139N.L. Bougher & P.B. Matheny, Two species of Inocybe (fungi)Nuytsia 21(3): 139–148 (2011)

Two species of Inocybe (fungi) introduced into Western Australia

Neale L. Bougher 1 and P. Brandon Matheny 2

1Science Division, Department of Environment and Conservation, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983

2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 332 Hesler, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996–1610 USA

1 Corresponding author, email: Neale.Bougher@dec.wa.gov.au

Abstract

Bougher, N.L. and Matheny, P.B. Two species of Inocybe (fungi) introduced into Western Australia. Nuytsia 21(3): 139–148 (2011). This paper reports for the first time the introduction into Western Australia from the northern hemisphere of Inocybe curvipes P.Karst. and Inocybe rufuloides Bon. The fungi are associated with planted non-native ectomycorrhizal trees – Quercus, Pinus, and possibly Salix. Previously, I. curvipes was confirmed from South Australia where it has been present for at least almost a century, but it was not known from Western Australia. Inocybe rufuloides had not been recorded anywhere in Australia. In this paper I. curvipes is also reported for the first time in Papua New Guinea, in association with planted Quercus and Pinus. Populus and Quercus are confirmed as ectomycorrhizal partners of I. curvipes based on ITS BLASTn analysis of environmental sequences.

Introduction

Numerous ectomycorrhizal macrofungi have been introduced from the Northern Hemisphere into Western Australia with their exotic plant associates. The most recent conspicuous introduction is the long anticipated first record of Amanita muscaria in Western Australia, in this case associated with Betula pendula (Robinson 2010). Eleven species of ectomycorrhizal fungi have been recognized in association with Pinus in Western Australia (Dunstan et al., 1998). Some species of Inocybe are known to occur with planted Pinus in other regions of the Southern Hemisphere, but to date none have been reported in Australia (Dunstan et al. 1998; Walbert et al., 2010). This paper reports and describes two introduced north temperate species of Inocybe previously unrecorded in Western Australia – Inocybe curvipes P. Karst., and Inocybe rufuloides Bon. Inocybe curvipes has been present in Australia for at least almost a century. This is indicated by some of the specimens in a mixed collection from South Australia in 1917 (associated plants not recorded) that recently were recognized for the first time as Inocybe curvipes by Matheny & Bougher (2010). Inocybe rufuloides had not been reported anywhere in Australia.

Methods

Fresh fruit bodies collected from the field were described following colour notations of Munsell Soil Color Charts (1954), Ridgway (1912), or Kornerup and Wanscher (1967) and then air-dried for

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later examination. Hand sections for microscopic observations were mounted in 3% KOH and in 1% Congo Red. Microscopic characters were drawn with a Nikon drawing tube system. Spore measurements include the hilar appendix and nodules.

DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) and the 5’ end of the nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA region (nLSU) were produced following protocols outlined in Judge et al. (2009) and Matheny (2005). Seven new sequences (JN035289–JN035295) have been deposited at GenBank. The new sequences were used as queries of the NCBI nucleotide sequence database using the BLASTn search algorithm.

Taxonomic description

Inocybe curvipes P.Karst., Hedwigia 29: 176 (1890). Type: Tammela, Mustiala, Myllyperä, Finland, 22 August 1890, P.A. Karsten s.n. (holo: H 6025661).

Inocybe radiata Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 488 (1895).

Inocybe lepidocephala Speg., Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 6: 126 (1898).

Inocybe variabillima Speg., An. Mus. Nac. Bs. As. 6: 125 (1899).

Inocybe decipientoides Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 34: 100 (1907).

Inocybe astoriana Murrill, Mycologia 3: 104 (1911).

Inocybe jamaicensis Murrill, Mycologia 4: 82 (1912).

Inocybe ochraceoscabra Atk., Am. J. Bot. 5: 214 (1918).

Inocybe globocystis Velen., Ceské Houby: 368 (1920).

Inocybe languinella (J.Schröt.) Konrad & Maubl., Icon. Select. Fung. 6: 137 (1937) sensu auct. div., non Konrad & Maubl.

