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UAS Loss of Link (UL2) Progress Report Prepared for: Dr. Laskey – Systems 798 Sponsor: Andy Lacher (MITRE CorporaCon) March 8, 2012 Rob Dean Steve Lubkowski Rohit Paul Sahar Sadeghian

UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

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Page 1: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

UAS  Loss  of  Link  (UL2)    Progress  Report    Prepared  for:  Dr.  Laskey  –  Systems  798  Sponsor:  Andy  Lacher  (MITRE  CorporaCon)    March  8,  2012      

Rob  Dean  Steve  Lubkowski  Rohit  Paul  Sahar  Sadeghian  

Page 2: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

Background  •  MITRE  CorporaCon  •  This  project  is  being  sponsored  by  The  MITRE  CorporaCon,  which  is  a  not-­‐for-­‐profit  organizaCon  that  manages  Federally  Funded  Research  and  Development  Centers  (FFRDCs).    

•  Unmanned  AircraV  System  (UAS)  •  A  UAS  is  remotely  piloted  from  ground  staCons  via  a  real-­‐Cme  command  and  control  (C2)  data  link.    

•  If  the  link  between  the  ground  staCon  and  UAS  is  lost,  the  aircraV  becomes  autonomous  unCl  the  link  is  re-­‐established.    

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Page 3: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

Problem  De?inition  • When  an  Unmanned  AircraV  (UA)  becomes  autonomous,  it  becomes  unpredictable  to  Air  Traffic  Control  (ATC)  •  ATC  cannot  adequately  control  airspace  •  Risk  of  a  loss  of  separaCon  or  collision  •  Unnecessary  rerouCng  of  air  traffic    •  Excess  workload  for  ATC  •  Creates  a  potenCal  risk  and/or  safety  hazard    

•  Standardized  procedures  for  loss  of  link  situaCons  are  necessary  •  Events  become  more  predictable/easier  to  manage  for  ATC  •  Standardized  procedures  assist  in  bringing  UAS  to  commercial  airspace  in  greater  numbers    

•  Develop  methodology  for  evaluaCng  loss  of  link  procedures  3  

Page 4: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

Approach  •  QualitaCve    •  Interviews  to  determine  metrics  from  different  stakeholders  

•  Global  Hawk  Pilot  •  ATC  •  UAS  Experts  •  Data  Specialists  

•  Absolute/Binary  •  Determine  thresholds  that  must  be  met  

•  Technical  •  Develop  simulaCons  that  analyze  individual  procedures    

•  Based  on  specific  metrics  (predictability,  ATC  workload)  

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Page 5: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

Scope  •  In  Scope  

•  Within  non-­‐segregated  civil  airspace-­‐  NaConal  Airspace  System  (NAS)  

•  Primary  focus  on  UAS  that  are  capable  of  extended  flight  operaCons  in  Class  A  airspace  

•  To  test/evaluate  our  approach  with  proposed  procedure    

•  Out  of  Scope  •  IdenCficaCon  of  opCmal  procedure  for  loss  of  link  situaCons    

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Page 6: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

Expected  Results  •  Set  of  metrics  that  are  important  to  UAS  stakeholders    •  A  methodology  that  can  be  used  to  evaluate  procedures  •  Repeatable  and  adaptable  to  different  procedures  •  Capable  of  being  used  for  further  research  and  analysis  by  the  sponsor  

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Page 7: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

Next  Steps  from  Proposal  •  ConCnue  meeCng  with  Sponsor  

ü Met  with  sponsor  to  discuss  technical  approach  ü Got  approval  for  project  proposal  

•  Develop  FuncConal  Requirements  for  evaluaCon  methodology  ü Developed  and  finalized  both  funcConal  and  project  requirements  

•  Set  up  meeCngs  with  Subject  Maher  Experts  (SMEs)    ü Created  quesConnaires  for  each  SME  ü Interviewed  all  five  SMEs  recommended  by  our  sponsor  ü Had  several  follow-­‐on  interviews  with  people  recommended  by  SMEs  

•  Finalize  draV  of  project  proposal  ü Finalized  project  proposal    

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Page 8: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

SME  Interviews  •  Met  with  all  the  SMEs  recommended  to  us  by  our  sponsor:  •  Global  Hawk  UAS  pilot  •  ATC  human-­‐in-­‐the-­‐loop  experiment  analyst    •  UAS  loss  of  link  data  analyst  •  Lead  developer  of  automated  ATC  tool  •  Traffic  flow  management  lead  architect    

