his first book , In 1917 published his first book , Prufrock and Other Prufrock and Other ObservationsObservations

1921922 founded The Criterion an influential right-wing 2 founded The Criterion an influential right-wing literary journal the Waste land appeared in the first isliterary journal the Waste land appeared in the first issuesue

In those London years he formed his mutually admiriIn those London years he formed his mutually admiring and fruitful relationship with Ezra Pound ng and fruitful relationship with Ezra Pound

In 1927 he became a British subject and was In 1927 he became a British subject and was received into the Church of England. He received into the Church of England. He declared that he was ‘Anglo- Catholic in declared that he was ‘Anglo- Catholic in religion, royalist in politics and classicist in religion, royalist in politics and classicist in literature.’literature.’

1948 awarded the British Oder of Merit and 1948 awarded the British Oder of Merit and the Nobel Prize the Nobel Prize

His poetic output is not very large hit its influence on His poetic output is not very large hit its influence on the development of 20thc poetry has been substantial.the development of 20thc poetry has been substantial.

He established his style and demonstrated his departuHe established his style and demonstrated his departure from traditional form and metaphor in his first impre from traditional form and metaphor in his first important poem ortant poem The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock,The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock, . It i . It in general anticipates in germinal form all of Eliot’s lan general anticipates in germinal form all of Eliot’s later linguistic and formal achievements. It is also an exter linguistic and formal achievements. It is also an example of the important new experiments and technicaample of the important new experiments and technical innovations in the early 20thcl innovations in the early 20thc

frequently made use of symbolism which gave frequently made use of symbolism which gave their poetry the subtlety of suggestiveness and their poetry the subtlety of suggestiveness and overtones (overtones ( 暗示，泛音，折射光暗示，泛音，折射光 ))

brought poetic language and rhythm closer to tbrought poetic language and rhythm closer to that of conversations by the use of colloquial exhat of conversations by the use of colloquial expressions and even slangspressions and even slangs

Continued Continued

employed irony and puns which had been employed irony and puns which had been banished from serious poetry for over two banished from serious poetry for over two hundred years.hundred years.

often international and urban in themeoften international and urban in theme Modernism is of great importance to the Modernism is of great importance to the

20th c literature it coexist with more 20th c literature it coexist with more traditional forms it never achieved the traditional forms it never achieved the momononopolypoly

The Waste LandThe Waste Land

his most important work,his most important work, a long, complicated poem that reveals a long, complicated poem that reveals

disillusionment and pessimism with disillusionment and pessimism with contemporary society and is remarkable for its contemporary society and is remarkable for its originality in form and content.originality in form and content.

Excerpts of The Waste LandExcerpts of The Waste Land

1. I The Burial of the Dead1. I The Burial of the Dead 2. V What the Thunder Said2. V What the Thunder Said

Discussion : What does the author want to say iDiscussion : What does the author want to say in the first four lines?n the first four lines?

What is the symbolic meaning of What is the symbolic meaning of water in the poem?water in the poem?

荒原 赵萝蕤 译荒原 赵萝蕤 译

““ 是的，我自己亲眼看见古米的西比尔吊在一个笼子里。孩子们在问是的，我自己亲眼看见古米的西比尔吊在一个笼子里。孩子们在问她：西比尔，你要什么的时候，她回答说，我要死。”她：西比尔，你要什么的时候，她回答说，我要死。”

（献给埃兹拉（献给埃兹拉 ·· 庞德庞德最卓越的匠人）最卓越的匠人）

一、死者葬礼一、死者葬礼

四月是最残忍的一个月，荒地上四月是最残忍的一个月，荒地上长着丁香，把回忆和欲望长着丁香，把回忆和欲望参合在一起，又让春雨参合在一起，又让春雨催促那些迟钝的根芽。催促那些迟钝的根芽。冬天使我们温暖，大地冬天使我们温暖，大地给助人遗忘的雪覆盖着，又叫给助人遗忘的雪覆盖着，又叫枯干的球根提供少许生命。枯干的球根提供少许生命。

夏天来得出人意外，在下阵雨的时候夏天来得出人意外，在下阵雨的时候来到了斯丹卜基西；我们在柱廊下躲避，来到了斯丹卜基西；我们在柱廊下躲避，等太阳出来又进了霍夫加登，等太阳出来又进了霍夫加登，喝咖啡，闲谈了一个小时。喝咖啡，闲谈了一个小时。我不是俄国人，我是立陶宛来的，是地道的德国人。我不是俄国人，我是立陶宛来的，是地道的德国人。而且我们小时候住在大公那里而且我们小时候住在大公那里我表兄家，他带着我出去滑雪橇，我表兄家，他带着我出去滑雪橇，我很害怕。他说，玛丽，我很害怕。他说，玛丽，玛丽，牢牢揪住。我们就往下冲。玛丽，牢牢揪住。我们就往下冲。在山上，那里你觉得自由。在山上，那里你觉得自由。大半个晚上我看书，冬天我到南方。大半个晚上我看书，冬天我到南方。

