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Two kinds: Cellular Respiration: mitochondria --> ATP... (Chapter 7) ◦ Uses O 2 to turn glucose into energy (by-product is CO 2 ) Organismal Respiration:

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Page 1: Two kinds:  Cellular Respiration: mitochondria --> ATP... (Chapter 7) ◦ Uses O 2 to turn glucose into energy (by-product is CO 2 )  Organismal Respiration:
Page 2: Two kinds:  Cellular Respiration: mitochondria --> ATP... (Chapter 7) ◦ Uses O 2 to turn glucose into energy (by-product is CO 2 )  Organismal Respiration:

Two kinds:

Cellular Respiration: mitochondria --> ATP... (Chapter 7)◦ Uses O2 to turn glucose into energy (by-product is

CO2)

Organismal Respiration: exchange of gases between cells and environment (Chapter 47)◦ Involves the exchange of O2 CO2 between

cells/blood/lungs

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Page 3: Two kinds:  Cellular Respiration: mitochondria --> ATP... (Chapter 7) ◦ Uses O 2 to turn glucose into energy (by-product is CO 2 )  Organismal Respiration:

Earliest animals simply diffused O2 through their skin

Insects = use "tracheae" (cuticle-lined tubules in abdomen) good for small animals only

First evolved respiratory organs were GILLS; probably arose as a feeding device, originally◦ Thin, one cell thick membranes; folded, layered (high surface

area); increase respiratory surface; bring more blood in contact w/ O2

◦ "Counter Current Exchange": circulatory vessels are arranged so blood is pumped through in opposite direction of water flow (O2). Maximizes O2 pickup.

LUNGS- internal cavities, also made of many thin, folded air sacs for lots of surface area (better gas exchange)◦ More efficient than gills (21% O2/Air, 0.5% O2 in Water)◦ Fish must process more H2O to get the same amount of O2 as in Air

(Energy-Consuming)

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Page 4: Two kinds:  Cellular Respiration: mitochondria --> ATP... (Chapter 7) ◦ Uses O 2 to turn glucose into energy (by-product is CO 2 )  Organismal Respiration:

STEP 1: "Bulk-flow" of air into lungs (thin, close to blood vessels)

STEP 2: Diffusion of O2 across membrane into blood  animation

STEP 3: passage of O2 from blood into tissues

STEP 4: Diffusion of O2 into individual cells

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Page 5: Two kinds:  Cellular Respiration: mitochondria --> ATP... (Chapter 7) ◦ Uses O 2 to turn glucose into energy (by-product is CO 2 )  Organismal Respiration:

Oxygen enters the blood/tissues/cells enters blood via diffusion (from areas of high concentration to low)

If there’s more O2 in the air we breathe, it should diffuse into your red blood cells

Gas Exchange depends upon pressure and concentration differences between atmosphere and bloodstream

changes in the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide affect diffusion:  animation

Atmospheric pressure (mm Hg)  affects O2 diffusion into blood/tissues (higher altitude, lower pressure)

How does this affect our breathing at altitude?5

Page 6: Two kinds:  Cellular Respiration: mitochondria --> ATP... (Chapter 7) ◦ Uses O 2 to turn glucose into energy (by-product is CO 2 )  Organismal Respiration:

Nasal passages (mucus,cilia)

Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Trachea R&L bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli (alveolus) are

tiny air sacs with thin walls (surrounded by capillaries)◦ gases exchanged through

capillary/alveolar walls via diffusion

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A thin Pleural Membrane encases lungs, secretes lubricants (mucus)

Page 7: Two kinds:  Cellular Respiration: mitochondria --> ATP... (Chapter 7) ◦ Uses O 2 to turn glucose into energy (by-product is CO 2 )  Organismal Respiration:

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Page 8: Two kinds:  Cellular Respiration: mitochondria --> ATP... (Chapter 7) ◦ Uses O 2 to turn glucose into energy (by-product is CO 2 )  Organismal Respiration:

Smooth Muscles can dilate/constrict the bronchi, bronchioles

Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways

the inside walls of your airways become inflamed (swollen) and clogged with mucus

The inflammation makes the airways very sensitive, and they tend to react strongly to things that you are allergic to or find irritating.

When the airways react, they get narrower, and less air flows through to your lung tissue.

This causes symptoms like wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), coughing, chest tightness, and trouble breathing, especially at night and in the early morning.

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Page 9: Two kinds:  Cellular Respiration: mitochondria --> ATP... (Chapter 7) ◦ Uses O 2 to turn glucose into energy (by-product is CO 2 )  Organismal Respiration:

Breathing- due to pressure changes w/in thoracic cavity

muscles: ◦ Diaphragm

relaxes--> rises contracts--> lowers

◦ Abdominals/ Intercostals raise and lower the ribcage to adjust volume of thoracic cavity

http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200020.htm

Inspiration -vs- Expiration◦ breathing animation

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Page 10: Two kinds:  Cellular Respiration: mitochondria --> ATP... (Chapter 7) ◦ Uses O 2 to turn glucose into energy (by-product is CO 2 )  Organismal Respiration:

A. HEMOGLOBIN – respiratory pigment oxygen-carrying protein molecule w/ central iron (Fe)

atom◦ Mollusks & Arthropods: “hemocyanin”, blue w/ O2

heme carried on RBC, can carry 4 Oxygen molecules each (O2 not very soluble in plasma)

Most CO2 is carried in the plasma as (1) carbon anhydrase (in RBC); or (2) carbonic acid; or (3) bicarbonate ion (HCO3)

B. MYOGLOBIN- respiratory pigment found is skeletal muscle

has higher O2 affinity than hemoglobin O2 reserve for muscles under stress "Diving Reflex" in marine mammals

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Page 11: Two kinds:  Cellular Respiration: mitochondria --> ATP... (Chapter 7) ◦ Uses O 2 to turn glucose into energy (by-product is CO 2 )  Organismal Respiration:

Respiration is under control of brainstem (medulla)

Involuntary, but can be brought under voluntary control temporarily

Many "sensors" located throughout body that give feedback to brain resp. centers◦ sensors sensitive to CO2, O2, H+ levels ◦ stretch sensors in lungs & chest◦ chemoreceptors in Carotid Arteries detect blood pH

ex: low pH (acidic) = high CO2 levels, breathing becomes faster/deeper

Practice!  online quizzes:Respiratory system anatomy

http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy_archive/wa_respiratory/wa_resps_1.html

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