Udruživanje preduzeća kao forma unapredjenja medjunarodne konkurentnosti

7/22/2019 Udruivanje preduzea kao forma unapredjenja medjunarodne konkurentnosti

1/199

VHLUFZTLPFP V JFMKZC@VF ECF

L O

@CF F@FCC EC CFFC

FC@F F

ACKLWPCZWIC PFTC

J, :>30.


2/199

VHLUFZTLPFP V JFMKZC@VF ECF

L O

@CF F@FCC EC CFFC

FC@F F

ACKLWPCZWIC PFTC

Ich`l`ct4 Afhtmr4

Lkmr Occrfvl ^rme. `r Jrchim Zciltc

ochmvl imalsldf4

^rme. `r @rckch urllh^rme. `r Wtfvm Dchmfvl

J, :>30.


3/199

Ama mgu l ama slhu


4/199

IODVHC @MIVAFHPCGLDWIC LHEMZACGLDC

Plp `miuafhtcgldf P@ Amhmkrcesic

Plp cplsc PT Pfistucohl tcapchl actfrldco

Urstc rc`c UZ Acklstcrsic tfc

Cutmr CV Lkmr Occrfvl

Afhtmr AH ^rme. `r Jrchim Zciltc

ochmvl imalsldf IM ^rme. `r @rckch urllh

^rme. `r Wtfvm Dchmfvl

@ctua m`jrchf @M

Hcsomv rc`c HZ V@ZVLUCHDF ZF@VTFC ICM EMZAC VHC^ZFFHDCAFVHCZM@HF IMHIVZFHPHMWPL

Dfli pujolicgldf D^ Wrpsil

Tfaodc pujolimvchdc T^ Zfpujolic Wrjldc

Afstm pujolimvchdc A^ Jfmkrc`

Km`lhc pujolimvchdc K^ :>30.

L`cvc LT Cutmrsil rfprlht

Afstm l c`rfsc l`cvcc AC fvfoldsic 66, Jfmkrc`

Hcuhc mjocst HM Fimhmaldc

Hcuhc `lsglpolhc H@ ^msomvhm uprcvodchdf

^rf`afthc m`rf`hlgc(ioduhf rfl) ^M

V`rulvchdf, scrc`hdc, immpfrcgldc, imocjmrcgldc, immpftlgldc,

imhiurfhgldc, imhiurfhthmst, afuhcrm`hm pmsomvchdf,afuhcrm`hc imhiurfhthmst, imhiurfhtsic prf`hmst

Lvm` l rflafc LT

Iocslhm sbvctchdf imhiurfhthmstl, pm imdfa sf imhiurfhthmst krc`lprfvcsbm`hm hc jcl smpstvfhlb smpstvfhlb rfsurshlb icpcgltftc, svfvlf ustupc afstm sbvctchdu pm imdfa sf imhiurfhthmst krc`l l hc jclu`rulvchdc rfsurshlb icpcgltftc sc rukla pmsomvhla sujdfitlac. Glodmvmk rc`c df `c prlicf hc imdl hclh pmsomvhl sujdfitl mstvcruduscrc`hdu u lafhdfhla usomvlac pmsomvchdc, icm l c uicf hc mshmvhfstrctfkldsif lapolicgldf imdf scrc`hdc l u`rulvchdf lacdu hc lkrc`hduafuhcrm`hf imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl.


5/199

^m`cgl m cutmru

Lkmr Occrfvl df rmfh 3>:. km`lhf hc Fimhmasima eciuotftu u

Jfmkrcù hc safru Acriftlhk, c :>>5. km`lhf hc Umdhmd cic`faldl u Jfmkrcù hcsafru Omklstlic pm`ric. m chlachdu df afhcàfht imhsuotcht sc vlfkm`lhdlalsiustvma u mjocstlac pmsomvhmk l elhchsldsimk scvftmvchdc, mrkchlcglmhmk rcvmdc,uprcvodchdc prmdfitlac, uprcvodchdc prmgfslac l rllglac, acriftlhkc l prm`cdf,`rcvstvfhmk afhcàfhtc, omicohmk l rfklmhcohmk rcvmdc l rcvmdc glvlohmk`rutvc. Uocshli df ckfhgldf c afhcàfht imhscotlhk Cvfhtlh ^crthfrs,spfgldcolmvchf c pruchdf scvftm`cvhlb usoukc u mjocstl pmsomvhmk uprcvodchdc lelhchsldc. V `msc`chdfa rcù, mjcvodcm df pmsomvf scvfthlic `lrfitmrc u Ckfhgldl cofimvf l af`lglhsic srf`stvc Wrjldf, afhc`frc pmsomvhlb prmgfsc l rllic uimapchldl Amjloima Custrlc, suvocshlic l `lrfitmrc prfùfc c pmsomvhclstrclvchdc Komjacri Juslhfss Zfsfcrgb, pmsomvhmk scvfthlic u imhsuotchtsimd iulCotls Gmhsuotlhk, rfklmhcohmk afhc`frc prm`cdf cùfhmk c trltc Fvrmpf l Cldf u ecracgfutsimdimapchldl Bfamecra Wtc`c, jrfh` afhc`frc u acomprm`cdhma ochgu @fobclf Wfrjlc l Cggmuht afhc`frcu hmvlhsimd imapchldl Hmvmstl. Vfstvmvcm df u rfcolcgldl vffk jrmdc prmdfictc u mjocstlac pmsomvhmk lelhchsldsimk scvftmvchdc, iupmvlhc l prm`cdc prfùfc, uprcvodchdc prftprlstuphla emh`mvlac FvrmpsifVhldf, rfklmhcohmk rcvmdc, rcvmdc glvlohmk `rutvc, fùicgldf l pmsomvhlb lstrclvchdc. ^mrf` tmkc, LkmrOccrfvl df mjcvlm l hl struhlb uscvrcvchdc u mjocstlac afhcàfhtc, elhchsldc, acriftlhkc, prm`cdf,ecracgldf, `rcvstvc, rcvmdc glvlohmk `rutvc l `rukla struhla mjocstlac. och df V`rufhdc cuhcprflvchdf iolhlilb lspltlvchdc l hfimolim hfvoc`lhlb mrkchlcgldc l glvlohmk sfitmrc. Cutmr df vffk jrmdcstruhlb tfistmvc l ochcic, uioduudul l tfistmvf u mivlru imouahf afhcàfht u ecracgldl u csmplsuLhemractmr, spfgldcolmvchmk c ecracgfutsil l `rcvstvfhl afhcàfht. Mfhdfh df l mtcg df`hmk `ftftc.

Thcgl cbvcohmstl

Jfsircdhm bvcoc amdmd pmrm`lgl, mgu, acdgl l jrctu, icm l amdmd suprul, hc prufhmd odujcvl, pm`rgl, pmamll pm`strfiu c uvfi l`fa codf. Jf vcs hlic`c hf jlb pmstcm tm tm dfsca. Ucc pm`ric df jloc l jlf mshmvhlprfùsomv amk olhmk l prmefslmhcohmk rcvmdc. Ufolim bvcoc ama udciu Aloc`lhu l pmrm`lgl amdf suprukf hcrcuafvchdu l imhirfthmd pm`rgl u rfcolcgldl mvmk rc`c. Ufolim bvcoc prmefsmru `r Jrchiu Zciltl hcprfhftma hchdu l hfsfjlhmd pm`rgl u ama prmefslmhcohma l cic`fasima rcvmdu, icm l prmefsmrlac `r@rckchu urllhu l `r Wtfvl Dchmfvlu hc prfhftma hchdu l `mjrmd vmodl `c ufstvudu u rcactrchdu mvmkrc`c. M` srgc bvcoc amdla prldctfodlac Wchdl l Hlimol hc shchmd amtlvcgldl l pm`rgl tmima svlb mvlb km`lhc,icm l vfrl imdu lacdu u afhf. ^msfjhm bvcoc Whfchl l Gfhtru c pmst`lpomasif stu`ldf hc `mjrmhcafrhmal prmefslmhcohma m`hmsu. Bvcoc svlac `ruklac hc pmaml u ama olhma l prmefslmhcohma rcvmdu.

Hc ircdu, hcdvlf bvcoc ama mgu l ama slhu hc prfsu`hmd amtlvcgldl `c mvcd rc` prlvf`fa ircdu.Tjmk tmkc, mvcd rc` hdlac pmsfjhm pmsvfudfa.


6/199

Z

, , . W

. H, , . I , . I , , . @ , , . G

,

.

I 4 , , , , , , ,, , , ,

,

C

L ,

, . G , . , . C , . G , , . L , , .

, .

I 4 , , , , , , ,, , , ,


7/199

WC@ZCD

@ ...... ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3KCC 4 @CF F F KJCCGF ....................................................... :

3. KOMJCOLTCGLDC ICM MIZFPCIL ECIPMZ LHPFZHCGLMHCOLTCGLDF MWOMUCHDC .....................................................:

3.3. ^mdca komjcolcgldf .........................................................................................................................................................................:3.:. Fimhmasil cspfitl komjcolcgldf ...............................................................................................................................................03.7. Vtlgcd komjcolcgldf hc lhtfrhcglmhcolcgldu pmsomvchdc ..................................................................................................63.0. Mjrcsgl lhtfrhcglmhcolcgldf pmsomvchdc ................................................................................................................................5

:. CHCOLTC WCUZFAFHMK IMHGF^PC IMHIVZFHPHMWPL .............................................................................................................;:.3. ^mdca l fimhmasim hcfhdf imhiurfhthmstl ....................................................................................................................;:.:. @lstlhitlvhf imapftfhgldf l imhiurfhtsic prf`hmst ......................................................................................................

:. @LHCALIC MIZVFHDC L ^ZMGFWL V@ZVLUCHDC ......................................................................................................................... 773.3. @lhcalic acirm mirufhdc l afuhcrm`hc imhiurfhthmst ..................................................................................... 773.:. @lhcalic imhiurfhtsimk mirufhdc l afuhcrm`hc imhiurfhthmst ................................................................... 703.7. Lhtfrhc `lhcalic l afuhcrm`hc imhiurfhthmst ......................................................................................................... 73. ^MUFTLUCHDC JCTLZCHC HC ZCTAFHL THCHDC L LHMUCGLDC .................................................................................................. 53

3.3. ^mvflvchdc jclrchc hc rcafhl hfactfrldcohf lamvlhf .......................................................................................... 5:3.:. ^mvflvchdc jclrchc hc laftchdu pmsomvhlb euhigldc ............................................................................................. 573.7. ^mvflvchdc jclrchc hc prmdfithmd scrc`hdl ................................................................................................................... 50

:. ^MUFTLUCHDC JCTLZCHC HC IMAFZGLDCOHMD LTUMTHMD WCZC@HDL ................................................................................... 56:.3. Iocslhc lvmhc pmvflvchdc.................................................................................................................................................. 56:.:. ^mvflvchdc u mjocstl imhtrctrkmvlhf .................................................................................................................................. 55:.7. Elhchsldsic lvmhc pmvflvchdc ........................................................................................................................................... 5;


8/199

7. ^MUFTLUCHDC JCTLZCHC HC ZCTUMDV OMICOHLB MWOMUHLB TCDF@HLGC .................................................................... 527.3. Iocstfrl l lhiujctmrl .................................................................................................................................................................... ;>7.:. Immpfrctlvf l u`rufhdc ............................................................................................................................................................ ;:7.7. Zcvmdhl pcrimvl ........................................................................................................................................................................... ;07.0. ^msfjhf fimhmasif mhf ........................................................................................................................................................ ;6

0. ^MUFTLUCHDC JCTLZCHC HC LTKZC@HDL UFOLILB ^MWOMUHLB WLWPFAC .......................................................................... ;50.3. Imhkomafrctl, imhgfrhl, trustmvl l icrtfol ......................................................................................................................... ;50.:. Iflrftsu, Tcljctsu l Gbcfjmo slstfal .................................................................................................................................... ;2

6. ^MUFTLUCHDC JCTLZCHC HC LTKZC@HDL TCDF@HLIF WPZCPFKLDF ..................................................................................... 236.3. Wtrctfkldsif coldchsf l cdf`hlic uockchdc ........................................................................................................................ 236.:. Imhmrgldual, slh`lictl l dcvhmprlvcthc pcrthfrstvc .................................................................................................. 27

5. ^MUFTLUCHDC JCTLZCHC HC ^ZFVTLACHDV UOCWHLPUC ....................................................................................................... 255.3. Wpcdchdc l prfulachdc ............................................................................................................................................................... 255.:. Bmo`lhl l pmrtemolm lhvfstlgldf ................................................................................................................................................ 22

;. LHMUCPLUHF EMZAF ^MUFTLUCHDC ..................................................................................................................................................... 22;.3. Cotfrhctlvhl prlhglpl mrkchlmvchdc ..................................................................................................................................... 2


9/199

7.7. Afuhcrm`hc imhiurfhthmst Wrjldf lhdfhlgf l pfrspfitlvf .............................................................................. 3737:>30 ...................................................................................................................................................... 307

CF :4 CCF (FF) F ............................................................................. 306Lh`fis komjcohf imhiurfhthmstl (KGL) :>37:>30 .............................................................................................................................. 30;

CF 74 @F CFC JC FCC B JFCC .................... 30


10/199

LH@FIW LOVWPZCGLDC L PCJFOC

Loustrcgldf

Loustrcgldc 3 Mjrcsgl lhtfrhcglmhcolcgldf pmsomvchdc ;Loustrcgldc : Urstf imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl 33Loustrcgldc 7 Wtrctfkldf c lkrc`hdu imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl 3:Loustrcgldc 0 Urstf bmrlmhtcohlb m`hmsc lafu pmsomvhlb sujdfictc 3;Loustrcgldc 6 Immpfrctlvhc lofac 3;Loustrcgldc 5 ^m`stlgcdl c uspmstcvodchdf scrc`hdf lafu pmsomvhlb sujdfictc ::Loustrcgldc ; Arfc vrf`hmstl prfac Jrch`frjurkfru l Hcofjceu :Loustrcgldc < Urstf afuhcrm`hlb sujdfictc u m`hmsu hc tlp lhtfrcigldc 73Loustrcgldc 3> Fvmougldc immpftlgldf lafu imapchldc Wmh l Wcasuhk 7:Loustrcgldc 33 Ufrtlicohc sfkafhtcgldc trltc 7;Loustrcgldc 3: Wtrctfkldsif krupf u cutmlhùstrldl 72Loustrcgldc 37 Ufc lafu rfsursc, spmsmjhmstl l imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl 0>Loustrcgldc 30 Fofafhtl, rfocgldf l struiturf slstfac icm hclh afrfhdc hdfkmvf imapofishmstl 06Loustrcgldc 36 M`hms imapofishmstl l rfuotctc pmsomvchdc 05Loustrcgldc 35 Komjcohl ochcg vrf`hmstl tmimvl citlvhmstl lafu facodc l pcrthfrc 0;Loustrcgldc 3; Komjcohl ochcg vrf`hmstl tmimvl stvcrchdc `m`ctf vrf`hmstl 02Loustrcgldc 32 Urstf uprcvodchdc komjcohla ochgfa vrf`hmstl 0 ^mrtfrmv `ldcacht hcglmhcohf imhiurfhthmstl 53Loustrcgldc :0 Imhmtcgldf afuhcrm`hf imhiurfhthmstl hc hlvmu elraf 3>6Loustrcgldc :6 Urstf u`rulvchdc pmsomvhlb sujdfictc hc omicohma hlvmu 3:

Pcjfof

Pcjfoc 3 ^mhcchdf pmsomvhlb sujdfictc hc irctci rmi (lkrc u df`hmd ltfrcgldl) :0

Pcjfoc : ^mhcchdf pmsomvhlb sujdfictc hc ùkl rmi (lkrc u vlf ltfrcgldc) :0

Pcjfoc 7 Actrlgc afuutlgcdc ecitmrc mirufhdc 70

Pcjfoc 0 Imhiurfhtsif lapolicgldf imajlhcgldf rfsursc imdf pmsfùdf pmsomvhl sujdfit 03

Pcjfoc 6 Zcolif lafu cdf`hlilb uockchdc l strctfkldsilb coldchsl 27

Pcjfoc 5 Irctimrmhc l ùkmrmhc fimhmasic vrf`hmst scrc`hdf l imhiurlschdc 37:>30 307

Pcjfoc C: Lh`fis komjcohf imhiurfhthmstl (KGL) :>37:>30 30;

Pcjfoc C7 ^msomvhl pmicctfodl strctfkldsilb coldchsl u cvlm lhùstrldl u :>37. km`lhl 36>


11/1993

Cim jl sf scvrfafhl usomvl pmsomvchdc amrcol micrcitfrlsctl irm df`hu m`rf`hlgu, mh`c jl sf tc

m`rf`hlgc svcicim m`hmsloc hc prmafhdfhf pcrc`lkaf rcalodchdc. ^rmafhdfhf pcrc`lkaf rcalodchdc

rfuotct su euh`cafhtcohlb prmafhc u `rutvu, imdf l tfafodc trchsemralu hclh pmsomvchdc pmsomvhlbsujdfictc. Df`hc m` hcdlrcfhldlb prmafhc u afuhcrm`hma pmsomvchdu dfstf l svf prlsuthldc tfh`fhgldc

scrc`hdf lafu pmsomvhlb sujdfictc, u glodu uhcprffhdc hdlbmvf imhiurfhthmstl. V mvma rcù focjmrlrchl

su tfafodl, amtlvl l emraf scrc`hdf lafu pmsomvhlb sujdfictc, icm l rfpfriusldf imdf tc scrc`hdc lac hc

lkrc`hdu hdlbmvf imhiurfhthmstl u afuhcrm`hla mivlrlac.