什么树根在抓紧，什么树根在从这堆乱石块里长出？人子啊，你说不出，也猜不到，因为你只知道一堆破烂的偶像，承受着太阳的鞭打枯死的树没有遮荫。蟋蟀的声音也不使人放心，焦石间没有流水的声音。只有这块红石下有影子，（请走进这块红石下的影子）我要指点你一件事，它既不像你早起的影子，在你后面迈步；也不像傍晚的，站起身来迎着你；我要给你看恐惧在一把尘土里。

风吹得很轻快，吹送我回家去，爱尔兰的小孩，你在哪里逗留？

“一年前你先给我的是风信子；他们叫我做风信子的女郎”，——可是等我们回来，晚了，从风信子的园里来，你的臂膊抱满，你的头发湿漉，我说不出话，眼睛看不见，我既不是活的，也未曾死，我什么都不知道，望着光亮的中心看时，是一片寂静。荒凉而空虚是那大海。马丹梭梭屈里士，著名的女相士，患了重感冒，可仍然是欧罗巴知名的最有智慧的女人，带着一副恶毒的纸牌，这里，她说，是你的一张，那淹死了的腓尼基水手，（这些珍珠就是他的眼睛，看！）这是贝洛多纳，岩石的女主人一个善于应变的女人。

这人带着三根杖，这是“转轮”，这是那独眼商人，这张牌上面一无所有，是他背在背上的一种东西。是不准我看见的。我没有找到“那被绞死的人”。怕水里的死亡。我看见成群的人，在绕着圈子走。谢谢你。你看见亲爱的爱奎尔太太的时候就说我自己把天宫图给她带去，这年头人得小心啊。

并无实体的城，在冬日破晓的黄雾下，一群人鱼贯地流过伦敦桥，人数是那么多，我没想到死亡毁坏了这许多人。叹息，短促而稀少，吐了出来，人人的眼睛都盯住在自己的脚前。流上山，流下威廉王大街，直到圣马利吴尔诺斯教堂，那里报时的钟声敲着最后的第九下，阴沉的一声。在那里我看见一个熟人，拦住他叫道：“斯代真！”

你从前在迈里的船上是和我在一起的！你从前在迈里的船上是和我在一起的！去年你种在你花园里的尸首，去年你种在你花园里的尸首，它发芽了吗？今年会开花吗？它发芽了吗？今年会开花吗？还是忽来严霜捣坏了它的花床？还是忽来严霜捣坏了它的花床？叫这狗熊星走远吧，它是人们的朋友，叫这狗熊星走远吧，它是人们的朋友，不然它会用它的爪子再把它挖掘出来！不然它会用它的爪子再把它挖掘出来！你！虚伪的读者！——我的同类——我的兄弟！你！虚伪的读者！——我的同类——我的兄弟！

The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

S’io credesse che mia risposta fosse S’io credesse che mia risposta fosse A persona che mai tornasse al mondo, A persona che mai tornasse al mondo, Questa fiamma staria senza piu scosse. Questa fiamma staria senza piu scosse. Ma perciocche giammai di questo fondo Ma perciocche giammai di questo fondo Non torno vivo alcun, s’i’odo il vero, Non torno vivo alcun, s’i’odo il vero, Senza tema d’infamia ti rispondo. Senza tema d’infamia ti rispondo. 22

Dante AlighieriDante Alighieri InfernoInferno

爱尔弗瑞德爱尔弗瑞德 ·· 普鲁弗洛克的情歌普鲁弗洛克的情歌 —— ——托马斯托马斯 ·· 斯登斯斯登斯 ·· 艾略特艾略特

假如我认为我是在回答假如我认为我是在回答 一个会返回人世的人一个会返回人世的人 这火焰将不再颤动；但是这火焰将不再颤动；但是 , , 既然从未有人从这深渊既然从未有人从这深渊 活着回去活着回去 , , 如果我听的是真如果我听的是真 , , 我就回答你我就回答你 , , 不怕是流言。不怕是流言。 —— —— 但丁：《地狱篇》但丁：《地狱篇》

Let us go then, you and I, Let us go then, you and I, When the evening is spread out against the sky When the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table; Like a patient etherized upon a table; 33Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets, Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets, The muttering retreats The muttering retreats Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells: And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells: Streets that follow like a tedious argument Streets that follow like a tedious argument Of insidious intent Of insidious intent 44To lead you to an overwhelming question ... To lead you to an overwhelming question ... Oh, do not ask, “What is it?“ Oh, do not ask, “What is it?“ Let us go and make our visit. Let us go and make our visit.