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Page 9: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

Modeling  •  Technical  modeling  approaches  were  based  on:  •  Feedback  from  sponsor    •  Interviews  with  SMEs  

•  UL2  team  decided  to  focus  on  two  main  metrics:  •  Predictability  •  Air  Traffic  Control  workload    

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Page 10: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

Predictability  Model  -­‐  Timeline  UAS  Lost  Command  and  Control  Link

UA

UAS

 Pilot

Air  T

raffic  

Control

UA  performs  Maneuver  2Pilot  Identifies  UA  has  lost  link UA  recognizes  lost  link  situation UA  performs  Maneuver  1

Pilot  identifies  UA  has  lost  link

Pilot  tries  to  Contact  ATC

UA  broadcasts  it  has  lost  link

Controller  identifies  UA  with  lost  link

UA  performs  Maneuver  1

Controller  anticipates  UA  Maneuver  1

UA  performs  Maneuver  2

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

Time  to  identify  lost  link  situation

distribution

Time  before  expected  Maneuver  1distribution

UA  losses  command  and  control  link  with  ground  station

T0

Page 11: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

Predictability  Model  -­‐  Details  •  Pseudo-­‐measure  for  predictability  will  be  Cme  •  Time  it  take  for  the  controller  to  realize  the  UA  is  in  a  loss  of  link  situaCon  

•  T4-­‐T3  •  The  difference  between  the  expected  Cme  the  UA  will  make  its  next  

maneuver  and  actual  •  T6-­‐T5  

•  Input  •  Controller  reacCon  Cmes  to  UA  signaling  loss-­‐of-­‐link  

•  Outputs  •  Times  of  interest:  

•  T3,  T4,  T5,  T6  

•  To  enhance  the  model,  the  model  will  also  include  the  possibility  of  conflict  •  Tc  is  the  Cme  to  conflict    •  Analyze  the  probability  the  UA  will  be  in  conflict  before  the  controller  

realizes  there  is  a  loss  of  link  situaCon  11  

Page 12: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

Predictability  Model  -­‐  Sample  Output  

Area  of  Interest  

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Time  (seconds)    

Occurrence    (#

)  

Page 13: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

airspaceAnalyzer  –  Controller  Workload  •  SimulaCon  tool  developed  by  MITRE  to  automaCcally  separate,  sequence,  and  space  aircraV  

•  Measures  sector  complexity  based  on  the  amount  of  effort  required  to  separate  traffic  

•  Evaluates  the  impact  of  changes  to  sector  on  controller  workload.  Examples  of  potenCal  changes  include:  •  New  Traffic  Flows  •  New  Sector  Boundaries  •  Airspace  RestricCons  •  Moving  weather  systems  

•  What  about  UAS?  

airspaceAnalyzer  Sample  Display  

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Page 14: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

airspaceAnalyzer  –  Adaptation  for  UAS    

•  Tool  can  be  used  to  evaluate  the  impact  of  a  specific  UAS  loss  of  link  procedure  on  sector  complexity  and  controller  workload  

•  Specific  metrics  can  be  gathered  to  evaluate  the  increase  in  controller  workload  if  UA  goes  lost  link  •  Lateral  separaCon  effort  •  VerCcal  separaCon  effort  •  Lateral  spacing  effort  •  VerCcal  spacing  effort  

•  Some  maneuver  uncertainty  can  be  modeled  by  adjusCng  the  amount  of  protecCon  required  for  UA  (e.g.  increase  from  5  NM  to  10  NM  in  En  Route  airspace)  

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Page 15: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

Schedule  

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Page 16: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

Earned  Value  Management  

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Page 17: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

Next  Steps  •  ConCnue  meeCng  with  Sponsor  •  Complete  proof  of  concept  &  develop  predictability  model  •  Adapt  scenarios  for  airspaceAnalyzer  •  Introduce  our  models  to  sponsor’s  UAS  Team  for  feedback  •  Start  documenCng  our  methodology    and  assemble  our  report  

 

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Page 18: UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$ · 2012-05-12 · UASLossofLink(UL2) ProgressReport$! Prepared!for:!Dr.!Laskey!–Systems!798! Sponsor:!Andy!Lacher!(MITRE!Corporaon)!! March!8,!2012!!!

Questions?  

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