Zc` sf scstmdl l pft kocvc. ^rvc kocvc hmsl hclv V`rulvchdf l imhiurfhthmst u frl komjcolcgldf l

lac c glod `c pmtvr`l blpmtfu prfac imdmd df prmgfs komjcolcgldf rc`licohm lafhlm pmstuoctf pmsomvchdc,

tm df pmdamvlac imhiurfhthmstl l u`rulvchdc `com pmtpuhm hmvm hcfhdf. V mivlru prvf kocvf prlicchf

su mshmvhf icrcitfrlstlif prmgfsc komjcolcgldf l `felhlschl su pmdamvl scrc`hdf l imhiurfhthmstl. @rukc

kocvc hmsl hclv Wtrctfkldsil cspfitl u`rulvchdc prfùfc l lac c glod `c pmtvr`l blpmtfu prfac imdmd

strctfkldsil rcoml prf`stcvodcdu mshmvhf pmirftcf u prmgfsu u`rulvchdc pmsomvhlb sujdfictc. V mivlru`rukf kocvf pmdamvl scrc`hdf l u`rulvchdc su `ftcodhm focjmrlrchl l ukoc strctfkldsimk afhcàfhtc, icim

u pmkofù chcolf mirufhdc, tcim l u pmkofù strctfkldsimk uprcvodchdc. Prfc kocvc hmsl hclv Emraf

afuhcrm`hlb u`rulvchdc prfùfc l lac c glod c pmtvr`l blpmtfu prfac imdmd df u`rulvchdf pmsomvhlb

sujdfictc u rchla emracac df`ch m` amkulb prcvcgc afuhcrm`hmk pmsomvchdc. V mivlru trff kocvf

`ftcodhm su prlicchl emractl scrc`hdf l u`rulvchdc pmsomvhlb sujdfictc u afuhcrm`hma pmsomvchdu l tlaf

df uicchm hc amkuf prcvgf rcvmdc hdlbmvmk afuhcrm`hmk pmsomvchdc. ftvrtc kocvc hmsl hclv Vtlgcd

u`rulvchdc hc uhcprffhdf afuhcrm`hf imhiurfhthmstl l lac c glod `c pmtvr`l blpmtfu prfac imdmd

u`rulvchdf pmsomvhlb sujdfictc `lrfithm l/lol lh`lrfithm utlf hc uhcprffhdf hdlbmvf afuhcrm`hf

imhiurfhthmstl. V mivlru ftvrtf kocvf focjmrlrchl su afbchlal l omklic utlgcdc scrc`hdf l u`rulvchdc

pmsomvhlb sujdfictc hc lkrc`hdu hdlbmvf afuhcrm`hf imhiurfhthmstl. ^ftc kocvc hmsl hclv Lsiustvc uu`rulvchdu prfùfc l rcvmdu imhiurfhthmstl l lac c glod `c pmtvr`l blpmtfu prfac imdmd df

u`rulvchdfa amkuf pmstll hccdhf pmsomvhf rfuotctf u afuhcrm`hma pmsomvchdu. V mivlru pftf kocvf

prlicchc su lsiustvc l prcisf imdc pmtvrudu scrc`hdc lafu pmsomvhlb sujdfictc hc afuhcrm`hma

hlvmu amf hccdhm `c uhcprf`l hdlbmvu imhiurfhthmst. V mivlru pftf kocvf, pmsfjch msvrt df `ct hc

amkuhmstl lkrc`hdf afuhcrm`hf imhiurfhthmstl Wrjldf.

Lacdul u vlù amkuhmstl cotfrhctlvhf upmtrfjf pmdf`lhlb pmdamvhlb m`rf`hlgc, vchm df lactl u

vlù hclh hc imdl su upmtrfjodfhl pmdamvl prfùfc l u`rulvchdc. tm sf tlf pmdac prfùfc, u tfistu sf

hcdff imrlstl pmdca pmsomvhl sujdfit. Mvcd pmdca sf imrlstl icim jl hc c`fivctch hclh df`hla lrcma

jlol mjubvcfhl svl sujdfitl imdl mjcvodcdu pmsomvhu focthmst, c imdl amku jltl prfùfc, elraf, mrkchlcgldf,

ustchmvf lt`. tm sf tlf pmdac u`rulvchdc, u tfistu sf u cvlshmstl m` svrbf cotfrhctlvhm imrlstf lrclscrc`hdc, pmvflvchdf l u`rulvchdf, imdl prf`stcvodcdu lrcf imdl mplsudu df`hu lstu pmdcvu, c tm df

imocjmrcgldc lafu pmsomvhlb sujdfictc.

Lrc`c rc`c df jclrchc hc dcshm utvrfhma aftm`momima mivlru, imdl mjubvctc imrlfhdf rcolltlb

aftm`c lstrclvchdc, icm tm su chcolc, slhtfc l pmrffhdf, rcolltlb lvmrc pm`ctcic, hcdff sfiuh`crhlb,

icm tm su struhc oltfrcturc, dcvhm `mstuphl pm`cgl l prlafrl l prcisf, rcolltlb tfbhlic lstrclvchdc,

hcdff ivcoltctlvhlb, imdf su jclrchf hc pmrffhdu, lstmrldsimd chcoll, am`folrchdu l chcoll stu`ldc

soucdfvc, rcolltlb prlstupc lstrclvchdu, afu imdlac su hcdff imrlfhl slstfasil l `fsirlptlvhl prlstup,

l rcolltlb aftm`c lvmfhdc cioducic, imdl su jclrchl hc imajlhmvchmd upmtrfjl lhùitlvhf l `fùitlvhf

aftm`f ciodulvchdc.


12/199:

3. KJCCGC C FC EC FCGCCGFCC3.3. Komjcolcgldc df rfoctlvhm hmv tfralh imdl sf imrlstl `c mplf vrom stcr prmgfs rcvmdc `rutvc. Zfl

komjcohm l komjcolcgldc prvl put sf pmalhdu ircdfa RLR l pmftima RR vfic, c prvc mjubvcthldc

rcactrchdc pmdac komjcolcgldf vfchc su c tfmrldu komjcohmk sfoc ichc`simk tfmrftlcrc l imauhlimomkc

Acrcoc AfiOuchc3. Cafrlil smglmomk Zmoch` Zmjfrtsmh df 3


13/1997

lhstltugldc komjcohmk uprcvodchdc, icm lhercstruiturhmk mivlrc prmgfsc komjcolcgldf, l fimomiu `lafhldu,

imdc sf m`hmsl hc svf vfu afuhcrm`hu scrc`hdu hc pmodu ctltf lvmthf srf`lhf l m`rlvmk fimhmasimk

rcvmdc.

Mshmvhl su tfbhmomil, fimhmasil, lhstltuglmhcohl l iuoturmomil.

Pfbhmomil ecitmrl prf`stcvodcdu mshmvhl pmirftcil ecitmr komjcolcgldf. Lhtfhltft l vlf`lafhlmhcohmst

tfbhmomimk rcvmdc, imdl su hcrmltm `mjlol hc hccdu u `rukmd pmomvlhl RR vfic, rfuotlrcol su u ujrchmaprmkrfsu l rcvmdu komjcolcgldf u svla jlthldla cspfitlac odu`simk lvmtc. Vtlgcd fimhmasilb ecitmrc sf

m`rccvc irm komjcolcgldu trltc, komjcolcgldu trmimvc, komjcolcgldu imhiurfhgldf l `rukf ecitmrf imdl

utlu hc locfhdf l omicohlb mivlrc, icm tm su oljfrcolcgldc trltc, fimhmasif lhtfkrcgldf lt`. Lhstltuglmhcohl

ecitmrl su u hcdvfmd afrl `mprlhfol `c komjcolcgldc pmprlal svmdf emracohm mjfofdf. Lhstltuglmhcolcgldma

svftsif pmoltlif irm hc`hcglmhcohf lhstltugldf stvmrlol su sf usomvl c lhstltuglmhcolcgldu elhchsldc, trkmvlhf,

jfjf`hmstl, `rcvstvc, hcuif, iuoturf, ctltc lvmthf srf`lhf l `ruklb mjocstl lvmtc l rc`c odu`l. ^msfjch

pmirftcil ecitmr komjcolcgldf prf`stcvodcdu iuoturmomil ecitmrl. Lcim hclkof` `foudf icm mkrchlcvcdul

ecitmr, iuoturc hccdhm pm`stlf prmgfs komjcolcgldf irm auotliuoturhu imhvfrkfhgldu l stvcrchdf

auotliuoturhmk mirufhdc, tm u ircdhdmd lhstchgl mvm`l m rcvmdc komjcohf iuoturf l komjcohlb iuoturmomilb

mjrccgc. W `rukf strchf, hcdvchldl hc rcvmd komjcolcgldf su iuoturc,

rfkuoctlvc, l`fmomkldc l fimhmaldc. Iuoturc `foudf mkrchlcvcduf hc prmgfs komjcolcgldf irm svf lrcfhldl

utlgcd hcglmhcolac l isfhmemjldf, s df`hf strchf, l stcohm prlsuthf rcolif u vfrmvchdlac, mjlcdlac l dfliu, s

`rukf strchf. Zfkuoctlvc prf`stcvodc `ruku hccdhu jcrldfru rcvmdu komjcolcgldf. L `codf pmstmdf jrmdhf

omicohf rfkuoctlvf u mjocstl fimhmaldf, trkmvlhf, pmoltlif, iuoturf, hcuif, jfjf`hmstl lt`, imdf achdf lol vlf

uspmrcvcdu prmgfsf rfklmhcohlb l komjcohlb lhtfkrcgldc. L`fmomkldc prf`stcvodc df`ch m` hcdvchldlb ecitmrc

komjcolcgldf, icim u pmkofù hdfhf prmamgldf, tcim l u pmkofù hdfhf irltlif. Vtlgcd l`fmomkldf df hcrmltm

lrcfh irm `fomvchdf chtlkomjcolstlimk pmirftc, imdl sf jmrl prmtlv komjcolcgldf u sc`chdfa mjoliu. Hc

ircdu, mkrchlcvcduf `fdstvm hc rcvmd komjcolcgldf lac l scac fimhmaldc. ^rfac Umoeu ;, afu

hcdhccdhldla fimhmasila ecitmrlac imdl mkrchlcvcdu rcvmd komjcolcgldf su prmùjodlvchdf imhiurfhgldf

lafu facodc, imdf rfuotlrc u rcstumd prmtfigldl `macfk trltc, fimhmasic hfstcjlohmst, imdc rfuotlrc

u elhchsldsimd hfstcjlohmstl l pmvfchdu rllic, l msiu`hmst u rfsurslac, imdc utlf hc rcst hdlbmvlb gfhc.

^rfac rflac @mfec tlkolgc4 Komjcolcgldc scac pm sfjl hldf hl mjrc, hl omc. Mhc lac am c ulhl

ahmkf `mjrf stvcrl. Col hccomst, u vfolima jrmdu facodc, mhc hldf `mhfoc mfilvchf imrlstl2. ^mrf` vfolimk

jrmdc prf`hmstl, komjcolcgldc l `codf lac svmdf , imdf sf svm`f hc `vf krupf. ^rvc krupc

prmtlvurfhmstl sf m`hmsl hc prmtlvurfhmstl imdf prmllocf l m`sustvc c`fivcthlb afbchlcac komjcohmk

uprcvodchdc, tm `mprlhmsl prmùjodlvchdu dcc lafu jmkctlb l slrmachlb, omupmtrfjl lhstltugldc komjcohmk

uprcvodchdc, hfofkcohmd lalkrcgldl, komjcolcgldl tfrmrlac, rcstu rllic m` pmdcvf komjcohlb pch`faldc, icm l

svf vffa ckcfhdu lvmthf srf`lhf. @rukc krupc prmtlvurfhmstl sf m`hmsl hc prmtlvurfhmstl imdf

prmllocf l mtpmrc imdl odu`l lacdu prlolima prlbvctchdc tufk l`fhtltftc, imdl sf mkof`cdu irm tfhdu ic

muvchdu iuoturhmk l`fhtltftc, hcglmhcohf prlpc`hmstl l ustcodfhlb mjrccgc pmhcchdc, tm rfuotlrc u

jrmdhla lvfrkfhthla prmgfslac, icm tm su hpr. tfhdf c mscamstcodlvchdfa hcsuprmt tfhdcac ic muvchdu

suvfrfhltftc. Tjmk svfkc tmkc, `chcs sf svf vlf kmvmrl m cslaftrlhmd komjcolcgldl>6), [loo Komjcolzctlmh Wurvlvf=, [mro` Fgmhmalgs, Umo. 5, Hm. 0, p. 3-3>2Wtlkoltz, Dmsfpb (:>>:), Komjcolzctlmh Ch` Lts @lsgmhtfhts, [.[. Hmrtmh & Gmapchy, Hfw \mri, VW>7), Fgmhmalg Komjcolzctlmh ch` Lhstltutlmhs me Komjco Kmvfrhchgf, @fvfompafht ch` Gbchkf, Umo. 70, Lssuf 6, p. ;2;


14/1990

3.:. F Fimhmasil cspfitl komjcolcgldf prf`stcvodcdu hcdvlòdlvldf cspfitf imdl lacdu `cofimsfhl utlgcd hc

svf cspfitf lvmtc. Fimhmasic komjcolcgldc prf`stcvodc prmgfs imhvfrkfhgldf hcglmhcohlb fimhmasilb

slstfac u df`lhstvfh komjcohl slstfa3>. Pm pm`rcuafvc rcvmd hcprf`hlb tfbhmomkldc imdf utlu hc prmgfsf

lhtfkrcgldf prmlvm`hlb l ecitmrsilb trltc lrma svftc, tm mamkucvc felicshldu lhtfrcigldu lafu

fimhmasilb sujdfictc hc komjcohma hlvmu. Prlhm kof`chm, prmgfsl fimhmasilb imhvfrkfhgldc `mvm`f `m

bmamkfhlcgldf gfhc, ivcoltftc l upmtrfjhlb vrf`hmstl prmlvm`c l usoukc, tm rfuotlrc u stvcrchdu komjcohlb

pmtrfjc l komjcohlb pmtrmcc. Ic`c sf komjcohla pmtrmclac prlstupl irm uvccvchdf omicohlb msmjfhmstl,

tc`c kmvmrlam m fimhmasimd komjcolcgldl.

Fimhmasic komjcolcgldc sf pmdcvodudf u `vc mshmvhc mjolic komjcolcgldc trltc l komjcolcgldc

lhstltugldc. K prf`stcvodc mshmvhl mjoli hf scam fimhmasif, vf l komjcolcgldf umptf.

Vjrchl rcvmd komjcolcgldf trltc df mtpmfm sc lhùstrldsima rfvmougldma u RUL vfiu, `c jl `chcs `chcs, u

vrfafhu lhemractlimk `rutvc, komjcolcgldc trltc `mlvfoc svmd vrbuhcg. Hcdfl pmdcvhl mjolgl

komjcolcgldf trltc su komjcolcgldc prmlvm`hdf, komjcolcgldc pmtrmhdf, komjcolcgldc imhiurfhgldf l

komjcolcgldc elhchsldc. Komjcolcgldc prmlvm`hdf sf m`hmsl hc uprcvodchdf ochgfa vrf`hmstl hc komjcohma

hlvmu. Zcvmd imauhlicgldf l trchspmrtc, icm l mtvcrchdf hcglmhcohlb fimhmaldc, mamkulol su prmlvmclac

komjcohl prlstup rfsurslac, tm df stlauoctlvhm `fomvcom hc rcvmd afuhcrm`hmk pmsomvchdc. Komjcolcgldc

prmlvm`hdf df `chcs prcfhc sc komjcolcgldma trltc hcjcvif, komjcolcgldma ecitmrsilb trltc, c hcrmltm

komjcolcgldma trltc rc`c, imdc df ulhloc `mstuphla ahmkc hchdc l vftlhf hc komjcohma hlvmu.