Astrosporina decipientoides (Peck) Pearson, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 22: 28 (1938).

Inocybe cinerascentipes Huijsman, Fungus 25: 26 (1955).

Inocybe sericeopoda Furrer–Ziogas, Beih. Sydowia 10: 62 (1995).

Inocybe curvipes var. globocystis (Velen.) Bon, Docs. Mycol. 28 (109–110): 10 (1998).

141N.L. Bougher & P.B. Matheny, Two species of Inocybe (fungi)

[Inocybe cicactricata auct. non Ellis & Everh.: R.Heim, Encylop. Mycol., 1 Le Genre Inocybe (Paris) 1: 351 (1931)].

[Inocybe carpta auct. non (Scop.:Fr.) P.Kumm.: Ricken, Die Blätterpilze: 101 (1915)].

[Inocybe lanuginella auct. non (J.Schröt.) Konrad & Maubl.: W.A.Dunstan, B.Dell & N. Malajczuk, Mycorrhiza 8: 73 (1998)].

Pileus to 27 mm diam., conical, hemispherical, or obtusely conical in youth, becoming subcampanulate, obtusely conical or more or less convex upon expansion, margin incurved when young, later decurved; velipellis absent, surface dry, appressed fibrillose with an unbroken center when young, later finely appressed scaly on and around the center and fibrillose towards the margin; margin torn and at times radially rimulose; dark brown (10YR 3/3) throughout or brown (10YR 4/3) or shading brown towards the margin, at times the edge of the margin is yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) – ‘Mummy Brown’ to ‘Bister’to ‘Snuff Brown’, shading to ‘Snuff Brown’, ‘Saccardo’s Umber’ to ‘Tawny-Olive’ towards the margin; context pallid or white, not changing color where bruised. Lamellae adnate to adnexed, moderately close, 34–48 L with several tiers of lamellulae, ventricose in age, up to 4 mm broad; light gray when immature to light yellowish brown or brown, eventually dark yellowish brown in age; edges pallid and fimbriate. Stipe 20–40 mm × 3–7 mm at apex, even or with a slightly swollen base; cortina fugacious, surface nowhere pruinose, finely–fibrillose to fibrillose or twisted fibrillose, generally pallid above shading to light brown or ‘Avellaneous’ below, but brown to dark brown or ‘Bister’ at the base and upwards in age; context solid, mostly pallid, at times with subtle pinkish brown cortex. Odour spermatic when first cut, later mixed with an acidulous component. Taste not recorded. Spore deposit not recorded.

Basidiospores (8.5) 9–12 × 5–6.5 µm, mean 10.3 × 5.6 µm, mean profile 10.3 × 5.6 µm (n= 30), mean face view 9.9 × 5.7 µm (n= 30), mean L/B ratio profile 1.82, mean L/B ratio face view 1.75, gibbous about a trapeziform outline with 6–10 moderate to small-sized nodules to 2 µm tall, at times these merely corners, usually with a distinct apical nodule, yellowish brown, apiculus distinct. Basidia 26–34 × 8–11 µm, predominantly quadrisporic, but also sometimes bisporic and monosporic then with long sterigmata to 15 µm, clavate, cylindric or ventricose (particularly when mono- and bi-sporic). Lamellae trama of parallel hyphae –12 µm wide, with similar but narrower hyphae in the subhymenium. Pleurocystidia 47–73 × 19–27 µm, broadly fusiform or saccate and noticeably tapered towards the apex, this usually acute (not obtuse or well-rounded) and crystalliferous, with a slender, long basal pedicel (e.g. 12 × 5µm) ; thick-walled, walls to 2.5 µm thick, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 48–66 × 15–24 µm similar to pleurocystidia but more variable in shape with abundant small clavate and vesiculose paracystidia among the larger cystidia. Stipitipellis with no caulocystidia; sparse vesture hyphae observed on lower part of the stipe. Pileipellis a cutis of cylindric hyphae 4–15 µm wide, many with brown encrusting pigment, some emerging in scattered bundles and with cystidioid terminal elements e.g. lageniform 51 × 4 µm. Clamp connections present in all tissues. (Figures 1, 2)

Specimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Carine, Perth, gregarious on soil under Quercus in suburban backyard garden, 31 Aug. 2001, B. Dunstan PBM 2210 (PERTH 007676859, formerly CSIRO E7058); Botany Department, campus of University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, in rose garden, 6 June 1973, D. Waldie s.n. (PERTH 00763578). AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY: Black Mountain CSIRO, Canberra, in grass at base of Pinus radiata near the herbarium, 14 Feb. 1990, E. Cooper EC 4 (CANB 404918, ITS and LSU sequences respectively: JN035289, JN035293). SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Belair National Park, unrecorded habitat and plant association, 12 May 1917, J. B. Cleland s.n. (AD12143). VICTORIA: Templestowe, Melbourne, growing in lawn in rings under

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weeping willow (presumably Salix), 29 May 1963, P. Jenkins s.n. (MEL 1054882). PAPUA NEW GuINeA: near Massy, along road under Pinus, 27 July 2003, R. Treu TR37–03 (M–0138268, ITS and LSU sequences respectively: JN035290 and JN035294). JAMAICA: Cinchona, wet mountains area, 4500–5200 ft elev, in a clay road, collected between 25 Dec. 1908 and 8 Jan. 1909, W.A. Murrill & E.L. Murrill WAM & ELM 595 (WTU, isotype of Inocybe jamaicensis Murrill). UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: Massachusetts, in open grassy ground, Aug. and Sep., W.D. Jackson (WTU, isotype of Inocybe radiata Peck); Washington, next to Burke–Gilman Trail near the Wall of Death, university District, Seattle, on disturbed soil along side of road near Corylus, Prunus, and Populus, 18 June 1998, P.B. Matheny PBM1007 (WTU); on grassy lawn under introduced Arbutus unedo with Pinus in the vicinity, 28 Oct. 1998, P.B. Matheny PBM 1328 (WTu); Green Lake, Seattle, King County, on ground under Betula, 15 Sep. 2002, J.F. Ammirati & M.T. Seidl PBM 2401 (WTU).

Distribution and habitat. On soil under introduced Quercus or Pinus radiata, and possibly Salix, introduced into Western Australia, Australian Capital Territory, South Australia, Victoria, and Papua New Guinea. Fruiting February, May to August (in Australia).

Notes. Inocybe curvipes is distinctive microscopically by its broadly fusiform hymenial cystidia that are tapered at the acute apex (Figures 2C, 2D), and its long spores with 6–10 moderate to small-sized nodules or merely corners (Figure 2A). The presence of monosporic and bisporic basidia (Figure 2B) is not a consistent feature of this species but they are present in some collections from Australia and elsewhere. They occur in only one of the two Western Australian collections examined (PERTH 07676859). Inocybe curvipes has a restricted habitat in Australia as it occurs in gardens and suburban plantings of Quercus or Pinus or possibly Salix. It has not been found in natural vegetation or in exotic plantations of Pinus in Australia. We previously recognized this species for the first time in Australia – from South Australia (Matheny & Bougher 2010), but it had not been reported in other parts of Australia or in Papua New Guinea.

BLASTn results of our I. curvipes ITS sequences reveal 16 matches (97–99% similarity) with unidentified environmental sequences from ectomycorrhizas of Populus in plantations (Stefani et al. 2009), two matches (99% similarity) with Quercus ectomycorrhizas from a nursery setting (Leski et al. 2010), two Swedish isolates labeled I. curvipes (99% similarity), and one Estonian isolate labeled I. cf. rennyi (99% similarity) (Ryberg et al. 2008). These data unequivocally confirm I. curvipes as an ectomycorrhizal associate of Populus and Quercus in plantation and nursery settings outside Australia. The high similarity with the isolate labeled I. cf. rennyi is noteworthy because presumably the collection from which the sequence was obtained must feature the unusually elongated spores typical of I. rennyi (Kropp & Matheny 2004). Evidence is mounting that either I. rennyi represents a polyphyletic taxon, or is at least merely an aberrant spored version of I. curvipes. ITS sequences of collections from the ACT and Papua New Guinea differ at three sites, two of which are polymorphic in the ACT collection.

