EXAM 1 Review: Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

This review has 2 parts, part 1 is a basic outline of the topics and what you should know for exam 1. Part 2 will be made of practice problems to help you judge the type of questions that may be asked and help you determine what subjects you may want to focus on. Note: This is student created and in NO way limits the possible topics from the chapters that may appear on the exam. Good Luck Studying!! ~Katie

Part 1:

CH 1: Themes in Biology Scientific Theory

o Hypothesiso Theories

Know how to read/construct graphs Hierarchy of organization

o Chemical-Cellular-Tissue-Organ-Organ system-Organism- Population-Community-Ecosystem-Biosphere->

Taxonomic organizationo Domain- Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order- Family-Genus-Species-Subspecies->o Know domains and Kingdoms

Ch 2: Chemical Context of Life Know basic facts of Elements Know the make-up of atoms

o Sub particleso What happens if there is a change in any of the sub particles?

Define valence electrons and valence numbero If an electron jumps to the third energy level, what happens in terms of energy?

Know how to represent electrons around an atom What types of bonds occur inside a molecule?

o What determines which type of bond is formed? What is a hydrogen bond?

o Where do hydrogen bonds occur?

Ch 3: Water What properties allow hydrogen bonding to occur? What are the important properties of water and ice? Understand: specific heat, temperature, evaporative cooling, hydrophilic, hydrophobic What makes a solution? What is the pH scale? What is the pOH scale?

o If the pH is low what does this mean?o How can we find the concentration from pH?

o How can we find the pH from concentration?o How do you denote the change in magnitude of pH?

Ch 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life What are the main characteristics of carbon?

o How many valence electrons does it have?o What type of bonds will it form?

Be able to read chain and ring structures Define Isomers.

o What are the three different types of isomers? Be able to identify them.o Know the consequences of isomers structures on functionality

Functional groups: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methylo Know the atoms that make them and how they look on the different modelso Know major properties and differences of the functional groups

Ch 5: The Structure and Function of Macromolecules What are macromolecules?

o Define as polymers and monomers.o What is each used for

Know the purpose of the condensation and hydrolysis reaction Define carbohydrates.

o What are they?o What makes up the carbohydrate structure?o What are the different types of carbs? Know some examples.

Define lipids.o What are they? Where might we find them?o What makes up a lipid?

Compare saturated and unsaturated lipids.?o What are the different types of lipids?o What are the special aspects of phospholipids?

Define proteins.o What makes up proteins?o What are the functions of proteins?o What are essential amino acids?

Know the general structure of an amino acid. What are the levels of protein structures?

o What makes up each structure level? What do they look like?o What helps with protein folding?

What is denaturation?o What can cause it?

What are nucleic acids?o What do they do? Where can we find them?o What is the general structure of nucleic acids?

o What are the nitrogenous bases? How can they be categorized?

Compare DNA and RNA. Compare their structure and makeup. o What are the base pairs?o What does antiparallel and complementary refer to?o Know how to find the complementary strand of DNAo What are the different types of RNA?

Part 2.: Practice Questions

1. Which of the following does not belong?a. Archaeab. Bacteriac. Protistad. Eukarya

2. Which of the following presents the proper way to form a scientific name?a. Genus speciesb. species Genusc. Family Speciesd. Phylum genus

3. According to the graph, in what year will China begin to notice a decrease in population?a. 2020b. 2030c. 2035d. 2040e. 2045

4. According to the graph, in what year will China and India have the same population size?a. 2020b. 2030c. 2035d. 2040e. 2045

5. The number of protons in an atom is called the__________.a. Mass number

b. Proton numberc. Balance numberd. Atomic number

6. What occupies energy levels and orbitals around the nucleus?a. Neutronsb. Protonsc. Electronsd. Ions

7. An atom of carbon with 8 neutrons would be known as a(n):a. Different elementb. Isotopec. Moleculed. Mutatione. Ion

8. Which of the following is least like the others?a. Ionic bondsb. Nonpolar covalent bondsc. Hydrogen bondsd. Polar covalent bonds

9. Hydrogen bonds are always found between:a. Two partially- charged moleculesb. Two oxygen atomsc. Two positive ionsd. Any compounds containing hydrogene. Water and any nonpolar molecule

10. A(n) ___________ is an atom that has given up an electron to eliminate a valence shell.a. Compoundb. Anionc. Polar moleculed. Catione. Solute

11. A bond that is characterized by an unequal sharing of electrons is called aa. Covalent bondb. Ionic bondc. Hydrogen bondd. Polar covalent bonde. Nonpolar covalent bond

12. What is the valence number for nitrogen?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4

13. Magnesium has an atomic number of 12, how would its atomic orbitals be filled?a. 1st=2 electrons; 2nd=6 electrons; 3rd=4 electronsb. 1st=2 protons; 2nd=8 protons; 3rd=2 protonsc. 1st=2 electrons; 2nd=8 electrons; 3rd=2 electronsd. 1st=8 electrons; 2nd=4 electrons

14. How many electrons does carbon have, and how many are in the valence shell?a. 6, 2b. 8, 4c. 12, 4d. 4, 6e. 6, 4

15. If an electron jumps from the 2nd to 3rd which of the following was most likely the cause?a. A release of energyb. Gaining an electronc. Absorbing energyd. Release of lighte. Losing an electron

16. What makes up 96% of the elements in living things?

a. Calcium, Potassium, Sulfur, Hydrogenb. Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbonc. Calcium, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogend. Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon

17. Which of the following is not a unique property of water?a. Surface tensionb. Cohesionc. Evaporative coolingd. Adhesione. Low specific heat

18. Which of the following will not dissolve in water?a. Ionic compoundsb. Nonpolar compoundsc. Hydrophilic compoundsd. Polar compounds

e. Hydrophobic compounds 19. Each water molecule can form up to four __hydrogen___ bonds with adjacent water molecules.