Komjcolcgldc pmtrmhdf sf m`hmsl hc rcvmd bmamkfhlmvchlb pmtrfjc l pmtrmcilb hcvlic hc komjcohma

hlvmu, pm` shchla utlgcdfa iuoturmomimsmglmomif lhtfkrcgldf `rutvc. Mvf tfh`fhgldf su stvmrlof efhmafh

komjcohmk pmtrmcc l iuoturf komjcohmk imhuafrlac, imdl sf jclrcdu hc siupu uhlvfrcohlb pmtrfjc imdf

lacdu pmtrmcl, jf mjlrc hc hdlbmvu kfmkrcesiu, iuoturmomiu lol jlom imdu `ruku prlpc`hmst. Komjcolcgldc

imhiurfhgldf sf m`hmsl hc lkrc`hdu imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl imdc df jclrchc hc `lstlhitlvhla

imapftfhgldcac u c`mvmodcvchdu komjcohlb pmtrfjc. Komjcolcgldc imhiurfhgldf `mprlhmsl svf vffa jrmdu

pmvflvchdc lafu pmsomvhlb sujdfictc, tm u emral iocslhf scrc`hdf, tm u emral u`rulvchdc, tm u pmkofù

lkrc`hdf lhmvctlvhlb pmsomvhlb emractc. Komjcolcgldc imhiurfhgldf s df`hf strchf `mprlhmsl pm`lchdu

ivcoltftc prmlvm`c l usoukc l rcvmdu lhmvcgldc, mi s rukf strchf mprlhmsl pmvfchdu rllic, tm uhmsl hmvu

`lafhldu strctfkldsimk rcalodchdc u prmgfsf u`rulvchdc hc trltu. Komjcolcgldc elhchsldc sf m`hmsl hc

lhtfkrcgldu hcglmhcohlb elhchsldsilb slstfac u df`lhstvfhl svftsil elhchsldsil slstfa jclrch hc oljfrcolcgldl

svftsimk elhchsldsilb trltc. ^rfac Ifhfhu, ftlrl mshmvhc mjolic elhchsldsilb lhtfkrcgldc su lhtfkrcgldc

dcvhmk sfitmrc, lhtfkrcgldc prlvcthmk sfitmrc u mjocstl strchlb `lrfithlb lhvfstlgldc, lhtfkrcgldc prlvcthmk

sfitmrc u mjocstl pmrtemolm lhvfstlgldc l lhtfkrcgldc jchicrsimk sfitmrc33. Mshmvhc prf`hmst elhchsldsif

komjcolcgldf df `mstuphmst elhchsldc hc komjcohma hlvmu, tm rfuotlrc u trchsefru icpltcoc u achdf rcvldfhc

pm`rudc, pmvmodhldla usomvlac cùlvchdc l bcramhlcgldl icacthlb stmpc. Lpci, elhchsldsic komjcolcgldc

`mprlhmsl l prfolvchdu hfkctlvhlb elhchsldsilb fefictc hc komjcohma hlvmu l vfmd cvlshmstl imrlshlicelhchsldsilb srf`stcvc, tm `mvm`l `m pmvfchmk rllic m` lrfhdc elhchsldsif crcf3: (fhk. Elhchglco

Gmhtcklmh), omlb elhchsldsilb pocsachc, irlf dcvhmk ùkc l `fprfsldcgldf hcglmhcohlb vcoutc.

K prf`stcvodc lhercstruiturhl mivlr fimhmasif komjcolcgldf l icm tcicv,

prf`stcvodc am`c l hdfh hcddcl pmirftcil ecitmr. Lhstltuglmhcohc komjcolcgldc hfrcsil`lvm df pmvfchc sc

komjcolcgldma svftsimk pmoltlimk slstfac, c felhlschc df pmstmdchdfa ioduhlb hc`hcglmhcohlb mrkchlcgldc,

icm tm su VH, MFG@, MWGF, HCPM, [PM, [J, AAE, krupf K2 l K:> l ioduhlb rfklmhcohlb lhtfkrcgldc, icm tm

3> rlockmfhm prfac4 Zcil, Jlodchc (:>>5), Fgmhmalg Cspfgts me Komjcolzctlmh,Fgmhmalgs ch` Mrkchlzctlmh, Umo. 7, Hm. 3, p. 37-:>33Ifhfh, ^ftfr (:>>;), Pbf Jfhfelts ch` Zlsis me Elhchglco Komjcolzctlmh,Pbf GCPM Dmurhco, Umo. :;, Hm. :, p. 3;>>), Elhchglco Gmhtcklmh,Dmurhco me ^moltlgco Fgmhmay, Umo. 3>2, Hm. 3, p. 3-77


15/1996

su FV, HCEPC, CWFCH lt`. ^mrf` tmkc, lhstltuglmhcohu komjcolcgldu pm`stlu l jrmdhf auotlhcglmhcohf l

trchshcglmhcohf imapchldf, icm l hcglmhcohf fimhmaldf imdf irflrcdu pm`stlgcdhf usomvf c irftchdf icpltcoc

l hchdc irm mshlvchdf pmsfjhlb fimhmasilb mhc, icm tm su somjm`hf gcrlhsif mhf, somjm`hf lvmhf mhf

lt`, icm l rcvmdhlb pcrimvc, icm tm su hcuhl, tfbhmomil, lhùstrldsil, pmsomvhl l `rukl pcrimvl. Df`lhstvfhl

pmdca imdla sf mplsudu svf lhstltugldf imdf lhf lhercstruituru komjcolcgldf df pmdca komjcohmk uprcvodchdc

(fhk. Komjco Kmvfrhchgf). Komjcohm uprcvodchdf sf fstm pmsactrc icm uprcvodchdf komjcohla prmgfslac u

m`sustvu svftsif voc`f. Komjcohm uprcvodchdf euhiglmhlf u rchla cspfitlac `rutvc, icm tm su pmoltlic,

fimhmaldc, jfjf`hmst, mjrcmvchdf, hcuic, ctltc lvmthf srf`lhf, imauhlicgldf lt`. Hc ircdu, pmtrfjhm df

lstcl pmsfjch hccd l uomku prmgfsc lkrc`hdf komjcohmk lhemracglmhmk slstfac (fhk. Komjco Lhemractlmh

Wstfa), imdl prf`stcvodc imauhlicglmhu arfu imdc prfvclocl hcglmhcohf l rfklmhcohf krchlgf l imdc

mamkucvc prlstup l prfhms pm`ctcic u jlom imdl fm svftc. Komjcohl lhemracglmhl slstfa df dm uvfi u rcvmdu,

c hdfkmvu mimshlgu lhf svftsic lhemracglmhc arfc l svftsic tfofimauhlicglmhc arfc.

3.7. Tjmk imapofishmstl l lhtfhltftc fomvchdc, komjcolcgldc chcs prfsu`hm utlf hc pmsomvchdf svcimk

pmsomvhmk sujdfitc. Pcd utlgcd sf vlfstruim mkof`c, m` amkuhmstl c pmvmodhldu hcjcviu rfsursc, prfim vflbamkuhmstl c ufhdf l uarfcvchdf, svf `m amkuhmstl rcvmdc pmsomvchdc hc hmvla trltlac. ci l mhc

prfùfc imdc pmsoudu lsiodulvm hc `macfa trltu msfcdu utlgcd komjcolcgldf irm prmafhf u pmhcchdu

pmtrmcc l hcaftchdf hmvlb stch`cr`c m` strchf imhiurfhgldf.

Komjcolcgldc utlf hc lhtfrhcglmhcolcgldu pmsomvchdc irm trl mshmvhc prcvgc `fomvchdc. ^rvl prcvcg

`fomvchdc df . Zcvmd trchspmrtc utlf hc rufhdf kfmkrcesilb jcrldfrc c rcvmd pmsomvchdc.

@mstuphmst scvrfafhlb srf`stcvc trchspmrtc mamkucvc prfùflac `c jf vfolilb ichdfhdc l pm

pmvmodhla gfhcac vrf hcjcviu slrmvlhc, vrf trchspmrt kmtmvlb prmlvm`c hc lhmstrchc trltc. V juùfa

pfrlmù, amf sf mfilvctl rcvmd hmvlb srf`stcvc jrmk trchspmrtc, icm tm su hpr. Ackofv vmmvl, imdc f

putmvchdc ulhltl dm pmvmodhldla, c tm f jltl `m`cthl pm`stlgcd c lhtfrhcglmhcolcgldu pmsomvchdc. @rukl

prcvcg fomvchdc df . Wcvrfafhc srf`stvc imauhlicgldf su m tf afrf rcvldfhc`c sf hf imrlstf vlf scam u svrbu puif imauhlicgldf, vf l c pmvflvchdf l uarfcvchdf u simrm svla

cspfitlac lvmtc l pmsomvchdc. Mvmaf df hcdvlf `mprlhfm jrl rcvmd lhemracglmhlb l tfofimauhlicglmhlb

tfbhmomkldc, hcrmltm Lhtfrhftc l amjlohlb tfofimauhlicgldc. ^rfac ahmkla lstrclvchdlac, u hcrf`hlb

hfimolim km`lhc komjcohl imauhlicglmhl icpcgltftl f uvfolim prfvcll jrmd sujdfictc imdl imauhlglrcdu 37.

Prfl prcvcg `fomvchdc df . Komjcolcgldc df prfsu`hm utlgcoc hc

prmafhu pcrc`lkal rcalodchdc l pmsomvchdc. Zcafhc lhemracgldc l pmvflvchdf lafu rcolltlb iuoturc

`mprlhfol su fachglpcgldl l prmafhl svfstl odu`l, tm df rfuotlrcom svfmptla rcvmdfa somjm`c. W rukf strchf,

komjcohm pmvflvchdf df `mvfom `m komjcohf scrc`hdf. Komjcohc scrc`hdc sf mkof`c icim u rcvmdu

afuhcrm`hlb fimhmasilb m`hmsc, imdl mjubvctcdu rcvmd afuhcrm`hf trkmvlhf30 l rcvmd afuhcrm`hlb

irftchdc icpltcoc, tcim l u rcvmdu afuhcrm`hlb pmoltlilb m`hmsc, imdl mjuvbctcdu rcvmd afuhcrm`hlblhstltugldc, prmùjodlvchdf afuhcrm`hf scrc`hdf l lhtfhlvlrchdf afuhcrm`hlb lhtfkrcglmhlb prmgfsc.

Oljfrcolcgldc rutvc, oljfrcolcgldc trltc l lhtfhlvhldc afuhcrm`hc scrc`hdc mprlhmsf hf scam prmafhl

pmsomvhlb stcvmvc, vf l prmafhl imhirfthlb pmsomvhlb mrldfhtcgldc.

37^rfac lstrclvchdu imapchldf Jmmz&Gm, `m :>:>. km`lhf gfomiuphc df`hc kfhfrcgldc, zvchc Kfhfrcgldc G (Gmhhfgtf`), imdc mjubvctc svf mhf imdl surmfhl pmsof 3:>. km`lhf prfl gleru m` 6> aloldcr`l, icm l lstrclvchdf imapchldf CJL Zfsfcrgb, pm imdfa f sf jrmd jflhlb ([lrfofss)tfralhcoc `m :>:>. km`lhf utrmstrultl l `mstll gleru m` 7> aloldcr`l urfcdc. Lzvmr4www.jmmzcoofh.gma30

^rfac pm`cglac Wvftsif trkmvlhsif mrkchlzcgldf, m` zcvrftic LL svftsimk rctc, rcst svftsif trkmvlhf df jlm mim `vc putc vfl m` rcstc svftsimk K@^-c


16/1995

3.0. Komjcolcgldc trltc pmafrc tfltf afhcàfht mrldfhtcgldf m` fthmgfhtrlhf ic kfmgfhtrlhmd36.

^rfùfthlil ùb, imdl df pmirftc rcvmdc prfùfc, svf vlf jlvc vmfh chscac l amkuhmstlac imdf sf

hcocf lvch krchlgc faodf. mtrfjf l fodf pmtrmcc susf`hlb, rfklmhcohlb l komjcohlb trltc svf vlf pmstcdu

vlòdlvf l mstuphf. Icm m`kmvmr hc mvcd lcmv, prfùfc rcvldcdu rcolltf emraf pmsomvchdc hc lhmstrchma

trltu35, pmfv m` olgfhglrchdc l cstuphltvc, prfim scamstcohf prm`cdf, svf `m lhvfstlrchdc u smpstvfhf

icpcgltftf c prmlvm`hdu l pruchdf usoukc u lhmstrchstvu.

Wcac lhtfrhcglmhcolcgldc pmsomvchdc prf`stcvodc auotl`lafhlmhcohl prmgfs, imdl mjubvctc

fispchldu pmsomvchdc hc vlf hlvmc m` stcvc afhcàfhtc l afhcàfht imhtrmof, prfim ùjlhf

afuhcrm`hlb mpfrcgldc l ùjlhf pfhftrcgldf hc afuhcrm`hm trltf, pc svf `m hlvmc mvoc`cvchdc

rcolltmstlac lhmstrchlb trltc. Wvcil m` mvlb hlvmc m`rccvc pmsfjhf fofafhtf omklif lhtfrhcglmhcolcgldf

pmsomvchdc, l svcil m` mvlb hlvmc pmtvrudf u ima stfpfhu df prfùff ckclom u vm`f lhtfrhcglmhcolcgldf

svmk pmsomvchdc. ^rfac @chlfosu, Zcd`fjcbu l Wcolvfhu, pmstmdl pft mjrccgc fispchldf afuhcrm`hmk

pmsomvchdc (loustrcgldc 3)3;. ^rvl mjrccg prf`stcvodc . Lhtfrhcglmhcolcgldc

pmsomvchdc mvm`l m fvmougldf stcvc afhcàfhtc, m` pcslvhmk m`kmvmrc hc lcmvf afuhcrm`hmk trltc,

prfim trcfhdc amkuhmstl hc lhmstrchla trltlac, svf m malhcgldf lhtfrhcglmhcohmk trltc u pmsomvchdu.

@rukl mjrccg prf`stcvodc . Afhcàfht imhtrmoc afuhcrm`hlb mpfrcgldc sf

u sutlhl m`hmsl hc emrau lhtfrhcglmhcolcgldf pmsomvchdc. V tma pmkofù, rcvmd pmsomvchdc hc lhmstrchma

trltu amf jltl imhtrmolsch fistfrhm irm emractf icm tm su iocslch lvm, `lstrljutfrstvm, cstuphltvm,

ukmvmrhc prmlvm`hdc lt`, lol imhtrmolsch lhtfrhm irm emractf icm tm su erchllhk, olgfhglrchdf, mtvcrchdf

eloldcoc l prf`stcvhltcvc lol irm `lrfithm lol pmrtemolm lhvfstlrchdf. Prfl mjrccg sf m`hmsl hc

. Wolhm icm l im` afhcàfht imhtrmof, l ùjlhc afuhcrm`hlb mpfrcgldc sf u

sutlhl m`hmsl hc emrau lhtfrhcglmhcolcgldf pmsomvchdc. V mvma pmkofù, ùjlhc afuhcrm`hlb mpfrcgldc

amf vcrlrctl m` mkrchlfhlb afuhcrm`hlb mpfrcgldc u emral spmrc`lhmk l pmvrfafhmk lvmrc, prfim

mkrchlfhf afuhcrm`hf auotlpolicgldf euhigldc u emral `lstrljutfrstvc, cstuphltvc, erchllhkc,

olgfhglrchdc lt`, mkrchlfhf lhmstrchf prmlvm`hdf u emral ukmvmrhf prmlvm`hdf, ukmvmrhmk afhcàfhtc l

so, pc svf `m fistfhlvhf lhmstrchf prmlvm`hdf u emral strchlb `lrfithlb lol pmrtemolm lhvfstlgldc. ftvrtl

mjrccg sf m`hmsl hc . Mvm df tlplch l hcddf`hmstcvhldl hclh c loustrcgldu

lhtfrhcglmhcolcgldf pmsomvchdc. Mjlhm sf lhtfrhcglmhcolcgldc pmsomvchdc pmdf`hmstcvodfhm pmsactrc irm

jrmd lhmstrchlb trltc hc imdlac prfùff pmsoudf. Pcim pmstmdl pmsomvchdf hc df`hma trltu, hc hfimolim

trltc, hc vlf trltc l hc vfolima jrmdu lhmstrchlb trltc. ftl mjrccg sf m`hmsl hc

, imdl prf`stcvodc df`ch m` hcdloustrctlvhldlb hclhc u chcoll lhtfrhcglmhcolcgldf pmsomvchdc. ^rfac

mvma mjrcsgu, prfùff amf lhtfrhcglmhcolmvctl svmdf pmsomvchdf pfhftrcgldma hc trl krupf trltc. ^rvc

krupc prf`stcvodcdu trltc imdc su u vfolimd afrl solhc `macfa trltu, c tm su hcdff rfklmhcohc trltc.