Inocybe curvipes has been present in Australia for at least almost a century. A collection of it from South Australia (AD12143) was made by J. B. Cleland in 1917. That collection was originally unidentified by Cleland, and later incorporated together with Asterosporina asterospora sensu Cleland and merged into the protologue of Inocybe dewrangia Grgur. (Grgurinovic 1997, Matheny & Bougher 2010). Inocybe curvipes was likely introduced into Australia and Papua New Guinea together with imported north temperate ectomycorrhizal plants such as Quercus and Pinus species. It has been similarly introduced into other southern hemisphere regions, e.g. I. curvipes (as I. lanuginella) is recorded as an ectomycorrhizal fungus associated with Pinus in South Africa (Dunstan et al., 1998). It is also widespread in South America under Pinus (Cortez & Coelho 2005).

143N.L. Bougher & P.B. Matheny, Two species of Inocybe (fungi)

Inocybe curvipes is a toxic species that can be expected to occur in urban or suburban habitats of non–native, north temperate ectomycorrhizal trees. While revising collections of Inocybe at MEL in Melbourne, we identified one from the 1960s as I. curvipes (originally identified as Inocybe sp. – MEL1054882), which was annotated with the words “cause of muscarin poisoning in woman who gathered it to eat it in mistake for mushroom”.

Inocybe curvipes is widespread in the northern hemisphere temperate zone having been described numerous times in Europe, eastern and western North America, and Central America. As is the case with many other Inocybaceae, I. curvipes has been misidentified numerous times since it was originally published in 1890 by Karsten; for example, two eminent American mycologists, C. H. Peck and W. A. Murrill, both subsequently published this species under two different newly proposed names (see synonymy above). Kauffman (1924) reported I. ochraceoscabrosa Atk. as a synonym of I. decipentoides, both of which are later synonyms of I. curvipes (Stangl 1989). Our list of synonyms follows Stangl (1989), to which we add the following: I. radiata Peck and I. jamaicensis Murrill based on studies of

Figure 1. Basidiomes of Inocybe curvipes (PERTH 007676859).

Figure 2. Micromorphology of Inocybe curvipes (PERTH 007676859). A – spores; B – basidia; C – cheilocystidia; D – pleurocystidia. Scale bars = 10 µm (longer bar for spores only).

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the types. Stangl’s list of synonyms of I. curvipes follows much of Singer (1949), who reported the following species as synonyms of I. decipientoides: I. astoriana Murrill, I. ochraceoscabrosa Atk., I. globocystis Velen. as reconfirmed by Kuyper (1985), I. carpta (Scop.: Fr.) Sacc sensu Ricken, and later in the same publication I. variabillima Speg. We also list I. sericeopoda Furrer–Ziogas as a synonym of I. curvipes based on the figures depicted in Furrer–Ziogas (1995) and in line with the synonymy presented in Esteve–Raventós & Caballero (2009); however, we have not examined the type, which is indicated in a private herbarium.

Inocybe cicatricata sensu R. Heim (1931; Fig. 202) is I. curvipes, no doubt, given the morphology of the cystidia depicted in Heim’s drawings. Stuntz (1947) separated I. cicatricata from I. decipientoides and his line drawings bear out their separation; however, Stuntz states that his material of I. cicatricata ‘... agrees quite well with Heim’s description of Inocybe cicatricata Ellis & Ev.’ Inocybe cicatricata sensu Stuntz (1947), however, in our opinion is not I. curvipes.

Inocybe rufuloides Bon, Docums. Mycol. 14 (53): 28 (1984). Type: Cayeux-sur-Mer (Somme), France, 19 May 1983, Bon, Vast & Claus s.n. (holo: MB 83038).

