Types of Government, the Types of Government, the Enlightenment and the U.S. Enlightenment and the U.S.

ConstitutionConstitutionOGT Review OneOGT Review One

What was the EnlightenmentWhat was the Enlightenment

A time of new and revolutionary ideas in A time of new and revolutionary ideas in Europe during the late 1600s and 1700sEurope during the late 1600s and 1700s

John LockeJohn Locke

English philosopher English philosopher Argued that people had Argued that people had

the right to life, liberty, and the right to life, liberty, and propertyproperty

Social Contract: If the Social Contract: If the government fails to protect government fails to protect rights, then the people rights, then the people have the right to overthrow have the right to overthrow that government and set that government and set up a new one.up a new one.

MontesquieuMontesquieu

French NoblemanFrench Nobleman Critic of absolute Critic of absolute

monarchiesmonarchies For individual freedomFor individual freedom Believed liberty Believed liberty

required a separation required a separation and balance of powersand balance of powers

RousseauRousseau

Expanded on the ideas Expanded on the ideas of the social contractof the social contract

A community should A community should consist of people who consist of people who share common values share common values and attitudes.and attitudes.

Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin

Brought many of these Brought many of these ideas back from ideas back from Europe and opened Europe and opened their discussion.their discussion.

Played a part in the Played a part in the decision to gain decision to gain independence and independence and form a new US form a new US government.government.

Major Enlightenment IdeasMajor Enlightenment Ideas Applied natural law, reason, and rationalism to Applied natural law, reason, and rationalism to

government, religion, and economicsgovernment, religion, and economics Challenged absolutism, divine right of kings, and Challenged absolutism, divine right of kings, and

religious authorityreligious authority Governments should not regulate business/the Governments should not regulate business/the

economy (laissez-faire)economy (laissez-faire) Governments exist to protect natural rights of the Governments exist to protect natural rights of the

citizenscitizens Citizens can change/overthrow governments if rights Citizens can change/overthrow governments if rights

are not being protected (Social Contract)are not being protected (Social Contract)

The Impact of the EnlightenmentThe Impact of the Enlightenment

Changed the relationship between citizens Changed the relationship between citizens and their governmentsand their governments– Influenced the American Revolution Influenced the American Revolution

(Declaration of Independence)(Declaration of Independence)– Influenced the French Revolution Influenced the French Revolution

(Declaration of the Rights of Man)(Declaration of the Rights of Man)– Influenced the Latin American Wars for Influenced the Latin American Wars for

IndependenceIndependence

Types of GovernmentTypes of Government

Totalitarian DictatorshipTotalitarian Dictatorship Rule by a single Rule by a single

leader or a small leader or a small groupgroup

May use force to keep May use force to keep controlcontrol

Little or no attention Little or no attention to public opinion or to public opinion or individual rightsindividual rights

May also be an May also be an oligarchy (rule by a oligarchy (rule by a small group)small group)

TheocracyTheocracy

Rulers claim to be Rulers claim to be ruling on behalf of a ruling on behalf of a set of religious ideas or set of religious ideas or as direct agents of a as direct agents of a deity. deity.

Absolute MonarchyAbsolute Monarchy

Has a king or queenHas a king or queen Complete powerComplete power Power is passed Power is passed

along through the along through the family family

Claims “Divine Right”Claims “Divine Right”

Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional Monarchy

King or queen rules in King or queen rules in partnership with a partnership with a democratically elected democratically elected parliament.parliament.

Direct DemocracyDirect Democracy

Citizens vote on all Citizens vote on all issues.issues.

Indirect/Representative Democracy Indirect/Representative Democracy (Republic)(Republic)

Led by representatives of the votersLed by representatives of the voters Each is individually chosen for a set period of Each is individually chosen for a set period of

time.time.

AnarchyAnarchy

Absence or non-Absence or non-recognition of recognition of authority and order in authority and order in any given sphere.any given sphere.

Presidential DemocracyPresidential Democracy A system A system

characterized by a characterized by a separation of separation of powers between powers between equal legislative equal legislative and executive and executive branchesbranches

Example: The Example: The United StatesUnited States

What do dictatorships and What do dictatorships and absolute monarchies have in absolute monarchies have in

common?common?

What do democracies and What do democracies and constitutional monarchies have constitutional monarchies have

in common?in common?

