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Twisted Pair Color Schemes

The two conductors of a pair are twisted together so they won't separate and to enhance electrical

properties. The colors are referred to as "Tip" and "Ring", terms which originate with the old plug-and-cord

based switchboards. The plug was a phono jack type with a tip element, an insulating disk, and the shaft, or

ring, of the plug. The conductors of the pair were terminated in their respective elements of the plug.

Tip Colors Ring Colors

White Blue

Red Orange

Black Green

Yellow Brown

Violet Slate (gray)

To make 25 different pairs, each tip conductor color is combined with each ring conductor color.

Pair Tip Ring Pair Tip Ring

1 White Blue 13 Black Green

2 White Orange 14 Black Brown

3 White Green 15 Black Slate

4 White Brown 16 Yellow Blue

5 White Slate 17 Yellow Orange

6 Red Blue 18 Yellow Green

7 Red Orange 19 Yellow Brown

8 Red Green 20 Yellow Slate

9 Red Brown 21 Violet Blue

10 Red Slate 22 Violet Orange

11 Black Blue 23 Violet Green

12 Black Orange 24 Violet Brown

25 Violet Slate

Using this method an installer can navigate pretty effectively in a 25 pair group of pairs and be able to tellone pair from another. A 25 pair group becomes the basic building block for bigger cables. Each 25 pair

group, or unit, as they are also called, is loosely bound with colored binders. The binder color sequence is

the same as that of the pairs, i.e., the binders for group one are colored White/Blue, for the second group

are colored White/Orange, and so on. This system allows up to 600 pair cables (violet/slate binders are

never used; 25 pairs x 24 units = 600 pair) to be made.

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Positive Identification

A bandmark is a ring of ink encircling the conductor at regular intervals. A longitudinal stripe is a narrow

mark either painted down the length of the conductor or included in the color of the insulation during

extrusion.

Bandmarked

Striped

In a white/blue pair the white conductor would have blue bandmarks (or a blue stripe) and the blue

conductor would have white bandmarks (or a white stripe). Note that in a cable smaller than 6 pairs, it may

only be necessary to apply bandmarks or stripes to the tip conductor (all the ring conductors will be a

unique color)

Types of Coaxial Cables

Coaxial cables have been associated with the data communication industry for a long time. These cables

consist of a copper conductor surrounded by layers of dielectric insulator.

RG-6

RG-6 (radio grade-6) cable is the most frequently used and distributed coaxial cable around. It isalso known as home cable, since it is used in connecting a television set to a cable television(CATV) signal distributor. This cable has a single copper conductor surrounded by a copper

braided dielectric insulator contained within an outer protective covering. With a standard

impedance of 75 ohms, RG-6 is a successor to RG-59 cable, which was used in applications like

audio and video transmission.

RG-8

RG-8 cable, also called 10Base5 Thicknet cable, has a very rugged design, carrying several layersof dielectric material and shielding over its core conductor. RG-8 cables are available with a

standard characteristic impedance of 50 to 52 ohms. The central copper conductor has a core

diameter of 2.17 mm and frequency response range as high as 500 MHz, making it suitable for

radio applications. Compared with RG-6 and RG-59 coaxes, RG-8 cables are not ideal for carrying

audio and video signals. RG-8 coaxial cables were succeeded by RG-58 or 10Base2 Thin-net

cables, which served as a standard medium in local area networks for a long time.

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Twinaxial

This type of coaxial cable has two copper or aluminum braids parted by an insulating material. In addition to

that, a twinaxial cable has a pair of plastic-coated solid conducting wires at the core, which carry two

differential electric voltages in order to fulfill maximum transmission and reception requirements. Different

manufacturers have their own standardized twinaxial cables for their particular devices. Twinaxial cablesare commonly used in computer networking environments.

Triaxial

Triaxial or triax is a form of coaxial cable which has three protecting shields for a single copper conductor

contained at the core. These shields include two copper or aluminum layered meshes, parted from each

other through a dielectric insulator. This set of coverings increases the cable's efficiency and effectively

decreases the amount of signal leakage and external noise interference. Triaxial cables come in different

varieties with respect to impedance and gauges, which makes them highly suitable for electronic

applications requiring minimum electromagnetic interference in transmission.

Semi-Rigid

Semi-rigid coaxial cables are inflexible cables with solid conductor covering over the insulator-packed

internal conductor. This solid covering provides an additional benefit at higher frequencies, especially on

microwave frequencies where skin effect takes place. Skin effect is the quality of electrical signal to flow at

the outer levels of a conductor on high frequencies. Semi-rigid coaxial cables are widely used in

applications like long-haul data links, which require collection of microwave signals on a physical medium.

Coaxial Cable Standards

type impedanc

e

ohms

core Dielectri

c Type

Dielectri

c in

OD

in

shields comments max

attenuation

@ 750 MHz

RG-6/U 75 1.0 mm PF 0.185 0.27

0

double Low loss at high

frequency forcable

television, satellite

television and cable

modems

5.65dB/100 f

t

RG-6/UQ 75 PF 0.29

8

quad This is "quad shield

RG-6". It has fourlayers ofshielding;

regular RG-6 only

has one or two

5.65dB/100 f

t

RG-7 75 1.30 mm PF 0.225 0.32

0

double Low loss at high

frequency forcable

television, satellite

television and cable

4.57dB/100 f

t

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_impedancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_impedancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_shieldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_shieldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_impedancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_impedance

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modems

RG-8/U 50 2.17 mm PE 0.285 0.40

5

Amateur radio;

RG-8X 50 1.0 mm PF 0.185 0.24

2

double A thinner version,with the electricalcharacteristics of

RG-8U in a diametersimilar to RG-6.