那么那么 , , 我们走吧我们走吧 , , 你和我一起你和我一起 , , 此时黄昏正在蔓延此时黄昏正在蔓延 , , 伸向天际伸向天际 , , 像麻醉的病人躺在手术台上；像麻醉的病人躺在手术台上； 我们走吧我们走吧 , , 穿过一些半冷落的街巷穿过一些半冷落的街巷 , , 僻静的憩息地熙熙攘攘僻静的憩息地熙熙攘攘 , , 便宜的歇夜旅店夜夜不安便宜的歇夜旅店夜夜不安 , , 露天的餐馆里牡蛎壳遍地露天的餐馆里牡蛎壳遍地 , , 条条街道宛如在乏味地作冗长争议条条街道宛如在乏味地作冗长争议 怀着阴险的目的怀着阴险的目的 把你引向一个压倒一切的大问题……把你引向一个压倒一切的大问题…… 噢噢 , , 别问“是什么？”别问“是什么？” 让我们去走访一趟。让我们去走访一趟。

In the room the women come and go In the room the women come and go Talking of Michelangelo. Talking of Michelangelo. 55

The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes, The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes, The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes, The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes, Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening, Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening, Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains, Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains, Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys, Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys, Slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap, Slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap, And seeing that it was a soft October night, And seeing that it was a soft October night, Curled once about the house, and fell asleep. Curled once about the house, and fell asleep.

客厅里的女人来来回回如穿梭客厅里的女人来来回回如穿梭 正在谈论着米开郎琪罗。正在谈论着米开郎琪罗。 黄色的雾在玻璃窗上擦着背黄色的雾在玻璃窗上擦着背 , , 黄色的烟在玻璃窗上擦着嘴黄色的烟在玻璃窗上擦着嘴 , , 它的舌头伸进黄昏的角落它的舌头伸进黄昏的角落 , , 舔过以后舔过以后 就在干涸的水池上面徘徊。就在干涸的水池上面徘徊。 让烟囱里的烟灰落在它的脊背让烟囱里的烟灰落在它的脊背 , , 滑过斜坡地滑过斜坡地 , , 蓦然一跃蓦然一跃 , , 发现正值温柔的十月夜晚发现正值温柔的十月夜晚 , , 于是在房屋附近蜷伏起来于是在房屋附近蜷伏起来 , , 安然睡觉。安然睡觉。

Among his other poems, The Hollow Men and Among his other poems, The Hollow Men and Ash Wednesday are considered his most Ash Wednesday are considered his most personal statements.personal statements.

Eliot’s chief poetic influenceEliot’s chief poetic influence

the French Symboliststhe French Symbolists the English metaphysical poets the English metaphysical poets the contemporary Imagists the contemporary Imagists

He added complexity and suggestiveness to the pHe added complexity and suggestiveness to the precision stressed by the Imagists. recision stressed by the Imagists.

He also introduced into modern English and AmHe also introduced into modern English and American Poetry the kind of irony achieved by suerican Poetry the kind of irony achieved by sudden shifts from the formal to the colloquial andden shifts from the formal to the colloquial and by oblique(d by oblique( 间接的间接的 ) allusions to objects or i) allusions to objects or ideas that contrasted sharply with those carried deas that contrasted sharply with those carried by the surface meaning of the poem.by the surface meaning of the poem.

He is as important and influential as critic as He is as important and influential as critic as he was as a poet.he was as a poet.

His literary criticism includes a revaluation of His literary criticism includes a revaluation of the past and a representation of the new poetic the past and a representation of the new poetic theories. theories. The Sacred Wood, Homage to The Sacred Wood, Homage to Dryden, the Use of Poetry, On Poetry and Dryden, the Use of Poetry, On Poetry and PoetsPoets

Eliot also did much to revive the verse drama tEliot also did much to revive the verse drama that had been dead for more than 200 years hat had been dead for more than 200 years MuMurder in the Cathedral, The Family Union, the rder in the Cathedral, The Family Union, the Cocktail party , the confidential (Cocktail party , the confidential ( 机密的机密的 )Cle)Clerk, the Elder Statesman.rk, the Elder Statesman.

Main ReferencesMain References

王佩兰， 马茜，黄际英， 《英国文学史及王佩兰， 马茜，黄际英， 《英国文学史及作品选读》， 东北师范大学出版社，作品选读》， 东北师范大学出版社， 19921992