Pileus 5–35 mm diam.; convex to hemispherical in button, then conico-campanulate, maintaining a broad central umbo and not or very reluctantly expanding to applanate in old age; margin plane at first with evanescent whitish appendiculate (suggestive of a partial veil); surface dry radially fibrillose with appressed pale silvery appressed fibrils some fusing into narrow appressed squamules, centre of pileus more matted-fibrillose, overlying the mousey brown (near 6e4) to dull bronze-brown (near 6e5) then later darker brown (near 7F8) pileal surface; context dull cream, paler in cap, up to 5 mm thick above stipe apex. Partial veil: sparse, rapidly evanescent whitish fibrils. Lamellae broadly adnexed, slightly ventricose, to 7 mm deep, crowded then closely spaced with abundant lamellulae in three tiers; edge minutely cystidiate (but not conspicuous to the eye), edge paler or concolorous with face, pale cream in button, then pale fawn (near 5B4), finally dull brown (near 5D6–6D6) or dull greyish brown (near 6D4) never dark or rusty brown. Stipe to 50 × 8 mm; cylindric with base slightly swollen or clavate; solid; surface longitudinally silky-fibrillose with whitish appressed fibrils over entire length (easy to remove on handling), fibrils breaking up into minute floccules near apex, but no pruinosity present; dull whitish with slight pinkish tinge especially towards the apex in some specimens, darker and dull when old. Basal mycelium white but not copious or conspicuous. Odour grassy, spermatic. Taste not recorded. Spore deposit dark brown (near 6F5–6F6 to 7F6).

Basidiospores 11–12.5 (13) × 5.5–6.5 µm, mean 11.3 × 6.1 µm, mean profile 11.3 × 6.1 µm (n= 30), mean face view 11.4 × 6.1 µm (n= 30), mean L/B ratio profile 1.85, mean L/B ratio face view 1.87, smooth, ellipsoid to ovoid in face view, ovoid to subamygdaliform in profile sometimes with slight adaxial depression, with slightly thick wall, yellowish brown, apiculus small but prominent. Basidia 25–37 × 8.5–11.5 µm, quadrisporic, clavate to narrowly ventricose, hyaline. Lamellae trama of parallel clamped hyphae to 16 µm wide, subhyenium of narrower hyphae 2–4 µm wide. Pleurocystidia 53–75 × 14–17 µm, lageniform, subfusiform or utriform, crystalliferous; thick-walled, walls to 2 µm thick, hyaline. Cheilocystidia 20–56 × 11–15.5 µm, similar to pleurocystidia, crowded forming sterile lamella edge, thin-walled paracystidia sometimes in short chains. Stipitipellis with few caulocystidia similar to the hymenial cystidia at the stipe apex, end cells otherwise undifferentiated. Pileipellis a cutis of cylindric hyphae to 10 µm wide, many with brown encrusting pigment, subpellis not well differentiated but with more tightly packed hyphae. Clamp connections present in all tissues. (Figures 3, 4)

Specimens examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Modong Nature Reserve, Jandakot Regional Park, Thomas Rd, Oakford, Perth, in gregarious troops in disturbed gravelly roadside edge near Pinus

145N.L. Bougher & P.B. Matheny, Two species of Inocybe (fungi)

plantation with Melaleuca preissiana and Adenanthos sp. also present, 9 July 2006, N. Bougher, N. Goldsborough & J. Keeble E8353 (PERTH 07700598 (ITS and LSU sequences respectively: JN035292, JN035295); Bold Park, Perth, abundant in litter under Pinus radiata trees, adjacent to Ecology Centre, just South of Oceanic Drive, 10 July 2008, N. Bougher 00479 (PERTH 08073147); Bold Park, Perth, same location, 1 June 2010, N. Bougher 00618 (PERTH 08305978)(ITS sequence: JN035291); Bold Park, Perth, abundant along edge of limestone track in banksia woodland with Pinus radiata plantation nearby (30 m to nearest pine tree), Bold Park’s central pine plantation, 29 July 2009, N. Bougher 00541 (PERTH 08305951).