@rukc krupc prf`stcvodc trltc `folalhm solhc `macfa trltu, c tm su hcdff trltc sc m`rffhla

iuoturmomila solhmstlac. Prfc krupc trltc prf`stcvodcdu trltc trltc imdc su u vfolimd afrl rcolltc u

36 rfac Umrfhu Ilkchu, pmstmdf ftlrl afhcàfht mrldfhtcgldf u afuhcrm`hma pmsomvchdu4 (3) fthmgfhtrlhc mrldfhtcgldc, imdc pmoczl m` prftpmstcvif csu pmtrfjf hc lhmstrchma trltu lstf icm l pmtrfjf hc `macfa trltu, l im` imdf df `macf trltf prlacrhm, (:) pmolgfhtrlhc mrldfhtcgldc, imdc pmoczl m`prftpmstcvif c sf pmtrfjf rczoliudu m` trltc m trltc, l im` imdf svcic eloldcoc u lhmstrchstvu rczvldc svmdu zcsfjhu strctfkldu, (7) rfklmgfhtrlhc mrldfhtcgldc,imdc pmoczl m` prftpmstcvif `c su pmtrfjf hc rfklmhcohma trltu bmamkfhf, l im` imdf sf rczvldcdu prmkrcal zc rfklmhcohc trltc, l (0) kfmgfhtrlhcmrldfhtcgldc, imdc pmoczl m` prftpmstcvif `c su pmtrfjf u svmdmd sutlhl uhlvfrzcohf, col `c sf rczoliudu m` trltc `m trltc, l im` imdf sf rczvldcdu komjcohfstrctfkldf imdf sf prlockmcvcdu omicohla trltlac. (lzvmr4 Iffkch, D. [crrfh (:>>3), Komjco Acriftlhk Achckfafht, ;tb F`ltlmh, ^fcrsmh, Omh`mh, VI, p. 3:-30)35 rfac Cofhu Zuachu l Zlcrù Bm`ftsu, mvoc`cvchdf prmgfsma lhtfrhcglmhcolzcgldf pmsomvchdc prmoczl irmz sof`ff ftcpf4 (3) olgfhglrchdf, (:) lzvmz prfimckfhtc, `lstrljutfrc lol zcstuphlic, (7) lzvmz irmz smpstvfhu prm`cdu u emral prf`stcvhltvc lol eloldcof, (0) omicohc prmlzvm`hdc l pcimvchdf l (6) strchm `lrfithmlhvfstlrchdf (lzvmr4 Zukach, A. Coch9 Bm`kftts, A. Zlgbcr` (:>>7), Lhtfrhctlmhco Juslhfss, 7r` F`ltlmh, ^fcrsmh, Omh`mh, VI, p. 0>-0:). W `rukf strchf, prfacWuzch @ckocs l Wfadufou Irfku, lhtfrhcglmhcolzcgldc pmsomvchdc sf m`vldc u sof`fla eczcac4 (3) prflhtfrhcglmhcolzcgldc, (:) lhlgldcohl uoczci hc lhmstrchm trltf,(7) fispchzldc hc omicohma trltu l (0) komjcohc rcglmhcolzcgldc (lzvmr4 @mukocs, . Wusch9 Grclk, G. Wcaufo (3


17/199;

m`hmsu hc `macf trltf, c tm su hcdff trltc imdc su kfmkrcesil l iuoturmomil u`codfhc m` `macfk

trltc.

Loustrcgldc 34 Mjrcsgl lhtfrhcglmhcolzcgldf pmsomvchdc

^MWOMUCHDF VTFAODL

Wtcvafhcàfhtc

^cslvhlm`kmvmrl hclzczmvf

Citlvhmtrcfhdfamkuhmstl

^rmcitlvhmlhtfrhcglmhcohmpmsomvchdf

Afhcàfhtimhtrmoc

Wpmrc`lhfafuhcrm`hf

citlvhmstl

Fistfhzlvhc prmlzvm`hdc hclhmstrchma trltu

@folalhc auotlpolicgldc euhigldc lol

`folalhc prmlzvm`hdc hclhmstrchma trltu

@ujlhc afuhcrm`hlbmpfrcgldc

Hcstup prfimpcrthfrc, imdlukocvhmaimhtrmolulzvrfhdfukmvmrc

Hcstup irmzscamstcohfmpfrcgldf, imdfukocvhma imhtrmolfpmsomvhl sujdfit

Df`hm lhmstrchm trltf

Hfimolim lhmstrchlb trltc

ûhm lhmstrchlb trltc

Kfmkrcesic`lvfrslelicgldc

Ufmacsolhc trltc

@folalhm solhctrltc

^mtpuhm rczolltctrltc

Wolhmst lzafutrltc

Lzvmr4 @chlfos, @. Dmbh9 Zc`fcukb, B. Off9 Wuoolvch, ^. @chlfo (:>>0), Lhtfrhctlmhco Juslhfss Fhvlrmhafhtch` Mpfrctlmhs, 3>tb F`ltlmh, ^fcrsmh ^rfhtlgf-Bcoo, VW, str. 3;

:. CCC CFFK GFC F:.3. Virctim rffhm, imhiurfhthmst prf`stcvodc spmsmjhmst hcàftchdc, td. spmsmjhmst df`hmk fhtltftc,

icm tm df hpr. pmdf`lhcg, mrkchlcgldc, jlodic lol lvmtlhdc, c sf ljmrl c pmvmodhldl prlstup rfsurslac u m`hmsu

hc `rukl fhtltft, icim jmk mpstchic, tcim l jmk culachdc pmvmodhldf pmlgldf u prmgfsu rcvmdc l fvmougldf.

Imhiurfhthmst df uhlvfrcohc pmdcvc imdc pmstmdl icim u prlrm`hla slstfalac, icm tm su jlmomkldc l fimomkldc,

tcim l u `rutvfhla slstfalac, icm tm su `rutvm l fimhmaldc.

^mstmdf ftlrl . ^rvc stvcr imdc `ftfralhltf imhiurfhthmst df

pmstmdchdf hcdachdf `vc fhtltftc. Mvl fhtltftl scamstcohm euhiglmhlu l lacdu achdu lol vfu pmtrfju c

imrlfhdfa mkrchlfhlb rfsursc c svmd mpstchci l rcvmd. @rukc stvcr imdc `ftfralhltf imhiurfhthmst df

pmstmdchdf hcdachdf df`hmk mkrchlfhmk rfsursc. Mvcd mkrchlfhl rfsurs prf`stcvodc mshmv mpstchic l rcvmdc

c fhtltftf imdl kc imrlstf. Prfc stvcr imdc `ftfralhlf imhiurfhthmst df pmstmdchdf fvmougldf l rcvmdc im`fhtltftc. Fvmougldc l rcvmd su `lrfithc pmsof`lgc imrlfhdc rfsursc m` strchf fhtltftc l prf`stcvodcdu usomv

hdlbmvmk mpstchic. ftvrtc stvcr imdc `ftfralhlf imhiurfhthmst df pmstmdchdf afbchlcac c prlstup

mkrchlfhla rfsurslac. Mvl afbchlal prf`stcvodcdu tfbhmomiu imapmhfhtu imhiurfhthmstl jf imdf

rfsursf hf jl jlom amkuf imrlstltl, tm scala tla pmvocl l lhdfhlgu `c jf tfbhmomif imapmhfhtf fhtltftl

hf jl amkol `c mpstchu.

Imhiurfhthmst icm pmdcvc lac `vf mshmvhf imapmhfhtf. ^rvc imapmhfhtc imhiurfhthmstl df

mplpodlvc l prf`stcvodc , pm` imdma sf pm`rcuafvcdu rchf sltucgldf u imdmd fhtltft lac

amkuhmst achdf lol vlf hfmaftchmk imrlfhdc rfsursc, m` pmsf`mvchdc rfsursc, prfim pmvmodhlb hclhc c

prlstup rfsurslac, m jollhf lvmrlac rfsursc. Mvc imapmhfhtc sf amf pmsactrctl l prlrm`hc imapmhfhtc


18/1992

imhiurfhthmstl, c fhtltftl imdlac su rfsursl prlrm`hm `mstuphl fstm lacdu amhmpmolstliu pmlgldu. @rukc

imapmhfhtc imhiurfhthmstl df hfmplpodlvc l m`hmsl sf hc . Uftlhf imrlfhdc

rfsursc amku fhtltftu `c mamkuf pmvmodhldu pmlgldu u m`hmsu hc `rukf fhtltftf, lcim au df prlstup

rfsurslac mkrchlfh. @vf mshmvhf vftlhf imrlfhdc rfsursc su felicshmst l lhmvctlvhmst. Mvf vf vftlhf hf

scam `c amku `c uhcprf`f imrlfhdf mkrchlfhlb rfsursc, hfkm amku `c `mprlhfsu pmafrchdu tfltc

imhiurlschdc u mhf mjocstl u imdlac fhtltftl lacdu supfrlmrhu pmlgldu u m`hmsu hc hmvf imajlhcgldf rfsursc.

Mshmvhc `vc hclhc mpstchic l rcvmdc fhtltftc su imhiurfhgldc l scrc`hdc. ^m` sf

pm`rcuafvc rlvcoltft lafu `vc lol vlf fhtltftc u glodu hdlbmvmk mpstchic l rcvmdc. Imhiurfhgldc pmstmdl

uvfi ic`c `vc fhtltftc tff mstvcrfhdu glodc imdl df hf`fodlv32. Zlvcoltft sf amf pmdcvltl u emral hcàftchdc,

tcialfhdc lol jmrjf. Fhtltftl amku jltl icim rcolltl mrkchlal l lvmtlhdf, tcim l odu`l l `rutvfhf krupf.

Mpstchci l rcvmd fhtltftc pm`rcuafvc icim puim prflvodcvchdf l prmstu rfprmùigldu, tcim l rcvmd fhtltftc

l lkrc`hdu hdfkmvmk `rutvfhmk stctusc l ol`frsif pmlgldf. W `rukf strchf, prf`stcvodc citlvhmst u

imdmd `vc lol vlf fhtltftc rc`f cdf`hm u glodu mstvcrlvchdc cdf`hlilb imrlstl. Wcrc`hdc pmstmdl lol ic`c su

rfsursl `mvmodhl `c c`mvmodf pmtrfjf svlb fhtltftc lol ic`c fhtltftl svmdma lhtfrcigldma prmlvm`f hmvf

rfsursf3. @rukla rflac, fimhmasic imhiurfhthmst prf`stcvodc spmsmjhmst

fimhmasilb sujdfictc `c imhiurlu df`hl `ruklac, icim c pmvfrfhdf pmtrmcc l dcvhmstl, tcim l c prlstup

rfsurslac l amkuhmstlac. Zfsursl c imdf fimhmasil sujdfitl imhiurlu sf hcocf hc trl hlvmc. ^rvl hlvm su

, imdl prf`stcvodcdu mshmvhl uochl fofafht u prmgfsu stvcrchdc vrf`hmstl, icm tm su hc prlafr slrmvlhf,

actfrldcol, fhfrkldc, odu`sil rfsursl, hchdc l lhemracgldf. @rukl hlvm su , imdlac fimhmasil sujdfitl

lspmruudu vrf`hmst l imdl prf`stcvodcdu lvmr prmeltc. Prfl hlvm su , imdl prf`stcvodcdu svmdfvrshl

`rutvfhl icpltco:3 imdl fimhmasil sujdfitl stvcrcdu u lhtfrcigldl sc `rukla sujdfitlac l `rutvfhma

cdf`hlgma u gfolhl. @mjrm lkrcfhl m`hmsl prf`stcvodcdu rfsursf imdl sf amku lsimrlstltl hc `vc hclhc lol

c rfcolcgldu amkuhmstl u m`hmslac sc `rukla sujdfitlac lol c stvcrchdf rfputcgldf u m`hmslac sc

`rutvfhma cdf`hlgma.

Hc pltchdf tc mprf`fodudf hlvm imhiurfhthmstl hf pmstmdl uhlvfrcoch m`kmvmr. @mi pmdf`lhl cutmrl

hckoccvcdu vfolil jrmd ctrljutc, icm tm su spmsmjhmst prlvocfhdc, c`rcvchdc, stvcrchdc vrf`hmstl, prm`cdf,

prlockmcvchdc, afhdchdc, lhmvlrchdc lt`, `rukl cutmrl mvf ctrljutf slstfactludu l kfhfrcoludu. Pcim, prfac

Prcjmoù::, pmstmdf ftlrl mshmvhc cspfitc imhiurfhthmstl. Pm su spmsmjhmst prm`cdf hc komjcohma trltu,

spmsmjhmst prlvocfhdc lhvfstlgldc, spmsmjhmst prlockmcvchdc, td. pmsomvhf eofisljlohmstl, l spmsmjhmst

stvcrchdc l uvfchdc rcspmomlvmk `mbmtic, spmsmjhmst mstvcrlvchdc prmeltcjlohmstl. Wvl mvl ctrljutl sf amku

svrstctl u lhtfrhf l fistfrhf pmirftcf imhiurfhthmstl. V tma salsou, imhiurfhthmstl sfm`hmsf hc hchdc l vftlhf, lhmvctlvhl icpcgltft, prfùfthlil icpcgltft, siomhmst ic prlbvctchdu rllic,

icrcitfrlstlif ol`frstvc lt`, c hc pmvmodch prlstup rfsurslac, imapcrctlvhf prf`hmstl,

trlhf amkuhmstl, pmltlvhl fimhmasil trfh`mvl, udf`hccvchdf pmtrmcilb pmtrfjc lt`.

32If``y, C. ^cuo (:>>3)4 Gmapftltlmh, :h` F`ltlmh, Iouwfr Cgc`falg ûjolsbfrs, @mr`rfgbt, Hftbfroch`s, p. 66:3Waltb, C`ca (3;;0),Ch Lhqulry lhtm tbf Hcturf ch` Gcusfs me tbf [fcotb me Hctlmhs, Jmmi LL, [. Wtrcbch ch` P. Gc`foo, Omh`mh, VI, p. 7:2), Bmw Augb crf Wtu`lfs me Gmapftltlvfhfss [mrtb=, Gmapftltlvfhfss me Hfw Furmpf ^cpfrs erma tbf Wfgmh` Ochgut Fgmhmalg Emrua, Pcyomr& Erchgls, Omh`mh. VI, p. 3;0-322:0@lrfithc imhiurfhthmst sf fstm hczlvc l imhiurfhgldc ictfkmrldf lol imhiurfhgldc jrfh`c:6^mkof`ctl4 Folcssmh, K. (3


20/1993>

imdf su pmtrfjhf c vrfhdf spfglelhmk pmsoc, icm tm su pmhcvchdf elhchsldsif chcolf, pmhcvchdf

m`rffhmk smetvfrc lt`, l (0) imapftfhgldf ol`frstvc, imdf sf m`hmsf hc spmsmjhmstl pmdf`lhcgc `c uprcvodcdu

svmdla rfuotctlac l rfuotctlac `ruklb odu`l, c mjubvctcdu vftlhf ruimvmfhdc, mrkchlcglmhf spmsmjhmstl

lt`. Wiup lh`lvlùcohlb imapftfhgldc lhl kruphf imapftfhgldf. V soucdu pmsomvhlb sujdfictc, tf kruphf

imapftfhgldf sf hclvcdu mrkchlcglmhla imapftfhgldcac l mhf hf prf`stcvodcdu prmst jlr lh`lvlùcohlb

imapftfhgldc, hfkm hftm vlf m` tmkc, tm df rfuotct `fomvchdc afhcblcac slhfrkldf l lapolglthmk

mrkchlcglmhmk hchdc. Mrkchlcglmhf imapftfhgldf sf hcdff pmsactrcdu hc hlvmu ioduhlb l `lstlhitlvhlb

imapftfhgldc, td. hc hlvmu dfkrc imapftfhthmstl mrkchlcgldf:5. I (fhk. Gmrf

Gmapftfhglfs) prf`stcvodcdu mhf spmsmjhmstl imdf su ioduhf c pmsomvchdf mrkchlcgldf (hftm u fau df

mrkchlcgldc pmsfjhm `mjrc). Ioduhf imapftfhgldf su hcdff pmvfchf sc jclhma `focthmu

mrkchlcgldf l vchldf su m` imapftfhgldc, dfr utlu hc rfuotctf pmsomvchdc l mprf`fodudu uspfb hc trltu.

