Animal Organization & Homeostasis

Chapter 33

2Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis

Types of Epithelial Types of Epithelial TissuesTissuesin the Vertebratesin the Vertebrates

3Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisOutlineOutlineTissue TypesTissue Types

Epithelial Epithelial ConnectiveConnectiveMuscularMuscularNervousNervous

OrgansOrgansOrgan SystemsOrgan SystemsHomeostasisHomeostasis

Negative FeedbackNegative FeedbackPositive FeedbackPositive Feedback

4Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisLevels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Tissue - Group of similar cells Tissue - Group of similar cells performing a similar functionperforming a similar function

Organ - Group of tissues performing a Organ - Group of tissues performing a specialized functionspecialized function

Organ System - Collection of several Organ System - Collection of several organs functioning togetherorgans functioning together

Organism - A collection of organ Organism - A collection of organ systemssystems

5Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisTypes of TissuesTypes of Tissues

Four major vertebrate tissue typesFour major vertebrate tissue types

Epithelial Epithelial

ConnectiveConnective

MuscularMuscular

NervousNervous

6Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis

Types of Epithelial Types of Epithelial TissuesTissuesin the Vertebratesin the Vertebrates

7Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisEpithelial TissueEpithelial TissueEpithelial tissue:Epithelial tissue:

Forms a continuous layer over body Forms a continuous layer over body surfacessurfaces

Lines inner cavitiesLines inner cavitiesForms glandsForms glands­ Exocrine glands - Secrete products into Exocrine glands - Secrete products into ducts or cavitiesducts or cavities­ Endocrine glands - Secrete products Endocrine glands - Secrete products directly into the bloodstreamdirectly into the bloodstream

Covers abdominal organsCovers abdominal organsThree types of epithelial tissues:Three types of epithelial tissues:

Squamous – Flat cellsSquamous – Flat cellsCuboidal - Cube-shaped cellsCuboidal - Cube-shaped cellsColumnar – Pillar-shaped cellsColumnar – Pillar-shaped cells

8Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisConnective TissueConnective TissueConnective tissues consist of:Connective tissues consist of:

Fibroblast cellsFibroblast cellsA matrix containing collagen and elastic A matrix containing collagen and elastic fibersfibers

Loose fibrous connective tissueLoose fibrous connective tissueAllows organs to expandAllows organs to expand

Dense fibrous connective tissueDense fibrous connective tissueStrong connective tissueStrong connective tissue­ TendonsTendons­ LigamentsLigaments

9Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis

Diagram of Fibrous Diagram of Fibrous Connective TissueConnective Tissue

10Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisConnective TissueConnective TissueAdipose TissueAdipose Tissue

Insulates the body and provides Insulates the body and provides paddingpadding

CartilageCartilageClassified according to type of Classified according to type of collagen and elastic fibers found in the collagen and elastic fibers found in the matrixmatrix

Cartilage cells (chondrocytes), lie in Cartilage cells (chondrocytes), lie in small chambers (lacunae) in the matrixsmall chambers (lacunae) in the matrix

11Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisConnective Tissue ExamplesConnective Tissue Examples

12Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisConnective TissueConnective Tissue

Compact BoneCompact BoneMatrix is inorganic salts deposited Matrix is inorganic salts deposited around protein fibersaround protein fibers

Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in lacunaelacunae

Lacunae arranged in concentric circles Lacunae arranged in concentric circles within osteons around tiny tubes within osteons around tiny tubes (central canals)(central canals)

13Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisBloodBloodActually a connective tissue in which Actually a connective tissue in which cells are embedded in a liquid matrix cells are embedded in a liquid matrix (plasma)(plasma)Red blood cells - erythrocytesRed blood cells - erythrocytesWhite blood cells - leukocytesWhite blood cells - leukocytes

Transports nutrients and oxygen to Transports nutrients and oxygen to cellscells

Removes carbon dioxide and other Removes carbon dioxide and other wasteswastes

14Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisBlood, a Liquid TissueBlood, a Liquid Tissue

15Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisMuscular TissueMuscular Tissue

Contractile cells containing actin and Contractile cells containing actin and myosin filamentsmyosin filaments

Cells are called muscle fibersCells are called muscle fibersSkeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle­Voluntary - Long, striated fibersVoluntary - Long, striated fibers

Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle­ Involuntary - No striationsInvoluntary - No striations

Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle­Striated, but mostly involuntaryStriated, but mostly involuntary­Bound by intercalated disksBound by intercalated disks

16Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisMuscular TissueMuscular Tissue

17Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisNervous TissueNervous TissueNervous Tissue: Nervous Tissue: neurons-neurons-specialized forspecialized for the

transmission of nerve impulses. Made up of dendrites, a cell body, and an axonMade up of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon Dendrites (like antennae) receive signals from sensory Dendrites (like antennae) receive signals from sensory receptors.receptors.

Cell body contains the nucleus and organelles.Cell body contains the nucleus and organelles. Axons conduct a nerve impulse away from the cell body.Axons conduct a nerve impulse away from the cell body.­ Myelin-white matterMyelin-white matter

­ Unmyelinated fibers, cell bodies, and dendrites-grey Unmyelinated fibers, cell bodies, and dendrites-grey mattermatter

­ A nerve is a bundle of axons bound together by connective A nerve is a bundle of axons bound together by connective tissue.tissue.

Neuroglia Neuroglia support and nourish neuronssupport and nourish neurons

18Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisNeurons Neurons

19Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisNervous TissueNervous TissueNervous system regulates body response to Nervous system regulates body response to stimuli and has three main functionsstimuli and has three main functions Sensory inputSensory input­ Sensory Sensory (afferent)(afferent) carrying impulses from the carrying impulses from the body to the CNSbody to the CNS

­ Transmit info to the spinal cordTransmit info to the spinal cord Data integrationData integration­ Spinal cord and brain integrateSpinal cord and brain integrate­ Decision is made regarding appropriate Decision is made regarding appropriate responseresponse

Motor output-(efferent)Motor output-(efferent)­ Response is transmitted to effector (gland or Response is transmitted to effector (gland or muscle)muscle)

­ Effector initiates actual responseEffector initiates actual response

20Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis

Neurons are not in direct contact Neurons are not in direct contact with one with one another instead, a synapse another instead, a synapse separates separates them.them.

Neurons communicate with other Neurons communicate with other neurons neurons by releasing chemical by releasing chemical signals called signals called neurotransmitters neurotransmitters across a tiny gap.across a tiny gap.

21Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisTypes­of­Neuroglial­CellsTypes­of­Neuroglial­Cells

Schwann Cells• peripheral nervous system• myelinating cell

Oligodendrocytes• CNS• myelinating cell

Astrocytes• CNS• mop up excess ions, etc• induce synapse formation• stimulate formation of tight junction between cells that make up the walls of capillaries. (Blood-brain barrier)

Microglia• CNS• phagocytic cell

Ependyma• CNS• ciliated• line central canal of spinal cord• line ventricles of brain•Regulate the production of CSF

22Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisTypes of Neuroglial CellsTypes of Neuroglial Cells

23Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisIntegumentary system-Skin and Integumentary system-Skin and derivativesderivatives

Functions of skin: Largest organ in the bodyFunctions of skin: Largest organ in the body Covers and protects underlying body regionsCovers and protects underlying body regions Regulate body temperatureRegulate body temperature Contains sensory receptor- touch, pressure Contains sensory receptor- touch, pressure Vital in maintaining homeostasisVital in maintaining homeostasis

Epidermis - Outer, thinner regionEpidermis - Outer, thinner region Stratified squamous epithelium-lacks blood Stratified squamous epithelium-lacks blood vesselsvessels

As new cells enlarge, older cells are pushed As new cells enlarge, older cells are pushed outward, become keratinized, and are outward, become keratinized, and are sloughed offsloughed off

Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment)Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment) Nails grow from specialized epidermal cellsNails grow from specialized epidermal cells

24Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisRegions of SkinRegions of SkinDermis - Deeper and thicker than Dermis - Deeper and thicker than epidermisepidermisFibrous connective tissue containing Fibrous connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers Contains:elastic and collagen fibers Contains:­Hair folliclesHair follicles­Sebaceous glands-secrete sebumSebaceous glands-secrete sebum­Receptors-specialized nerve endingsReceptors-specialized nerve endings­Nerve fibersNerve fibers­Blood vesselsBlood vessels

Subcutaneous Layer - Loose Subcutaneous Layer - Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue connective tissue and adipose tissue located below dermislocated below dermis

25Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisHuman Skin AnatomyHuman Skin Anatomy

26Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisOrgan SystemsOrgan Systems

Body CavitiesBody Cavities Dorsal cavity / posterior (toward the back) Dorsal cavity / posterior (toward the back) ­ Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavitycavity

­ The brain is in the cranial cavity, andThe brain is in the cranial cavity, and­ The spinal cord is in the vertebral cavityThe spinal cord is in the vertebral cavity

Ventral cavity/ anterior (toward the front) is Ventral cavity/ anterior (toward the front) is divided by the diaphragm into divided by the diaphragm into ­ The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs) The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs) and and

­ The abdominal cavity (most other internal The abdominal cavity (most other internal organs)organs)

­ The pelvic cavityThe pelvic cavity

27Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis Mammalian Body CavitiesMammalian Body Cavities

28Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisHomeostasisHomeostasis

The digestive systemThe digestive system­ Takes in and digests foodTakes in and digests food­ Provides nutrient molecules that re-place used Provides nutrient molecules that re-place used nutrientsnutrients

The respiratory systemThe respiratory system­ Adds oxygen to the blood Adds oxygen to the blood ­ Removes carbon dioxideRemoves carbon dioxide

The organ systems of the human body contribute to The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasishomeostasis

29Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisHomeostasisHomeostasis

The liver and the kidneysThe liver and the kidneys­ Store excess glucose as glycogen-regulates Store excess glucose as glycogen-regulates blood glucose blood glucose

­ Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the glucose usedglucose used

­ The hormone insulin regulates blood glucose The hormone insulin regulates blood glucose levelslevels

The kidneysThe kidneys­ Under hormonal control as they excrete wastes Under hormonal control as they excrete wastes and saltsand salts

­ Regulate pH Regulate pH

30Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisNegative FeedbackNegative FeedbackHomeostatic ControlHomeostatic Control

Partially controlled by hormonesPartially controlled by hormonesUltimately controlled by the nervous Ultimately controlled by the nervous systemsystem

Negative Feedback is the primary homeostatic Negative Feedback is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set pointset point Sensor detects change in the internal Sensor detects change in the internal environment;environment;

Regulatory Center activates an effectorRegulatory Center activates an effector Effector reverses the changesEffector reverses the changes

31Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisRegulation of Body Regulation of Body TemperatureTemperature

32Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisPositive FeedbackPositive FeedbackDuring positive feedback, an event During positive feedback, an event increases the likelihood of another increases the likelihood of another event-a change occurs in one event-a change occurs in one directiondirectionChildbirth ProcessChildbirth Process

Positive FeedbackPositive FeedbackDoes not result in equilibriumDoes not result in equilibriumDoes not occur as often as negative Does not occur as often as negative feedbackfeedback

33Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisReviewReviewTissue TypesTissue Types

Epithelial Epithelial ConnectiveConnectiveMuscularMuscularNervousNervous

OrgansOrgansOrgan SystemsOrgan SystemsHomeostasisHomeostasis

Negative FeedbackNegative FeedbackPositive FeedbackPositive Feedback

Animal Organization & Homeostasis

Ending Slide Chapter 33