Distribution and habitat. On soil, often in abundance, under planted Pinus radiata, introduced to Western Australia. Fruiting June to July.

Notes. Inocybe rufuloides can be recognized in Western Australia by its occurrence in pine plantations together with a combination of features including its dull bronze-brown, radially fibrillose pileus with some whitish overhanging fibrils when young, pale lamellae, pinkish upper stipe, and grassy/spermatic odour (Figure 3). It has smooth, ellipsoid to subamygdaliform spores, and metuloid cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia (Figure 4). Inocybe rufuloides is an ectomycorrhizal associate of Pinus species in Europe, e.g. Pinus pinea (Iotti et al. 2005). Collections of I. rufuloides from France listed by Bon (1984) in his original description indicate a possible association with Pinus and other plants such as Picea. In Western Australia I. rufuloides is an exotic species apparently exclusively associated with Pinus, and it is not yet known to associate there with other plants.

We identify the Western Australian collections cited above as Inocybe rufuloides in view of their conformity with the range of attributes presented in the literature for that species, and sequence similarity with material identified by J. Vauras as I. rufuloides (Ryberg 2009). Vesper and Richter (2010) present a comparison of their morphological data for I. rufuloides against data published by eight other authors. The Western Australian material conforms within the range of attributes presented, but the attributes presented show considerable variation. For example, caulocystidia are variably considered absent or present by the authors listed by Vesper and Richter (2010). The Western Australian collections have very few differentiated terminal cells on the stipe surface, with only some cauloparacystidia (broad shape, not or barely thick–walled) and rare metuloid caulocystidia (we observed only one metuloid in samples from 3 fruit bodies in each of 3 different collections). Further evidence pointing to morphological variability in I. rufluoides is that the Western Australian collections are much less reddish–brown overall than for specimens shown in the image of I. aff. rufuloides by Vesper and Richter (2010).

Iotti et al. (2005) reported that I. rufuloides is one of two Inocybe species found contaminating Tuber infected plants in experimental truffières in Italy. However, the identity of their material is called into question given that a BLASTn search of DQ067579 (sequence generated from a sporocarp) shows it to be highly similar (98% similarity) to I. pseudodestricta Stangl & J. Veselský, FN550908, based on material identified by J. Vauras. BLASTn searches of Western Australian I. rufuloides match a sequence produced by Ryberg (2009), using material from Italy identified by J. Vauras as I. rufuloides.

The gross morphology of Inocybe pseudostricta as described by Stangl and Veselský (1973) is indeed similar to that of the Western Australian collections, including having a pale brownish stipe that is reddish along the upper third. However, the protologue for I. pseudodestricta by Stangl and Veselský (1973) shows at least two significant microscopical attributes that differ from the Western Australian collections: (1) more strongly amygdaliform spores lacking the adaxial flattening or depression present on the spores of Western Australian collections; (2) presence of long, narrow caulocystidia.

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Figure 3. Basidiomes of Inocybe rufuloides (PERTH 08073147).

Figure 4. Micromorphology of Inocybe rufuloides (PERTH 08073147). A – spores; B – cheilocystidia; C – pleurocystidia. Scale bars = 10 µm (longer bar for spores only).

147N.L. Bougher & P.B. Matheny, Two species of Inocybe (fungi)

Acknowledgements

Our thanks to Dr. Pertti Salo at the Finnish Museum of Natural History for providing us with collection data for the type of Inocybe curvipes. We thank Dr. Tom May at the National Herbarium of Victoria for retrieving the collection data and annotations for MEL1054882. We also appreciate herbarium loans from Roland Treu and staff at the Botanische Staatssammlung München (M) and the Australian National Herbarium, Canberra (CANB). Examination of type materials was done at the University of Washington Herbarium (WTU). Both authors acknowledge financial support from the Office of Research and the College of Arts & Sciences at the university of Tennessee, and a research grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation (DEB–0949517). Also we acknowledge a research grant from the Australian Government’s Australian Biological Resources Study National Taxonomy Research Grant Program (RFL211–31), and financial support from the Western Australian Naturalists’ Club Inc.

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