^rfac ^rcbcocù l Bcafou:;, ioduhf imapftfhgldf rfeofitudu imofitlvhm ufhdf mrkchlcgldf l mjubvctcdu

immr`lhcgldu rcolltlb spmsmjhmstl u glodu prmlvm`hdf ioduhlb prmlvm`c l usoukc mrkchlcgldf. rfac hdlac,

`c jl m`rffhf imapftfhgldf jlof ioduhf, mhf amrcdu c lspuhf trl usomvc4 (3) hf safdu jltl ocif c laltlrchdf

m` strchf imhiurfhgldf, (:) amku sf imrlstltl c prmlvm`hdu vlf prmlvm`c l hcstupc hc vlf trltc l (7)

amrcdu `c `mprlhmsf vrf`hmstl prmlvm`c lol usoukf l ircdhdfa c`mvmodstvu pmtrmcc. ^rlafrc rc`l,

imapchldc c prmlvm`hdu mhocdh lkrlgc c `rutvfhf arff amf lactl vfmac felicsch slstfa uprcvodchdc

colbcac, col tc hdfhc spmsmjhmst hf prf`stcvodc hdfhu ioduhu imapftfhgldu, vf jl ioduhu imapftfhgldu

amkoc `c prf`stcvodcdu hchdc l spmsmjhmstl hdfhlb prmkrcafrc u mjocstl rcvmdc lhmvctlvhlb smetvfrsilb

rffhdc imdc rc`f hc Ch`rml` cpolicgldcac. @ (fhk. @lstlhgtlvf Gmapftfhglfs)

prf`stcvodcdu imapftfhgldf imdf mrkchlcgldu lhf rukcldma u m`hmsu hc imhiurfhgldu. Pm su imapftfhgldf

imdf su df`lhstvfhf c mrkchlcgldu l imdf su u m`rffhma cspfitu supfrlmrhf u m`hmsu hc imapftfhgldf

`ruklb mrkchlcgldc. ^msf`mvchdf `lstlhitlvhlb imapftfhgldc mamkucvc mrkchlcgldl mstvcrlvchdf prf`hmstl

u m`hmsu hc imhiurfhgldu irm lspmruiu df`lhstvfhf vrf`hmstl hc trltu. Lvmrl `lstlhitlvhlb imapftfhgldc

amku jltl lhtfrhl, icm tm su hpr. ivcoltft afhcàfhtc, vftlhf prm`cvcgc, hlvm trmimvc, icrcitfrlstlif

pmsomvhlb prmgfsc, mrkchlcgldc prmgfsc prmlvm`hdf, ivcoltft pmstprm`cdhlb usoukc lt`. l fistfrhl, icm tm su

hpr. tfbhmomic mprfaodfhmst, trlhc pmlgldc, jrlhc prlstupc trltu, ivcoltft smgldcohmk icpltcoc:2, prlstup

lvmrlac elhchslrchdc lt`. @lstlhitlvhf imapftfhgldf hlsu scaf pm sfjl `ctf, vf lb mrkchlcgldc vrfafhma

rcvldc. Tjmk prmafhodlvmstl lhtfrhmk l fistfrhmk mirufhdc, `lstlhitlvhf imapftfhgldf mrkchlcgldf l hdfhf

imhiurfhgldf sf tmima vrfafhc afhdcdu, pc sf svf vlf kmvmrl m `lhcalhla spmsmjhmstlac:>6), Afhcàfht l strctfkldc, prvm lz`chdf, Fimhmasil eciuotft, Vhlvfrzltft uJfmkrcù, Jfmkrc`, str. :;:-:;0:;^rcbcoc`, G. Irlsbhcrcm9 Bcafo, Kcry (3


21/19933

m` `ruklb lhtfrhlb citlvhmstl, c `lstlhitlvhf imapftfhgldf prf`stcvodcdu vfmac vchf citlvhmstl imdf

pmsomvhl sujdfitl mjcvodcdu jmodf m` imhiurfhgldf7>. Hc mshmvu prftbm`hm rffhmk, amf sf rfl `c su

`lstlhitlvhf imapftfhgldf rfuotct `fdstvc vffk jrmdc ecitmrc, `c sf l`fhtleliudu pcodlvma chcolma, `c su

prmafhdlvf tmima vrfafhc, `c sf hf pmiocpcdu huhm sc ioduhla imapftfhgldcac, `c prf`stcvodcdu mshmv

c lkrc`hdu imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl l `c prf`stcvodcdu lvmr m`rlvmk rcstc mrkchlcgldf73.

Ioduhf (`lstlhitlvhf) imapftfhgldf stvcrcdu usomvf c mstvcrlvchdf prf`hmstl mrkchlcgldf hc trltu,u m`hmsu hc hdfhu imhiurfhgldu. V strctfkldsima afhcàfhtu, tc prf`hmst sf hclvc

(fhk. Gmapftltlvf C`vchtckf). Imhiurfhtsic prf`hmst hcstcdf pmvflvchdfa ioduhlb l `lstlhitlvhlb

imapftfhgldcac sc chscac l amkuhmstlac l mirufhdc. V tma salsou, imhiurfhtsic prf`hmst prf`stcvodc

trlhu vfrlelicgldu ioduhlb l `lstlhitlvhlb imapftfhgldc imdf pmsfùdf pmsomvhl sujdfit, td. mrkchlcgldc. tc

df ustvcrl imhiurfhtsic prf`hmst= Imhiurfhtsic prf`hmst prf`stcvodc svf mhm tm mrkchlcgldl mamkucvc

`c hcprfùdf tcim tm f hcàcltl svmdu imhiurfhgldu. Pm df siup ctrljutc imdl mamkuudf mrkchlcgldl `c

stvmrl l lspmrul supfrlmrhu vrf`hmst c pmtrmcf u m`hmsu hc imhiurfhgldu l tlaf uvfc vrf`hmst

smpstvfhmk jlhlsc. Pl ctrljutl amku jltl lhtfrhl, icm tm su supfrlmrhl pmsomvhl prmgfsl, ivcolelimvchc rc`hc

shckc lol tfbhmomic mprfaodfhmst, lol fistfrhl, icm tm su prlstup rftila rfsurslac, trlhc pmlgldc lol jmodf

rcuafvchdf pmtrfjc pmtrmcc. ^rfac Iocuomvu, Kfrstachu l Jfrldu7:, mrkchlcgldc lac imhiurfhtsiu

prf`hmst ic`c prlafhdudf strctfkldu stvcrchdc vrf`hmstl imdc u lstm vrfaf hldf prlafhdfhc m` strchf

pmstmdflb lol pmtfhgldcohlb imhiurfhctc. Ic`c mvcivu strctfkldu stvcrchdc vrf`hmstl imhiurfhgldc hf amf

`c implrc lol laltlrc, tc`c sf icf `c mrkchlcgldc lac m`rlvu imhiurfhtsiu prf`hmst. W `rukf strchf, prfac

Jcrhldu77, imhiurfhtsic prf`hmst df pmvfchc sc stvcrchdfa fimhmasif vrf`hmstl. rfac hdfau, pmstmdf trl

sltucgldf4 (3) imhiurfhtsic prf`hmst, ic`c pmsomvhl sujdfit stvcrc vfu fimhmasiu vrf`hmst m`

imhiurfhgldf, (:) imhiurfhtsil pcrltft, ic`c pmsomvhl sujdfit stvcrc df`hciu fimhmasiu vrf`hmst icm l

hdfkmvc imhiurfhgldc l (7) imhiurfhtsil bfh`lifp, ic`c pmsomvhl sujdfit stvcrc achdu fimhmasiu vrf`hmst

m` imhiurfhgldf. L tf pfrspfitlvf, imhiurfhtsic prf`hmst imdc trcdf irctimrmhm hclvc sf prlvrfafhc

imhiurfhtsic prf`hmst, c imhiurfhtsic prf`hmst imdc trcdf ùkmrmhm hclvc sf m`rlvc imhiurfhtsic

prf`hmst. Mshmvhl fofafhtl imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl su df`lhstvfhmst, imdc sf mkof`c u lhcocfhdu uhlicthlb

hclhc c c`mvmodcvchdf pmtrfjc pmtrmcc, strctfkldsil emius, imdl sf mkof`c u usrf`srffhmstl hc lkrc`hdl

ioduhlb imapftfhgldc imdf vm`f ic stvcrchdu supfrlmrhf vrf`hmstl, lhmvctlvhmst, imdc sf mkof`c u rcvmdu

irfctlvhlb rffhdc imdc mamkucvcdu muvchdf imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl, l m`rlvmst, imdc sf mkof`c u

prmhcocfhdu lvmrc imhiurfhtsilb prf`hmstl imdf mamkucvcdu actfrldcolcgldu malhchthf trlhf pmlgldf

hc ùkl rmi.

Loustrcgldc :4 Urstf imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstlIMHIVZFHPWIC ZF@HMWP IMHIVZFHPWIL CZLPFP IMHIVZFHPWIL BFH@LIF^

Ic`c pmsomvhl sujdfit stvcrcvfu fimhmasiu vrf`hmst m`

svmdlb imhiurfhctc

Ic`c pmsomvhl sujdfit stvcrclstu fimhmasiu vrf`hmst icm l

hdfkmvl imhiurfhtl

Ic`c pmsomvhl sujdfit stvcrcachdu fimhmasiu vrf`hmst

m` svmdlb imhiurfhctc

^ZLUZFAFHCIMHIVZFHPWIC ZF@HMWP

M@ZLUC (PZCDHC)IMHIVZFHPWIC ZF@HMWP

^ZLUZFAFHLIMHIVZFHPWIL BFH@LIF^

M@ZLUL (PZCDHL)IMHIVZFHPWIL BFH@LIF^

Imhiufhtsic prf`hmst imdc Imhiufhtsic prf`hmst imdc Imhiurfhtsil bfh`lifp imdl Imhiurfhtsil bfh`lifp imdl

Lzvmr4 Jcrhfy, J. Dcy (:>>;), Kclhlhk ch` Wustclhlhk Gmapftltlvf C`vchtckf, ^fcrsmh Fùgctlmh Lhg, Hfw Dfrsfy, VW, str. 3Pbmapsmh, C. Crtbur9 Wtrlgioch`, C.D9 Kcajof, F. Dmbh (:>3>), Grcetlhk ch` Fxfgutlhk Wtrctfky4 Pfxt ch` Zfc`lhks, AgKrcw-Bloo/Lrwlh, Hfw \mri, VW, p. 3>;-3>273Bcustmh, Folscjftb (:>>>), Vh`frstch`lhk @lstlhgtlvf Gmapftfhgf, @fslkh Lhtfoolkfhgf, @fslkh Euturf Gmuhglo Mholhf,www.`l.hft7:Gouomw, Uco9 Kfrstach, Duolf9 Jcrry, Gcrmo (:>>7) , Pbf Zfsmurgf-Jcsf` Ulfw ch` Wustclhcjof Gmapftltlvf C`vchtckf4 Pbf Gcsf me c Elhchglco Wfrvlgf Elra,

Dmurhco me Furmpfch Lhùstrlco Prc`lhk, Umo. :;, Hm. 6, p. ::>-:7:77

Jcrhfy, J. Dcy (:>>;), Kclhlhk ch` Wustclhlhk Gmapftltlvf C`vchtckf, 7r` F`ltlmh, ^fcrsmh Fùgctlmh Lhg, Hfw Dfrsfy, VW, p. 3


22/1993:

^mdca imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl sf amf sckof`ctl l ftlrl mshmvhf pfrspfitlvf pmsactrchdc. Pm su

pmlglmhc, rfsurshc, pfrspfitlvc trchdf l `lhcalic pfrspfitlvc. ^ , ldl df

utfafodlvc Acdio mrtfr, lvmrl imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl off u trlhmd pmlgldl pmsomvhmk sujdfitc. Jclrchc

df hc chcoll mirufhdc l prf`stcvodc hcdff imrlfh prlstup u chcoll imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl. ^rfac

^mrtfru, `vc mshmvhc lvmrc imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl su hll trmimvl, imdl `mvm`f `m trmimvhf prf`hmstl

(fhk. Gmst C`vchtckf) l `lefrfhgldcgldc prmlvm`c, imdc `mvm`l `m `lefrfhgldcgldsif prf`hmstl (fhk.

@leefrfhtlctlmh C`vchtckf). Prmimvhc prf`hmst pmstmdl ic`c pmsomvhl sujdfit prmlvm`l hf`lefrfhglrchf

(solhf u m`hmsu hc imhiurfhgldu prla. cutmrc) prmlvm`f pm struiturcohm hlla trmimvlac, tm au stvcrc

amkuhmst `c mstvcrl hctprmsfhu prmeltcjlohmst u m`hmsu hc imhiurfhgldu. @lefrfhgldcgldsic prf`hmst

pmstmdl ic`c pmsomvhl sujdfit prmlvm`l `lefrfhglrchf (`rukcldf u m`hmsu hc imhiurfhgldu prla. cutmrc),

imdf prm`cdf pm vlla gfhcac, tm au mamkucvc `c mstvcrl hctprmsfhu prmeltcjlohmst u m`hmsu hc

imhiurfhgldu. V prvma soucdu, lvmr prmeltcjlohmstl ofl u hlla trmimvlac prmlvm`hdf hf`lefrfhglrchlb

prmlvm`c, td. u pmhu`l prmlvm`c l usoukc imdl su dfetlhldl m` imhiurfhgldf, c u `rukma soucdu, lvmr

prmeltcjlohmstl ofl u vlla prm`cdhla gfhcac `lefrfhglrchlb prmlvm`c, td. u pmhu`l prmlvm`c l usoukc imdl

su `rukcldl m` imhiurfhgldf. Ic`c sf mvc `vc lvmrc imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl lsimajlhudu l prlafhf hc

trltu, amkuf df prlafhltl ftlrl strctfkldf c lkrc`hdu imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl. rvc strctfkldc df strctfkldc

vmstvc u trmimvlac, imdc sf cshlvc hc trmimvhmd prf`hmstl l imdc sf prlafhdudf hc gfoma trltu. @rukc

strctfkldc df strctfkldc `lefrfhglrchdc, imdc sf cshlvc hc `lefrfhgldcgldsimd prf`hmstl l imdc sf tcimf

prlafhdudf hc gfoma trltu. Prfc strctfkldc df strctfkldc emiuslrchdc, imdc sf cshlvc hc emiuslrchdu hc

m`rffhl `fm trltc, icm tm su trlhl sfkafhtl lol trlhf hlf, l lkrc`hdu trmimvhf lol `lefrfhgldcgldsif

prf`hmstl hc tma `fou trltc. ftvrtc strctfkldc df bljrl`hc strctfkldc, imdc sf cshlvc hc imajlhmvchdu

mshmvhf trl strctfkldf (vmstvm u trmimvlac, `lefrfhglrchdf l emiuslrchdf) l imdc amf `c lac rchf mjolif,

icm tm su strctfkldc acsmvhmk prlockmcvchdc, strctfkldc jrlhf prlstupc trltu, strctfkldc mpfrctlvhf

felicshmstl, strctfkldc lhmvcgldc lt`.

Loustrcgldc 74 Wtrctfkldf zc lzkrc`hdu imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl

Ulc pfrglplrchc vrf`hmst

Prltf

Prlhlsfkafht

Hll trmimvl

Wtrctfkldsilglod

Wtrctfkldsic prf`hmst

@LEFZFHGLDCGLDC

EMIVWLZCHDF

UMWPUM VPZMIMULAC

Lzvmr4 ^mrtfr, Algbcfo (3), Gmapftltlvf Wtrctfky4 Pfgbhlqufs emr Chcoyzlhk Lhùstrlfs ch`Gmapftltmrs, Hfw \mri Erff ^rfss, Hfw \mri, VW, str. 7tci km`lhc svf ff u upmtrfjl. ^rfac rfsurshmd pfrspfitlvl, imhiurfhtsic

prf`hmst df jclrchc hc imhstcocgldl rfsursc pmsomvhmk sujdfitc imdu hldf amkuf ocim implrctl lol laltlrctl m`

strchf imhiurfhgldf. V tma pmkofù, svf spmsmjhmstl pmsomvhmk sujdfitc su jclrchf hc rfsurslac l tf

spmsmjhmstl amku jltl rfprmùgljlohf (fhk. Zfprmùgljof Gcpcjloltlfs), ic`c imhiurfhgldc hf amf `c lb

implrc lol laltlrc, l lstlhitlvhf (fhk. @lstlhgtlvf Gcpcjloltlfs), ic`c imhiurfhgldc amf c lb implrc lol laltlrc.