RG-9/U 51 PE 0.42

0

RG-11/U 75 1.63 mm PE 0.285 0.41

2

Triple/Qua

d

Used for long dropsand undergroundconduit

3.65dB/100 f

t

RG-58/U 50 0.81 mm PE 0.116 0.19

5

single Used forradiocommunicationand amateur radio,thin Ethernet(10BASE2)and NIMelectronics.

Common.RG-59/U 75 0.81 mm PE 0.146 0.24

2

single Used tocarry baseband video in closed-circuittelevision, previouslyused for cabletelevision. Generallyit has poor shieldingbut will carry an HQHD signal or videoover short distances.

6.97dB/100 f

t

3C-2V 75 0.50 mm PE single Used to carry

television, video

observation

systems, and other.

PVC jacket.

5C-2V 75 0.80 mm PE 0.181 0.25

6

double Used for interior

lines for monitoring

system, CCTV

feeder lines etc.

RG-60/U 50 1.024 mm PE 0.42

5

single Used for high-

definition cable TV

and high-speed

cable Internet.

RG-62/U 92 PF 0.242

single UsedforARCNET andautomotive radioantennas.

RG-62A 93 ASP 0.24

2

single Used

forNIM electronics

RG-174/U 50 7x0.16 m

m

PE 0.059 0.10

0

single Commonforwifi pigtails

RG-179/U 75 70.1 mm PTFE 0.063 0.09 single VGA RGBHV

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10BASE2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3C-2V&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3C-2V&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RG-60&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RG-60&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wifihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wifihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RG-60&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3C-2V&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10BASE2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modem

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RG-

180B/U

95 0.0120 in

(Ag plated

Cu clad

steel)

PTFE 0.102 0.14

5

single Ag

covered

Cu

VGA RGBHV

RG-213/U 50 70.0296

in Cu

PE 0.285 0.40

5

single Forradiocommunication

and amateur radio,EMC test antennacables. Typicallylower loss thanRG58. Common.

RG-214/U 50 70.0296

in

PE 0.285 0.42

5

double Used for highfrequency signaltransmission.

Fiber Optic Connectors

Fiber Optic Connectors have traditionally been the biggest concern in using fiber optic systems. While

connectors were once unwieldy and difficult to use, connector manufacturers have standardized and

simplified connectors greatly. This increasing user-friendliness has contributed to the increase in the use of

fiber optic systems; it has also taken the emphasis off the proper care and handling of optical connectors.

Figure 1 - Parts of a Fiber Optic Connector

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA

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Fiber optic connector types are as various as the applications for which they were developed. Different

connector types have different characteristics, different advantages and disadvantages, and different

performance parameters. But all connectors have the same four basic components.

The Ferrule: The fiber is mounted in a long, thin cylinder, the ferrule, which acts as a fiber

alignment mechanism. The ferrule is bored through the center at a diameter

that is slightly larger than the diameter of the fiber cladding. The end of the

fiber is located at the end of the ferrule. Ferrules are typically made of metal

or ceramic, but they may also be constructed of plastic.

The Connector Body: Also called the connector housing, the connector body holds the ferrule. It is

usually constructed of metal or plastic and includes one or more assembled

pieces which hold the fiber in place. The details of these connector body

assemblies vary among connectors, but bonding and/or crimping is

commonly used to attach strength members and cable jackets to the

connector body. The ferrule extends past the connector body to slip into thecoupling device.

The Cable: The cable is attached to the connector body. It acts as the point of entry for

the fiber. Typically, a strain-relief boot is added over the junction between the

cable and the connector body, providing extra strength to the junction.

The Coupling Device: Most fiber optic connectors do not use the male-female configuration

common to electronic connectors. Instead, a coupling device such as an

alignment sleeve is used to mate the connectors. Similar devices may be

installed in fiber optic transmitters and receivers to allow these devices to be

mated via a connector. These devices are also known as feed-through

bulkhead adapters.

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Types Of Optical Connectors

Connector Insertion

Loss

Repeatability Fiber

Type

Applications

FC

0.50-1.00

dB

>0.20 dB SM, MM Datacom,

Telecommunications

FDDI

0.20-0.70

dB

0.20 dB SM, MM Fiber Optic Network

LC

0.15 db

(SM)

0.10 dB

(MM)

0.2 dB SM, MM High Density

Interconnection

MT Array

0.30-1.00

dB

0.25 dB SM, MM High Density

Interconnection

SC

0.20-0.45

dB

0.10 dB SM, MM Datacom

SC Duplex

0.20-0.45

dB

0.10 dB SM, MM Datacom

ST

Typ. 0.40 dB

(SM)

Typ. 0.50 dB

(MM)

Typ. 0.40 dB

(SM)

Typ. 0.20 dB

(MM)

SM, MM Inter-/Intra-Building,

Security, Navy