20. Which of the following is true?a. pH determines acidity by measuring the H+ concentrationb. pOH determines acidity by measuring the H+ concentrationc. pOH determines acidity by measuring the OH- concentrationd. pH determines basicity by measuring the H+ concentratione. pH determines basicity by measuring the OH- concentration

21. Which of the following would be basic?a. pOH= 12b. pOH= 4c. pH= 8d. Both A and Ce. Both B and C

22. What is the property that allows ice to be less dense than liquid water?a. Cohesionb. Hydrogen bondingc. High specific heatd. Adhesion

23. If the pH is 6, what is the hydrogen ion concentration?[H+]= 1x10-6

24. If the [OH-]= .000001, then what is the pOH?pOH= 6

25. If the [OH-]= .000001, then what is the hydrogen ion concentration?pH =14- 6= 8[H+]= 1x10-8

26. Last week the pH tested at 3 in the lake, today the retested pH= 7, what was the change in the hydrogen ion concentration? What was the change in the hydroxide ion concentration?The hydrogen (H) ion increased by 104; The hydroxide (OH) ion increased by 104

27. Isomers have the same molecular structure, but different ___arrangement___.

28. Most biological polymers are assembled through ___condensation reactions__ which occurs between two of the monomers.

29. What are the following images depicting?

a.Structural isomer

b.enantiomer

c.Cis/trans isomers

30. Which of the following is biologically active?a. D-dopab. L-dopac. Bothd. Neither

31. Which of the following represents a carboxyl functional group?a. –COb. –CH3

c. –COOHd. --PO4

32. Identify the functional groups in the following images.

The amino groups are circled in red; the hydroxyl groups are circled in green; the carboxyl groups are circled in blue; and the carbonyl “ketone” is circled in yellow

33. Which functional group incorrectly paired with its characteristics?a. Methyl; effects function of sex hormonesb. Phosphate; chemical energy stored in cellsc. Sulfhydryl; forms alcohold. Amino; acts as a basee. Hydroxyl; causes molecule to be hydrophilic

34. What are the four major classes of macromolecules in living systems?a. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and amino acidsb. Carbohydrates, sugars, fats, nucleotidesc. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acidsd. Carbohydrates, sugars, proteins, amino acids

35. What type of macromolecule is most abundantly found in the body?a. Carbohydratesb. Nucleic Acidsc. Amino Acidsd. Lipidse. Proteins

36. Proteins are polymers of a. Amino acidsb. Carbohydratesc. Nucleic acidsd. Lipids

e. Any hydrocarbon

37. Fill in the chart below.Macromolecules: Monomer subunits: Type of linkages:1. Carbohydrate (sugar) Monosaccharide Glycosidic

2. Lipids (fats)

No generic monomer Ester linkage (w/ glycerol)

3. Proteins

Amino acids peptide

4. Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides phosphodiester

38. What elements must be included in each of the different macromolecules? Carbs= carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Lipids= carbon hydrogen

o Saturated—all carbons have 4 single bondso Unsaturated—some carbons will be double bonded

Protein= amino acid o Several amino acids attached by peptides (a protein) is also a polypeptide

Nucleic Acid= nucleotide

39. A hydrolysis reaction creates ____monomers_____ by ___adding____ water, while a

condensation reaction creates ___polymers_____ by ___removing___ water

40. The simple sugar ___glucose___ is an important and nearly ubiquitous fuel molecule in living cells.

41. Which macromolecules provides the following purpose?i. Energy storage: carbohydratesii. Steroid formation: lipids

iii. Cellular functions: proteinsiv. Gene expression: nucleic acids

42. What are the differences between starch and cellulose structures?Starch is an alpha glucose polymerCellulose is a beta glucose polymer

43. What are the 3 classes of lipids? List an example for eachFats- unsaturated (fish oil); saturated (margarine)Phospholipids- cell membraneSteroids- cholesterol; sex hormones

44. How many amino acids are there?a. 16b. 20c. 22d. 24

45. Draw a generic amino acid structure.

46. At what structure level is a protein not considered a protein?a. Primaryb. Secondaryc. Tertiaryd. Quaternary

47. The __secondary__ structure of protein consists of hydrogen bonds within the backbone.

48. What can denature a protein?a. Salt concentrationb. Temperaturec. pHd. All of the above

49. In what structures do nucleic acids store genetic information?DNA and RNA

50. What are the 3 components of nucleic acids?Nitrogenous bases (A,C,T,G) + phosphate group+ 5 carbon pentose

51. What are the nitrogenous bases? How can they be categorized?

----->Base pairing:With 2 H bonds------>Base pairing:with 3 H bonds

^ 2 rings ^1 ringPurines pyrimidine

A pairs to T (U if RNA) and G pairs with C.ACG found in both RNA and DNAT found in DNAU found in RNA52. Identify the different structures below. Describe the components of each.

Left is a secondary structure as alpha helixRight is a quaternary structure53. What would the complementary strand be if the original was: 5’-ACGTCCTAG-3’ ?

3’- TGC AGG ATC-5’54. Determine the directionality of the following picture.VV5-3 (left side goes down) ^^3-5 (right side goes up)

A T

G G

55. Which type of RNA is responsible for each of the following functions?i. Makes up the ribosome: rRNAii. Brings the amino acid to the ribosome: tRNA

iii. Transcribes DNA: mRNA