@c jl rfsurs mrkchlcgldf amkcm jltl lvmr imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl, mh amrc `c lspuhl ftlrl usomvc. ^rvm, mh

70Hclaf, prmeltcjlohmst mrkchlzcgldf zcvlsl m`4 (3) ctrcitlvhmstl krchf l (:) hdfhf imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl. Ufolil jrmd stu`ldc df pmiczcm `c su rczolif uprmeltcjlohmstl cofim zhccdhldf uhutcr krchf, hfkm lzafu krchc. Pm zhcl c df imhiurfhtsic prf`hmst prlacrhl lzvmr rczolic u prmeltcjlohmstl mrkchlzcgldc,tm `codf upuudf hc chcolzu lzvmrc imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl imdl sf hcoczf pm` imhtrmoma mrkchlzcgldf. @rukla rflac, stu`ldf upuudu hc zcioduci `c surfsursl `cofim vchldl m` trlhlb mimohmstl. (prfac4 Krcht, A. Zmjfrt (3


23/19937

amrc jltl vrf`ch (fhk. Ucoucjof), tm hcl `c amrc jltl pm`mjch c stvcrchdf vrf`hmstl, td. `c lac svmdu

uhutrchdu vrf`hmst. @rukm, mh amrc jltl rf`ci (fhk. Zcrf), tm hcl `c hf saf jltl ocim `mstupch svla

imhiurfhtlac. Prff, mh amrc jltl df`lhstvfh (fhk. Lhlaltcjof), tm hcl `c amrc jltl tcicv `c kc

imhiurfhgldc hf amf implrctl lol laltlrctl. Urom fstm, tcicv rfsurs df l `vmsalsofh, u salsou `c imhiurfhgldc

hf amf ocim `c ustchmvl imdl df hdfkmv prcvl lvmr, icm tm df tm soucd sc hchdfa mrkchlcgldf76. ftvrtm, mh

amrc jltl hfcafhdlv (fhk. HmhWujstltutcjof), tm hcl c rfsurs imdl stmdl u mshmvl imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl

hf amf jltl supstltulsch `rukla rfsursma75. Vimolim su dmd rfsursl vrf`hl, rftil l df`lhstvfhl, col uimolim sf

ocim amku supstltulsctl `rukla rfsurslac m` strchf imhiurfhgldf, pmsomvhl sujdfit f lkujltl svmdu

imhiurfhtsiu prf`hmst. tm sf tlf lvmrc imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl, rfsurshc pfrspfitlvc df solhc pmlglmhmd.

^rfac @mhu Ifdu, mshmvhl lvmrl imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl su spfgldcolcgldc l spmsmjhmstl. ^m hdfau,

spfgldcolcgldc `mvm`l `m shlcvchdc trmimvc prmlvm`hdf l mstvcrlvchdc fimhmaldf mjlac. Afutla,

spfgldcolcgldc lac svmdf fimhmasim mprcv`chdf scam `m tcif `m imdf su pmtrmcl sprfahl `c prlbvctf

hf`lefrfhglrchf prmlvm`f. Hcimh tf tcif, mrkchlcgldc amrc `c rcvldf l spmsmjhmstl imdf f dmd mamkultl

`c sf lefrfhglrc hc trltu l pmhu`l vll hlvm vrf`hmstl c lstl hmvcg. Mvf spmsmjhmstl sf hclvcdu lhtrlhlila,

td. uhutrchdla spmsmjhmstlac l mkof`cdu sf u spmsmjhmstlac prmlvm`hdf `lefrfhglrchlb prmlvm`c pm vlla

prm`cdhla gfhcac. Mvcd imhgfpt imrfspmh`lrc imhgfptu lvmrc imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl Acdioc ^mrtfrc.

^ , lvmrl imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl off u pfrgfpgldl pmtrmcc, td. hc strchl

trchdf. Vtfafodlvcl pfrspfitlvf trchdf su C`hfr l Tfasil7;. ^rfac mvmd pfrspfitlvl, imhiurfhtsic

prf`hmst prf`stcvodc spmsmjhmst mrkchlcgldf `c irflrc m`rlvu `m`ctu vrf`hmst c pmtrmcf. @rukla

rflac, imhiurfhtsic prf`hmst mrkchlcgldf pmstmdl svf `mi df acrklhcohc imrlshmst m` upmtrfjf prmlvm`c

pmsomvhmk sujdfitc vfc m` acrklhcohf imrlshmstl m` upmtrfjf prmlvm`c hdfkmvlb imhiurfhctc. Ic`c

acrklhcohc imrlshmst prmlvm`c pmsomvhmk sujdfitc pmhf `c mpc`c jrf m` acrklhcohf imrlshmstl

prmlvm`c hdfkmvf imhiurfhgldf, tc`c sf kujl imhiurfhtsic prf`hmst. Mshmvhl lvmrl imhiurfhtsif

prf`hmstl, prfac mvma kof`ltu, su4 (3) acrklhcohc imrlshmst imdc sf `mjldc uhcprffhdfa pfremrachsl, (:)

prfefrfhgldf pmtrmcc prfac ivcoltftu prmlvm`c l (7) bftfrmkfhmst pmtrmcc hc trltu. ^

, lvmrl imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl off u spmsmjhmstl mrkchlcgldf c sf prlockm`l jrla prmafhcac

u mirufhdu. Vtfafodlvcl lhcalif pfrspfitlvf su Pl, lchm l ufh72. rfac mvma prlstupu, imhiurfhtsic

prf`hmst sf cshlvc hc `lstlhitlvhla prmgfslac l spfglelhla rfsurslac. @lstlhitlvhl prmgfsl prf`stcvodcdu

df`lhstvfhf hclhf imajlhmvchdc l uprcvodchdc pmsomvhla citlvhmstlac, `mi spfglelhl rfsursl prf`stcvodcdu

df`lhstvfhl siup rfsursc imdl pmsomvhma sujdfitu mjfjfudf mshmvf c `lstlhigldu u m`hmsu hc

imhiurfhgldu. @lhcalic pfrspfitlvc uicudf hc lhdfhlgu `c tm df mrkchlcgldc jmodf mprfaodfhc sc

`lstlhitlvhla prmgfslac l spfglelhla rfsurslac, u usomvlac jrlb prmafhc u mirufhdu, mhc f lactl vfu

imhiurfhtsiu prf`hmst.

Ic`c mrkchlcgldc prlafhdudf df`lhstvfhu strctfkldu stvcrchdc vrf`hmstl imdu hdfhc imhiurfhgldc hf

amf `c implrc lol laltlrc, mh`c sf icf `c mrkchlcgldc lac (fhk. Wustclhcjof

Gmapftltlvf C`vchtckf). ^rfac Hlimo Bmeach7


24/19930

imhiurfhtsic prf`hmst vlf m`rlvc, tm df c imhiurfhgldu tff `c tu prf`hmst hfutrcolu. ^rfac @fdu l

Ulhsoldu0>, lvmrl m`rlvf imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl su4 (c) supfrlmrhf vftlhf, imdf prf`stcvodcdu `lstlhitlvhf

imapftfhgldf cpmsofhlb imdf lb rcoliudu u m`hmsu hc imhiurfhgldu, l (j) supfrlmrhl rfsursl, imdl

prf`stcvodcdu mplpodlvf lvmrf prf`hmstl imdl mamkucvcdu mrkchlcgldl `c prfvclf svmdf spmsmjhmstl.

Pfmrldc imhiurfhthmstl df lvc tfmrldc imdc sf stcohm mpuhdudf hmvla imhgfptlac l prlstuplac. V tma

salsou, amf sf kmvmrltl m fistfhldcac tfmrldf imhiurfhthmstl hc trl hlvmc4 fistfhldc pmdac imhiurfhthmstl,fistfhldc prlstupc u chcoll imhiurfhthmstl l fistfhldc lvmrc imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl. F

mjubvctc prmlrlvchdf prlafhf tfmrldf imhiurfhthmstl hc mjocstl imdf hfacdu stctus iocslhlb

imhiurfhtsilb trltc, icm tm su dcvhl sfitmr, hfprmelthl sfitmr, lapfrefithc trltc l solhm. V tma pmkofù,

kmvmrl sf m sof`fla imhgfptlac4 (3) lhstltuglmhcohc imhiurfhthmst, imdc sf jcvl prlafhma imhgfptc

imhiurfhthmstl u dcvhma sfitmru, prf svfkc im` `rcvhlb lhstltugldc l ustchmvc03, (:) hfprmelthc

imhiurfhthmst, imdc chcollrc imhiurfhthmst u hfprmelthma sfitmru, prf svfkc im` rchlb hfvoc`lhlb l

elochtrmpsilb u`rufhdc0:, (7) lapfrefithc imhiurfhthmst, imdc sf jcvl chcolma imhiurfhthmstl hc

lapfrefithla trltlac, icm tm su amhmpmolstlic, molkmpmolstlic l amhmpsmhsic trltc, (0)

alirmimhiurfhthmst, imdc sckof`cvc alirmfimhmasif cspfitf imhiurfhthmstl, icm tm su imhiurfhthmst

acolb l srf`hdlb prfùfc, imhiurfhthmst hc trlhla hlcac lt`, (6) blpfrimhiurfhthmst, u ldfa emiusu su

imhiurfhthmst hc erckafhtlschla l vlsmimimhiurfhthla trltlac, icm tm su trltc lhemracglmhlb

tfbhmomkldc, lhùstrldf cjcvf lt`, (5) `lhcallrchc imhiurfhthmst, imdc sf jcvl chcolma imhiurfhthmstl hc

jrmrcstula l vlsmim`lhcalila trltlac, icm tm su trltc vlsmif tfbhmomkldf l trltf Lhtfrhftc07, (;)

hcglmhcohc imhiurfhthmst, imdc sf m`hmsl hc prlafhu imhgfptc imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl hc hlvm gfomiuphf

faodf, td. hcgldf, (2) afuhcrm`hc imhiurfhthmst, imdc sf jcvl chcolma imhiurfhthmstl hc afuhcrm`hma

hlvmu, tm afuhcrm`hf imrpmrctlvhf imhiurfhthmstl, tm afuhcrm`hf hcglmhcohf imhiurfhthmstl, l `rukl

prlstupl. F mjubvctcdu tfmrldsif pmacif imdl uioduudu hmvf

pfrspfitlvf l cspfitf u mjdchdfhdu pmdac imhiurfhthmstl, icm tm su su prlstupl chcomkldf, prlstupl pmst

imhiurfhthmstl l solhm. V tma pmkofù, kmvmrl sf m sof`fla pfrspfitlvcac4 (3) prlstupl jclrchl hc trchdl

l `lhcalgl, imdl sf m`hmsf hc pfrspfitlvu trchdf l `lhcaliu pfrspfitlvu u mjdchdfhdu efhmafhc

imhiurfhthmstl, m fau df jlom rfl rchldf, (:) prlstupl jclrchl hc imocjmrcgldl, im` imdlb sf pmdca

imhiurfhgldf mjdchdcvc irm cotrulstliu pmtrfju c scrc`hdma u glodu mstvcrlvchdc cdf`hlilb imrlstl, (7)

prlstupl jclrchl hc chcomkldl, im` imdlb sf pmdca imhiurfhthmstl mjdchdcvc imrlfhdfa chcomkldf sc

jlmomila, afbchlila, pslbmomila l `rukla slstfalac., (0) prlstupl jclrchl hc pmstimhiurfhthmstl, imdl

pmdca imhiurfhthmstl sckof`cvcdu l pfrspfitlvf pmstlhùstrldsimk l pmstlhemractlimk rutvc, pmocfl m`

prftpmstcvif `c su prlhglpl iocslhf imhiurfhthmstl u pmsomvchdu achdf lol vlf prfvclfhl, l `rukl prlstupl.

F mjubvctcdu vrom `lhcalhu mjocst lstrclvchdc imdc df pmsof`lgc

ujrchf `lhcalif rcvmdc scvrfafhlb trltc. V mivlru mvf pfrspfitlvf, vrl sf pmafrchdf emiusc chcolf hc

hmvf lvmrf imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl, icm tm su spmsmjhmst prlockmcvchdc00, jrlhc `fomvchdc, hchdf,

prlafhc scvrfafhlb tfbhmomkldc06, spmsmjhmst uarfcvchdc lt`, c imdl `mjldcdu hc hccdu hc turjuofhthla

trltlac, trltlac vlsmilb tfbhmomkldc l u mivlru lhemractlimk `rutvc l `rutvc hchdc lhcf.

0>@cy, Kfmrkf9 Zmjlh [fhsofy (303Jrfssfr, I. Zu`l9 Aloomhlk, Iofafhs (:>>7), Lhstltulmhco Gcpltco4 Gmapftltlvf C`vchtckf lh Olkbt me tbf Hfw Lhstltutlmhcolsa lh Mrkchlzctlmh Pbfmry,Wgbacofhjcgb Juslhfss Zfvlfw, Umo. 66, p. ::>-:030:^mrtfr, Algbcfo9 Ircafr, Acri (:>>:), Pbf Gmapftltlvf C`vchtckf me Gmrpmrctf ^blochtrmpby, Bcrvcr` Juslhfss Zfvlfw, Umo. 2>, Hm. 3:, p. 65-529 ^mrtfr,Algbcfo9 Ircafr, Algbcfo (:>>;), Wtrctfky ch` Wmglfty4 Pbf Olhi Jftwffh Gmapftltlvf C`vchtckf ch` Gmrpmrctf Zfspmhsljlolty, Bcrvcr` Juslhfss Zfvlfw, Umo.20, Hm. 3:, p. ;2->>), @yhcalg Gcpcjloltfs4 [bct crf Pbfy=, Wtrctfklg Achckfafht Dmurhco, Umo. :3, p. 33>6-33::00Zffvfs, Acrtlh9 @flaofr, Alif (:>>3), C`cptcjlolty4 Pbf Hfw Gmapftltlvf C`vchtckf, Bcrvcr` Juslhfss Zfvlfw, Umo. 237), Fxpoclh tbf Pbfmry me Gmapftltlvf C`vchtckf ch` Gmapcrlsmh wltb Lhùstrlfs

Jcsf` mh C`vchgf` Pfgbhmomky, Lhtfrhctlmhco Dmurhco me Fgmhmay, Achckfafht ch` Wmglco Wglfhgfs, Umo. :, Hm 3>, p. 203-202


25/19936

7. @CF F@FC C @K C KJCCG C7.3. @ , ^rlolima chcolf pmdac u`rulvchdc prfùfc, fstm sf kmvmrl m pmdamvlac icm tm su scrc`hdc,

immr`lhcgldc, pmvflvchdf, lhtfkrcgldc, slhfrkldc, mkmvcrchdf l cotrulca. Lcim u mshmvl svlb mvlb pmdamvc ofl

tfhdc sujdfictc `c mstvcrf m`rffhl hlvm scrc`hdf crc` pmstlchdc cdf`hlilb lhtfrfsc, mvl pmdamvl sf um`rffhmd afrl rcoliudu. V tma pmkofù, vchm df uicctl hc mshmvhf pmdamvhf m`rf`hlgf.