Important Amendments to Important Amendments to RememberRemember

11stst Amendment Amendment 1313thth Amendment Amendment 1414thth Amendment Amendment 1515thth Amendment Amendment 1616thth Amendment Amendment 1717thth Amendment Amendment 1919thth Amendment Amendment 2626thth Amendment Amendment

Rights are Relative, Not Rights are Relative, Not AbsoluteAbsolute

There are limits on individual rights. Why?There are limits on individual rights. Why?– Clear and present dangerClear and present danger– Compelling government interestCompelling government interest– National securityNational security– Libel/slanderLibel/slander– Public safetyPublic safety– Equal opportunityEqual opportunity– Examples: Conscientious objectors during Examples: Conscientious objectors during

WWI, Red Scare immigrant, intellectuals WWI, Red Scare immigrant, intellectuals during the McCarty eraduring the McCarty era

Important Court Cases to Important Court Cases to RememberRemember

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Brown v. Board of Education (1954)Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Schenck v. U.S. (1919)Schenck v. U.S. (1919) U. of California v. Bakke (1978)U. of California v. Bakke (1978)

How can citizens enact change?How can citizens enact change? Political PartiesPolitical Parties Interest Groups and LobbyistsInterest Groups and Lobbyists The MediaThe Media Public OpinionPublic Opinion Civil DisobedienceCivil Disobedience

– Women’s Suffrage MovementWomen’s Suffrage Movement– Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights Movement– Protest during the Vietnam WarProtest during the Vietnam War

RevolutionRevolution

The Economic SystemThe Economic System

Fundamental QuestionsFundamental Questions

What goods and services should be What goods and services should be produced?produced?

How should these goods and services be How should these goods and services be produced?produced?

For whom should these goods and services For whom should these goods and services be produced? (Who will consume these be produced? (Who will consume these goods and services?)goods and services?)

Market EconomyMarket Economy

Decisions on production and consumption Decisions on production and consumption are made by private individuals acting as are made by private individuals acting as buyers and sellers.buyers and sellers.

Private property, the profit motive, freedom Private property, the profit motive, freedom of enterprise, competition, supply and of enterprise, competition, supply and demand, and consumer choice are demand, and consumer choice are important.important.

Role of government is limited.Role of government is limited. Example: The United StatesExample: The United States

Problems with a Pure Market Problems with a Pure Market EconomyEconomy

Difficulty enforcing property rights.Difficulty enforcing property rights. Some people have few resources to sell.Some people have few resources to sell. Some firms try to monopolize markets.Some firms try to monopolize markets. No public goods.No public goods.

Command EconomyCommand Economy

All decisions on production and All decisions on production and consumption are made by a central consumption are made by a central government.government.

Examples: Nazi Germany and Soviet UnionExamples: Nazi Germany and Soviet Union

Problems with a Command Problems with a Command EconomyEconomy

All resources government-ownedAll resources government-owned Production coordinated by the central plans Production coordinated by the central plans

of governmentof government Sometimes called Sometimes called communismcommunism Little choice in jobs or productsLittle choice in jobs or products

Traditional EconomyTraditional Economy

Decisions on production and consumption Decisions on production and consumption are based upon customs, beliefs, rituals, are based upon customs, beliefs, rituals, and habits.and habits.

Change and growth are slow.Change and growth are slow. Non-industrialNon-industrial Agriculture is usually the main activity.Agriculture is usually the main activity.

Mixed EconomyMixed Economy

Combines features of more than one of the Combines features of more than one of the traditional, command, and market systems.traditional, command, and market systems.

Most economies (including the U.S.) are Most economies (including the U.S.) are mixed economies.mixed economies.

Role of U.S. Government in the Role of U.S. Government in the EconomyEconomy

Provides public services, regulates economic Provides public services, regulates economic activity, and promotes economic growth and activity, and promotes economic growth and stability.stability.

Prior to the Great Depression, the role of Prior to the Great Depression, the role of government was limited.government was limited.

Social Security, the Food and Drug Administration, Social Security, the Food and Drug Administration, taxes, antitrust legislation, environmental taxes, antitrust legislation, environmental regulations, tariffs, and the Federal Reserve are all regulations, tariffs, and the Federal Reserve are all example of government involvement in the example of government involvement in the economy today.economy today.