W(fhk. Gmmpfrctlmh) prf`stcvodc prmgfs lhtfrcigldf u imdfa sujdfitl rc`f cdf`hm icim jl

mstvcrlol cdf`hlif lol ucdcahf imrlstl05. ^m` cdf`hlila imrlstlac pm`rcuafvcdu sf imrlstl imdl su lstl c

svf sujdfitf, c imdl sf amku mstvcrltl scam cdf`hlila `fomvchdfa, icm hpr. mstvcrlvchdf hllb gfhc pm

mshmvu fimhmaldf mjlac, u soucdu scrc`hdf u hcjcvgl, lol pmlglmhlrchdf lvmhmk iocstfrc hc lhmstrchma

trltu, u soucdu u`rulvchdc u emractu iocstfrc. ^m` ucdcahla imrlstlac sf pm`rcuafvcdu imrlstl imdl su

rcolltl u m`hmsu hc sujdfitf, c imdl sf amku mstvcrltl scam cdf`hlila `fomvchdfa, icm hpr. upmodcvchdf

icpcgltftc df`hmk sujdfitc l pfhftrcgldc hc lhmstrchm trltf `rukmk sujdfitc, u soucdu ukmvmrhf

prmlvm`hdf, lol trchsefr tfbhmomkldf imdl mstvcrudf df`ch pcrthfr l rcst prm`cdf imdl mstvcrudf `rukl pcrthfr, u

soucdu olgfhghlb ukmvmrc. W(fhk. Wajlmsls) prf`stcvodc pmdca imdl df prfuft l prlrm`hlb hcuic lprf`stcvodc afusmjhm `fdstvm `vc sujdfitc imdl lvf u jolsimd cdf`hlgl ùk vrfafhsil pfrlm`, imdf df

uspmstcvodfhm jmk imrlstl jcrfa df`hmk m` tc `vc sujdfitc0;. Urstf m`hmsc u slajlml amku jltl4 (c)

pcrcltlca, im` imdfk df`ch sujdfit lac imrlst, c `rukl tftu, icm hpr. u soucdu cpmodcvchdc

hfprmùitlvhlb rc`hlic prfim rm`jlhsilb lol pmoltlilb vfc, (j) imafhscolca, im` imdfk df`ch sujdfit lac

imrlst, c `rukl hfac hl tftf, hl imrlstl, td. c imdfk df m`hms hfutrcoch, icm hpr. u soucdu sprmvmfhdc

euhiglmhcohmk jfhacrilhkc im` imdfk pcrthfrl prlpc`cdu lhùstrldcac imdf hf imhiurlu df`hc rukmd, l (g)

autucolca, im` imdfk mjc sujdfitc lacdu imrlstl, icm hpr. u soucdu faodmrc`hlilb c`rukc). I

(fhk. Gmmr`lhctlmh) prf`stcvodc spmsmjhmst mrkchlcgldf rcolltlb fofafhctc df`hmk slstfac u glodu

mjfjffhdc hdlbmvmk fefitlvhmk l felicshmk `fomvchdc02. V mjocstl afhcàfhtc, immr`lhcgldc sf m`hmsl hc

spmsmjhmstl lhtfkrcgldf l slhbrmhlcgldf citlvhmstl pmsomvhmk slstfac imdf mjfjfudu felicshmst uimrlfhdu rfsursc l fefitlvhmst u mstvcrlvchdu glodfvc. ^ (fhk. Olhickf) prf`stcvodc prmgfs

lkrc`hdf imhfigldc l rfocgldc lafu `vc slstfac. Hcdff sf m`hmsl hc prlrm`hf hcuif, col sf fstm imrlstl l

u afhcàfhtu, ic`c sf imrlstl pmdca pmsomvhm pmvflvchdf, imdla sf fol uicctl hc prmgfs lkrc`hdf vfc

l imhfigldc lafu `vc pmsomvhc sujdfitc. Hcfohm kof`chm, pmsomvhc pmvflvchdc sf amku rfcolmvctl u

rcolltla mjolglac, pmfv m` pmvflvchdc u emral scrc`hdf, im` imdlb pmstmdl immr`lhcgldc lafu pmsomvhlb

slstfac, `m pmvflvchdc u emral spcdchdc, im` imdlb pmstmdl puhc lhtfkrcgldc pmsomvhlb slstfac.

(fhk. Dmlhlhk) df pmdca solch pmvflvchdu l prf`stcvodc prmgfs lkrc`hdf vfc l imhfigldc lafu vc slstfac.

Zcolic u m`hmsu hc pmdca pmvflvchdc df u tmaf tm sf pmvflvchdf amf vrltl l hfvmodhm, icm hpr. u soucdu

pmvflvchdc sc mjcvodcfa imdl df prlrm`hl amhmpmo, mi sf u`rulvchdf m`hmsl hc mjrmvmodhm pmvflvchdf

`vc slstfac u glodu mstvcrlvchdc ucdcahlb lol cdf`hlilb imrlstl. L(fhk. Lhtfkrctlmh) prf`stcvodchcdvll hlvm pmvflvchdc lafu vc slstfac l m`hmsl sf hc spcdchdf vc slstfac imdla sf emralrc trfl slstfa

imdl euhiglmhlf icm scamstcohc gfolhc. Im` lhtfkrcgldf pmstlf sf hcdvll hlvm slhfrkldf, c mjc slstfac u

pmtpuhmstl prfhmsf svmdf rfsursf u hmvl, lhtfkrlschl slstfa. ^mstmdf `folalhc lhtfkrcgldc, im` imdf sf

lhtfkrcgldc vrl scam u mivlru m`rffhlb pmsomvhlb euhigldc, icm hpr. u soucdu lhtfkrcgldf lstrclvchdc l

rcvmdc, l pmtpuhc lhtfkrcgldc, im` imdf sf lhtfkrcgldc vrl hc hlvmu gfomiuphlb slstfac, icm hpr. u soucdu

spcdchdc l prfulachdc.

05^rlockmfhm prfac4 Imbh, Coelf (3


26/19935

^mrf` pmdamvc imdl sf imrlstf achdfvlf icm slhmhla c rchf mjolif scrc`hdf, icm tm su scrc`hdc,

slajlmc, immr`lhcgldc, pmvflvchdf, u`rulvchdf, lhtfkrcgldc, vchm df rcuaftl l pmdamvf icm tm su

slhfrkldc, stlkafrkldc l cotrulca. W (fhk. Whfrk) prf`stcvodc spmsmjhmst fofafhctc slstfac `c

u`rufhla `fomvchdfa prmlvfù fefict imdl df vfl m` jlrc hdlbmvlb lh`lvlùcohlb fefictc imdl jl prmlvfol

uimolim sf hf jl u`rulol. @rukla rflac, slhfrkldc prf`stcvodc pmdcvu im` imdf df kruphl fefict vfl m` jlrc

lh`lvlùcohlb fefictc, l amf sf prf`stcvltl sof`fma rfocgldma4 FEFICP (C+J+G)8FEFICP (C)+FEFICP (J)+

FEFICP (G). Kof`chm sc cspfitc stvcrchdc vrf`hmstl, slhfrkldc prf`stcvodc afbchlca imdla sf vrl

mptlalcgldc arff vrf`hmstl hc trltu, tm prfim ochgc vrf`hmstl, tm prfim ochgc shcj`fvchdc. ^rfac

@cam`crchu0 prf`stcvodc vchu `ftfralhchtu u mjdchdfhdu

uspmstcvodchdc scrc`hdf lafu pmsomvhlb sujdfictc.

0>6), Pbf Ucouf me Wlhfrky, Hfw \mri Vhlvfrslty, Wtfrh Wgbmmo me Juslhfss, Hfw \mri, VW, p. 76>Zmjfrts, Klojfrt (3


27/1993;

Wcrc`hdc prf`stcvodc scam df`ch m` mjolic lhtfrcigldf lafu pmsomvhlb sujdfictc. rfac Jfhkstmhu

l Imimvmd63, pmstmdf ftlrl emraf lhtfrcigldf pmsomvhlb sujdfictc hc trltu. Pm su imhiurfhgldc, im` imdf

pmsomvhl sujdfitl u pmtpuhmstl imhiurlu df`hl `ruklac, scrc`hdc, im` imdf pmsomvhl sujdfitl u pmtpuhmstl

scrcudu df`hl sc `ruklac, imfklstfhgldc, im` imdf pmsomvhl sujdfitl hf scrcudu, col l hf imhiurlu df`hl

`ruklac, l immpftlgldc, im` imdf pmsomvhl sujdfitl imhiurlu df`hl ruklac irm mstvcrlvchdf achdfk lol vffk

mjlac scrc`hdf. ^rfac hdlac, vfrmvcthmc c pmvflvchdfa pmsomvhlb sujdfictc sf pmvfcvc tm sf ochcg

vrf`hmstl vlf prljolcvc pmtrmclac.

Loustrcgldc 04 Urstf bmrlzmhtcohlb m`hmsc lzafu pmsomvhlb sujdfictc

Dcic

Ufolic

Acoc

Wocjc

^mtrfjc zcfistfrhlarfsurslac

Zfoctlvhc pmzlgldc u mivlru krchf

IMM^FPLGLDC

IMHIVZFHGLDC

WCZC@HDC

IMFKTLWPFHGLDC

^rlockmfhm prfac4 Jfhktssmh, Acrlc9 Wrfh, Imgi (:>>>), Gmmpfrctlmh ch` Gmapftltlmh lh ZfoctlmhsblpsJftwffh Gmapftltmrs lh Juslhfss Hftwmris,Dmurhco me Juslhfss ch` Lhùstrlco Acriftlhk, Umo. 30, Hm. 7, str. 32>-323

Wcrc`hdc lafu pmsomvhlb sujdfictc df jclrchc hc ftlrl mshmvhc prlhglpc. ^rvl prlhglp df prlhglp

rfglprmgltftc, prfac imdfa pmsomvhl sujdfitl ucdcahm pmacu df`hl `ruklac u mstvcrlvchdu pcrtliuocrhlb

l cdf`hlilb imrlstl. @rukl prlhglp df prlhglp `mpuhdcvchdc, prfac imdfa sf pmsomvhl sujdfitl afusmjhm

`mpuhdcvcdu u mhla sfkafhtlac u imdlac hfacdu `mvmodhm rcvldfhf spmsmjhmstl. Prfl prlhglp df prlhglp

slhfrkldf, prfac imdfa pmsomvhl sujdfitl scrcudu u glodu mstvcrlvchdc slhfrkftsilb fefictc imdl su vfl m`

jlrc pmdf`lhchlb fefictc, uimolim hf jl scrclvcol. ftvrtl prlhglp df prlhglp cdf`hlilb l ucdcahlb

lhtfrfsc, prfac imdlac sf pmsomvhl sujdfitl u`ruudu icim jl mstvcrlol cdf`hlif l ucdcahf glodfvf.

Df`ch m` hcdloustrctlvhldlb hclhc c mplslvchdf pmdac scrc`hdf prf`stcvodc prlafhc tfmrldf lkcrc u

emral ctvmrfhlimvf `lofaf6:, td. irm Cisform`mv am`coltft pm` hclvma immpfrctlvhc `lofac67. L tf

pfrspfitlvf, prfac Zchù l Hmvciu60, scrc`hdc lafu sujdfictc pmstmdl uvfi ic`c df`ch sujdfit pm`hmsl

rtvu icim jl `rukl sujdfit amkcm `c mstvcrl imrlst, l amf sf loustrmvctl u vlù sof`ff actrlgf.

Loustrcgldc 64 Immpfrctlvhc `lofac

HCKZC@C TC WCZC@HDVC (7>>) + J (7>>) 1 H (5>>)

DF@HMWPZCHC HCKZC@C TC LWIVFHDFC (6>>) + J (>) 1 D (6>>)

DF@HMWPZCHC HCKZC@C TC LWIVFHDFC (>) + J (66>) 1 D (6>>)

ICTHC TC IMHIVZLWCHDFC (3>>) + J (3>>) 1 I (:>>)

Wcrc`hdc Imhiurlschdf

Wcrc`hdc

Imhiurlschdf

^mhcchdf sujdfitc C

^mhcchdfsujdfitc J

^rlockmfhm prfac4 Zch`, @cvl`9 Hmwci, Acrtlh (:>37) , Buach Gmmpfrctlmh, Prfh`s lh Gmkhltlvf Wglfhgfs, Umo. 3;, Hm. 2, str. 0309l4 Cxform`, Zmjfrt9 Bcalotmh9 [loolca (3), Gmmpftltlmh lh Juslhfss Hftwmris tm Gmmpfrctf ch` Gmapftf Wlauotchfmusoy, Lhùstrlco Acriftlhk Achckfafht,Umo. :>>), Gmmpfrctlmh ch` Gmapftltlmh lh Zfoctlmhsblps Jftwffh Gmapftltmrs lh JuslhfssHftwmris,Dmurhco me Juslhfss ch` Lhùstrlco Acriftlhk, Umo. 30, Hm. 7, p. 3;2-3


28/19932

V mivlru immpfrctlvhf `lofaf amkuf su ftlrl sltucgldf4 (3) uimolim sf mjc sujdfitc mòuf c

scrc`hdu, mjc sujdfitc f msvmdltl hckrcù c scrc`hdu u lhmsu m` pm 7>> df`lhlgc imrlstl, tm hcl `c f

cdf`hm msvmdltl uiuphm 5>> df`lhlgc imrlstl, (:) uimolim sf mjc sujdfitc mòuf c imhiurlschdf, mjc sujdfitc

f msvmdltl ichu c imhiurlschdf u lhmsu m` pm 3>> df`lhlgf imrlstl, tm hcl c f cdf`hm msvmdltl uiuphm

:>> df`lhlgf imrlstl, (7) uimolim sf sujdfit C mòul c scrc`hdu, c sujdfit J c imhiurlschdf, sujdfit C f

msvmdltl lspoctu c kujlthlic u lhmsu m` > df`lhlgc imrlstl, c sujdfit J f msvmdltl hckrcù c lsiufhdf u

lhmsu m` 6>> df`lhlgc imrlstl, tm hcl `c f cdf`hm msvmdltl uiuphm 6>> df`lhlgc imrlstl, l (0) uimolim sf

sujdfit C mòul c imhiurlschdf, c sujdfit J c scrc`hdu, sujdfit C f msvmdltl hckrcù c lsiufhdf u lhmsu

m` 6>> df`lhlgc imrlstl, c sujdfit J f msvmdltl lspoctu c kujlthlic u lhmsu m` > df`lhlgc imrlstl, tm hcl

`c f cdf`hm msvmdltl uiuphm 6>> df`lhlgc imrlstl. @rukla rflac, hckrc`c c scrc`hdu df uvfi vfc m`

hckrc`f c lsiufhdf, imdc df uvfi vfc m` ichf c imhiurlschdf, imdc df uvfi vfc m` lspoctf c

kujlthlic (H8L8I8K). Lacdul u vlù `c df prlrm`hm pmhcchdf sujdfictc cvfrldc prfac rlliu, amf sf

ciodultl `c f sujdfitl prlrm`hm tfltl `c mstvcrf fefitf imdl su hcdslkurhldl, c mhl sf pmstlu scrc`hdma.

^rfac Zchù l Hmvciu, pmstmdf `vc mshmvhc mjolic scrc`hdf scrc`hdc sc rfglprmgltftma l scrc`hdc

jf rfglprmgltftc. Im` scrc`hdf sc rfglprmgltftma pmstlu sf mjmstrchl cdf`hlil lhtfrfsl, `mi sf im`

scrc`hdf jf rfglprmgltftc sujdfitu imdl hf scrcudf mamkucvc stlgchdf pmsfjhlb prfaldc. ^rfac hdlac,

pmstmdl pft mshmvhlb afbchlcac fvmougldf scrc`hdf. ^rvl afbchlca df (fhk. @lrfgt

Zfglprmglt), im` imdfk sf scrc`hdc lafu `vc sujdfitc rcvldc hc jcl `lrfithlb imrlstl imdf mhl mstvcrudu.

@rukl afbchlca df (fhk. Lh`lrfgt Zfglprmglt), im` imdfk sf scrc`hdc lafu `vc

sujdfitc rcvldc hc jcl lh`lrfithlb imrlstl imdf mhl mstvcrudu tmima scrc`hdf sc trfla sujdfitma imdl tf

imrlstl kfhfrlf. Prfl afbchlca df (fhk. Wpctlco Wfofgtlmh), im` imdf sf scrc`hdc lafu

`vc sujdfitc rcvldc hc jcl hdlbmvf prmstmrhf pmvfchmstl. ftvrtl afbchlca df (fhk.

AuotlOfvfo Wfofgtlmh), im` imdf sf scrc`hdc lafu `vc sujdfitc rcvldc hc jcl scrc`hdf lafu krupc

imdlac mhl prlpc`cdu. ftl afbchlca df (fhk. Ilh Wfofgtlmh), im` imdf sf scrc`hdc lafu

`vc sujdfitc rcvldc hc jcl hdlbmvf pslbmomif lol smglmomif pmvfchmstl.

Vimolim sf prlafhl slstfasic omklic rcalodchdc66, amkuf df l`fhtlelimvctl pft hlvmc pmvflvchdc

lafu pmsomvhlb sujdfictc4 (3) hlvm citlvhmstl, ic`c sf prfùlacdu cigldf u vrfhdu alirm citlvhmstl, icm

tm su rfcolcgldf cdf`hlif spfglelhf hcjcvif lol cdf`hlil hcstup u af`ldlac, (:) hlvm prmgfsc, ic`c sf

prfùlacdu cdf`hlif cigldf hc hlvmu cmirufhlb pmsomvhlb prmgfsc, icm tm su mjdf`lhdfhc sfofigldc

ich`l`ctc lol cdf`hlic imhtrmoc ivcoltftc m`rffhlb bfalicoldc, (7) hlvm krupf prmgfsc, ic`c sf

prfùlacdu cdf`hlif cigldf hc hlvmu krupf srm`hlb prmgfsc, icm tm su tfbhlic scrc`hdc im` vcol`cgldf

prmlvm`hlb prmgfsc lol cdf`hlim uprcvodchdf elhchsldsila rllglac, (0) hlvm pmsomvhlb df`lhlgc65, ic`c sf

prfùlacdu cdfh`lif cigldf imdf sf tlu cmirufhlb pmsomvhlb gfolhc, icm tm su stvcrchdf strctfkldsif

coldchsf u mjocstl lstrclvchdc l rcvmdc lol uocci u scrc`hdu u mjocstl ukmvmrhf prmlvm`hdf, l (6) hlvm

gfomiuphmk pmsomvhmk slstfac, ic`c sf prfùlacdu cdf`hlif cigldf hc hlvmu gfomk slstfac, icm tm su hpr.

spcdchdc l prfulachdc.

7.:. ^mstmdl vfolil jrmd hclhc putfa imdlb sf pmsomvhl sujdfitl amku pmvflvctl. Pc pmvflvchdc amku

lactl rcolltf amtlvf l glodfvf, icm tm su `mkmvcrchdf gfhc, icm hpr. u soucdu icrtfoc, rcafhc rfsursc, icm

hpr. u soucdu strctfilb coldchsl, cdf`hlil hcstup hc lhmstrchla trltlac, icm hpr. u soucdu lvmhlb

iocstfrc, trchsefr tfbhmomkldc, icm hpr. u soucdu olgfhglrchdc, uiruphdcvchdf jlhlsc, icm hpr. u soucdu

66^mkof`ctl4 Ufrhc`ct, Erchmls (3


29/1993% prmlvm`hdf rfcoludf hc jcl

smpstvfhlb icpcgltftc imdl su vfrtlicohm lhtfkrlschl, c 7>% hc jcl ukmvmrhf prmlvm`hdf imdu ustupc

spmodhla pcrthfrlac.62.

V m`hmsu hc lhùstrldsil mivlr, svc pmsomvhc pmvflvchdc sf amku kruplsctl hc lhùstrldsic l

hflhùstrldsic pmvflvchdc. Lhùstrldsic pmvflvchdc pmstmdf ic`c pmsomvhl sujdfitl mstvcrudu m`rffhl hlvm

scrc`hdf lol u`rulvchdc u mivlru lstf lhùstrldf. Mvm su hcdfl mjolgl pmsomvhlb pmvflvchdc l hcdff su

6; Wgbuofhjurk, Er. (:>>5), ^rmamtlhk Juslhfss Olhickfs Mvfrvlfw ch` Pmmo, @futsgbf Kfsfoosgbcet er Lhtfrhctlmhcof Tuscaafhcrjflt (KLT), Fsgbjmrh,Kfrachy, p.


30/199:>

amtlvlschl pmsomvhma fispchldma u mivlru df`hmk trltc, sc glodfa rcstc trlhmk ufc hc tma trltu.

Hflhùstrldsic pmvflvchdc pmstmdf ic`c pmsomvhl sujdfitl mstvcrudu m`rffhl hlvm scrc`hdf lol u`rulvchdc

u mivlru rcolltlb lhùstrldc. Hflhùstrldsic pmvflvchdc hcdff su amtlvlschc pmsomvhma `lvfrslelicgldma

hc vlf trltc, sc glodfa dcchdc gfomiuphmk pmsomvhmk slstfac. Plplch prlafr hflhùstrldsilb pmvflvchdc

su dcvhmprlvcthc pcrthfrstvc l hfif imhkomafrctsif `lvfrslelicgldf.

V m`hmsu hc kfmkrcesil mivlr, svc pmsomvhc pmvflvchdc sf amku kruplsctl hc hcglmhcohc lafuhcrm`hc pmvflvchdc. Hcglmhcohc pmvflvchdc su jclrchc hc uhltrlhmd strctfkldl, im` imdf df emius hc

hcstupu hc pmdf`lhchla trltlac, l fthmgfhtrlhma prlhglpu pmsomvchdc, im` imdfk `malhlrc `macf

trltf. Afuhcrm`hc pmvflvchdc su jclrchc hc vlftrlhmd strctfkldl, im` imdf df emius hc hcstupu hc krupl

pmvfchlb trltc, l pmolgfhtrlhma prlhglpu pmsomvchdc, im` imdfk `malhlrc afuhcrm`hm trltf.

V m`hmsu hc vrfafhsil mivlr l strctfkldsil hccd, svc pmsomvhc pmvflvchdc sf amku kruplsctl hc

irctimrmhc, td. prmdfithc, l ùkmrmhc, td. strctfic. Irctimrmhc pmvflvchdc su hcdff amtlvlschc

mstvcrlvchdfa irctimrmhlb rfuotctc, icm tm su muvchdf trlhmk ufc, ctltc pmomcdc im` `mjcvodcc l

solhm, `mi su ùkmrmhc pmvflvchdc hcdff amtlvlschc mstvcrlvchdfa ùkmrmhlb rfuotctc, icm tm su

rcvmd hmvlb prmlvm`c, msvcdchdf hmvlb trltc l solhm. Tjmk tmkc, fstm sf icf `c su irctimrmhc

pmvflvchdc prmdfithmk tlpc, c `c su ùkmrmhc pmvflvchdc strctfimk tlpc. Icm prlafr irctimrmhmkpmvflvchdc amf sf hcvfstl ukmvmrhl afhcàfht hc trffa trltu u glodu prm`cdf m`rffhmk am`foc

tfofvlmrc, c icm prlafr ùkmrmhmk pmvflvchdc amf sf hcvfstl emralrchdf strctfkldsif coldchsf u mjocstl

lstrclvchdc l rcvmdc odu`simk kfhmac.

V m`hmsu hc mjubvct, svc pmsomvhc pmvflvchdc sf amku pmsactrctl u pmkofù jrmdc pmsomvhlb

sujdfictc imdl sf pmvfudu l jrmdc citlvhmstl u mivlru ochgc vrf`hmstl u mivlru imdlb sf vrl pmvflvchdf. tm

sf tlf jrmdc pmsomvhlb sujdfictc, pmstmdf pmvflvchdc lafu `vc pmsomvhc sujdfitc, icm hpr. u soucdu

spcdchdc `vf ecracgfutsif imapchldf, l lafu vlf m` `vc pmsomvhc sujdfitc, icm hpr. u soucdu emralrchdc

imhmrglduac c prlvctlcgldu vfolimk lhercstruiturhmk slstfac. tm sf tlf jrmdc citlvhmstl l ochgc vrf`hmstl,

pmstmdf pmvflvchdc hc hlvmu df`hf citlvhmstl ochgc vrf`hmstl, icm hpr. u soucdu strctfkldsif coldchsf c

prmlvm`hdu m`rffhf imapmhfhtf prmlvm c, l hc hlvmu vlf m` df`hf citlvhmstl ochgc vrf`hmstl, icm hpr. usoucdu prfulachdc jlmtfbhmomif m` strchf ecracgfutsif imapchldf.

Tchlaodlvm df lstcl l pm`fou pmsomvhlb pmvflvchdc u m`hmsu hc euhiglmhcohmst, hc imdu su uiccol

Wduvfrs l Uch`frjfrk, chcollrcdul elhchslrchdf rcvmdc acolb l srf`hdlb prfùfc u faodcac u rcvmdu 60), Wyhfrklfs tbrmukb Olhickfs4 [bm Jfhfelts erma Olhilhk Elhchgf ch` Juslhfss @fvfompafht Wfrvlgfs=, Lhtfrhctlmhco Ocjmur

Mrkchlzctlmh, [mrilhk cpfr Hm. 50, Kfhfvc, Wwltzfroch`


31/199:3

lacdu c glod rcvmd hmvlb prmlvm`c l usoukc, pmvflvchdlac usafrfhla hc rcst, imdc lacdu c glod

`lvfrslelicgldu pmsomvchdc, pmvflvchdlac u emral dcvhmprlvcthlb pcrthfrstcvc, imdc lacdu c glod rfcolcgldu

vfolilb lhercstruiturhlb prmdfictc, , pmvflvchdlac u mivlru spfglelhlb trlhlb sfkafhctc, icm tm su hpr.

pmvflvchdc u stmcrsimd prmlvm`hdl, icm l pmvflvchdlac usafrfhla hc msvcdchdf spfglelhlb trlhlb

sfkafhctc, icm tm df hpr. trltf mhocdh vl`fm lkrlgc. tm sf tlf uprcvodchdc cdf`hlila euhigldcac, vchm df

lactl u vlù hc imdl hclh f pmsomvhl sujdfitl imdl sf pmvfudu mrkchlmvctl cdf`hlif pmsomvhf euhigldf, icm

tm su elhchsldf, hcjcvic, acriftlhk, lstrclvchdf l rcvmd, uprcvodchdf odu`sila rfsurslac, uprcvodchdf

lhemracglmhla tfbhmomkldcac lt`. M hclhu mrkchlcgldf uprcvodchdc cdf`hlila euhigldcac jlf vlf rfl u

LL `fou mvmk rc`c.

7.7. Hc pltchdf ctm sf pmsomvhl sujdfitl pmvfudu hldf ocim `ctl df`lhstvfh m`kmvmr. W df`hf strchf,

pmstmdl hl rcomkc lhtfrhf prlrm`f imdl pmsomvhf sujdfitf amtlvlu c scrc`hdu, `mi s `rukf strchf, pmstmdl

ltcv hl fistfrhlb mimohmstl imdf lb hc tm hcvm`f. Lpci, amf sf rfl `c svc pmvflvchdc pmsomvhlb sujdfictc

lacdu c mshmvhl glod uvfchdf vrf`hmstl, icim c hdlbmvf vocshlif, tcim l c pmtrmcf l `rutvm u gfolhl. Wvf

rcomkf jmk imdlb sf pmsomvhl sujdfitl pmvfudu amkuf df kruplsctl u sf`ca mshmvhlb ictfkmrldc.^rvu krupu pm`stlgcdc prf`stcvodcdu , im` imdlb su mshmvhl amtlvl

pmvflvchdc msvcdchdf hmvlb trltc l imrlfhdf chsl imdf hc hdlac pmstmdf. Mvl pm`stlgcdl sf m`hmsf icim hc

trltf prm`cdf, tcim l hc trltf hcjcvif. V tma salsou, amf sf kmvmrltl m sof`fla pm`stlgcdlac4 uocci hc

hmvc trltc (pmlglmhlrchdf prla. cutmrc), rcst prm`cdf hc hmvla trltlac (pfhftrcgldc prla. cutmrc),

`lefrfhglrchdf gfhc, pmvmodhldl prlstup rfsurslac, dcchdf prfkmvcrcif shckf lt`. @ruku krupu prf`stcvodcdu

, im` imdlb su mshmvhl amtlvl pmvflvchdc rcst pmsomvhlb

slstfac l rcvmd pmsomvhlb m`hmsc. Hcdff df rf m sof`fla pm`stlgcdlac amtlvlschlb rcstma l rcvmdfa4

uiruphdcvchdf jlhlsc, `lvfrslelicgldc pmsomvchdc, imhtrmoc prm`cdhmk ochgc vrf`hmstl, imhtrmoc hcjcvhmk

ochgc vrf`hmstl, dcchdf trlhf pmlgldf lt`. Prfu krupu prf`stcvodcdu , im`

imdlb sf pmsomvhl sujdfitl pmvfudu ruimvm`fl sf amtlvlac mstvcrlvchdc mpfrctlvhf l pmsomvhf felicshmstl.V tma pmkofù, pmsomvhl sujdfitl sf amku pmvflvctl jmk uhcprffhdc pmsomvhlb prmgfsc, sachdfhdc rllic,

elhchsldsif l pmsomvhf imhsmol`cgldf, rfstruiturlrchdc slstfac, felicshldla uprcvodchdfa mtpc`ma lt`. ftvrtu

krupu prf`stcvodcdu , im` imdlb sf pmsomvhl sujdfitl pmvfudu ruimvm`fl sf

amtlvlac mstvcrlvchdc mpfrctlvhf l pmsomvhf felicshmstl. V tma pmkofù, pmsomvhl sujdfitl sf amku

pmvflvctl jmk uhcprffhdc pmsomvhlb prmgfsc, sachdfhdc rllic, elhchsldsif l pmsomvhf imhsmol`cgldf,

rfstruiturlrchdc slstfac, felicshldla uprcvodchdfa mtpc`ma lt`. ^ftu krupu prf`stcvodcdu

, im` imdlb sf pmsomvhl sujdfitl pmvfudu ruimvm`fl sf stlgchdfa hchdc ldc prcvlohc

upmtrfjc stvcrc usomvf c mstvcrlvchdf imhiurfhtsif prf`hmstl l rcstc mjlac pmsomvchdc. Zuimvmfhl

amtlvlac stlgchdc l upmtrfjf hchdc, pmsomvhl sujdfitl sf pmvfudu jmk rcvmdc lhmvcgldc, trchsefrc hchdc,

trchsefrc tfbhmomkldc, dcchdc imapftfhgldc lt`. fstu krupu prf`stcvodcdu , im` imdlb sf pmsomvhl sujdfitl pmvfudu u glodu uhcprffhdc rfputcgldf l lkrc`hdf dcimk lal`c.

Mvcivc pmvflvchdc sf fstm fcvcdu u soucdu prfulachdc acolb l srf`hdlb prfùfc m` strchf imapchldc

sc dcima rfputcgldma. Hcdff sf kmvmrl m pm`stlgcdlac icm tm su dcchdf pmsomvhmk jrfh`c, prfulachdf

pmsomvhmk emractc, dcchdf imrpmrctlvhmk lal`c lt`. L imhchm, sfàu krupu pm`stlgcdc prf`stcvodcdu

, im` imdlb sf pmsomvhl sujdfitl pmvfudu lol hc mshmvu cimhsilb mjcvfc lol hc

mshmvu pmtrfjf c prlafhma pmsomvhlb stch`cr`c. ^rcitlhm, mvm su lhufhc pmvflvchdc, imdc hfrftim

vm`f ic trlhma uspfbu. Hcdff df rf m sof`fla pm`stlgcdlac4 scrc`hdc sc amhmpmolac, scrc`hdc sc

amhmpsmhlac, scrc`hdc u glodu prlafhf LWM stch`cr`c lt`.


32/199::

Df`ch m` hclhc sckof`cvchdc pm`stlgcdc c pmvflvchdfa pmsomvhlb sujdfictc df l actrlgc pm`stlgcdc,

imdc df jclrchc hc uirtchdu `lafhldc mrldfhtcgldf l emiusc pmvflvchdc. Mrldfhtcgldc pmvflvchdc amf jltl

lhtfrhc, ic`c sf pmsomvhl sujdfitl pmvfudu u glodu dcchdc lhtfrhlb, td. pmsomvhlb pfremrachsl, l fistfrhc, ic`c

sf pmsomvhl sujdfitl pmvfudu u glodu dcchdc fistfrhlb, td. trlhlb pfremrachsl. Emius pmvflvchdc amf jltl

hc prmeltcjlohmstl, ic`c pmsomvhl sujdfitl tff `c uhcprf`f elhchsldsif pfremrachsf, l hc prmùitlvhmstl, ic`c

pmsomvhl sujdfitl tff `c uhcprf`f pmsomvhf pfremrachsf. Virtchdfa mvlb irltfrlduac `mjldcam ftlrl

sltucgldf, c tm su pmvflvchdf amtlvlschm mstvcrlvchdfa lhtfrhf prmeltcjlohmstl, pmvflvchdf amtlvlschm

mstvcrlvchdfa fistfrhf prmeltcjlohmstl, pmvflvchdf amtlvlschm mstvcrlvchdfa lhtfrhf prmùitlvhmstl l

pmvflvchdf amtlvlschm mstvcrlvchdfa fistfrhf prmùitlvhmstl.

Loustrcgldc 54 ^m`stlgcdl zc uspmstcvodchdf scrc`hdf lzafu pmsomvhlb sujdfictc

Dcchdf prfkmvcrcif pmzlgldfZczvmd lhmvctlvhlb icpcgltftc

Vhcprffhdf pmsomvhlb prmgfscElhchsldsic imhsmol`cgldc^msomvhc imhsmol`cgld

Documents

Udruživanje preduzeća kao forma unapredjenja medjunarodne konkurentnosti