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Radio Planning Aspects for UMTSMhlbauer Helmut
11.05.1999; 1
commercially not binding
Radio Network Planning Aspects for
UMTS Networks
Munich, June 1999
Helmut Muehlbauer
Siemens AG, Munich
Tel:+49-89-72234563
e-mail:[email protected]
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Radio Planning Aspects for UMTSMhlbauer Helmut
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Outline
Introduction
Basic WCDMA Aspects
Planning Aspects for WCDMA
Summary
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CDMA Principles
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Multiple Access Techniques
Time Time Time Time
Power Power Power Power
Freq
uenc
y
Freq
uenc
y
Freq
uenc
y
Freq
uenc
y
TDMA FDMA FDD-CDMA TDD-CDMA
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
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Direct Sequence (DS) - CDMA
Each user gets an unique spreading code sequence
Information bandwidth R is spread with the code sequence
Transmission bandwidth W is much larger than information bandwidth R
At the receiving end same code is used for the despreading of the data(synchronization on chip level necessary)
Ratio W/R is called the processing gain
Data signal
Information
rate R
Spreading
code
Data
signal
De-spreading
code
= Spreading
code
Filter
Bandwidth
R
Wideband signal
Spread signal
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Direct Sequence (DS) - CDMA
Data signal is directly modulated by the spreading code signal
Spread data signal is modulated with the wideband carrier
Basic properties: Multiple access due to loss cross-correlation of the different spreading
codes coherent receiver puts only a small ratio of the interfering user power into the
information bandwidth
Multipath interference due to ideal/high auto-correlation of the spreadingcodes
cross-correlation outside the time window +/-Tchip is nearly zero
signals (multipath) delayed more than 2 x Tchip are treated as interferenceand only a small ratio of the power is put into the information bandwidth
Narrowband interference is reduced by the processing gain due to thespreading of the signal onto the wideband bandwidth
interference signal power level is reduced by the spreading gain (W/R)
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Main Aspect of CDMA
All users are transmitting in the same RF band
The users are separated via orthogonal spreading codes
Typically a CDMA network is interference limited
Capacity and Qualityis limited by the amount of
interference power in the system
Capacity and Quality
is limited by the amount of
interference power in the system
Interference power in the system
has to be minimized
Interference power in the system
has to be minimized
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Radio Planning Aspects for UMTSMhlbauer Helmut
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Uplink Capacity in a single Cell in a single Cell Network
Omnidirectional Cell
All users share the same power
Perfect power control assigns
to all users the same power
level at the receiver
Simple capacity equation for single cell
Introduction of energy per bit per noise
power density Eb/No
Power
Frequency
User M
User M-1User M-2
User M-3
User 1C
I
( ) ( )
( )
CIM
MI
C
kTWCMkTWCM
C
I
C
+=
=
>>+
=
13.
1
12.
11
1. ;
00
0
12.
1.
NE
RW
NE
RWM
W
R
N
E
I
C
bb
b
+=
=
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Uplink Capacity in a single Cell in a multiple Cell Network
Frequency Reuse Efficiency
Interference increases due to the
intercell interference from the
neighboring cells
We assume a homogenous network
with equal number of users in each cell
If the number of users in neighboring
cells increases the max. achievable
capacity in the cells will decrease
A frequency reuse of 1 is planned
But typically the reuse efficiency islower;
Reuse Fraction
Reuse Factor
Reuse Efficiency
Uplink Capacity
700330ceinterferenintracell
ceinterferenintercell,...,==
+= 1F
+=
1
1eF
e
b
FNE
RWM =
0
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Uplink Capacity in a single Cell in a multiple Cell Network
Consideration of Voice Activity and Sectorization
Voice activity factor Range of 0,50,6
Typical value: 0,57
Sectorization gain Capacity gain for one site
consisting of
3 sectors: about 2.5
6 sectors: about 5
1
0
= eb
FNE
RWM
=1
0
eb
FNE
RWM
Pole CapacityPole Capacity
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Radio Planning Aspects for UMTSMhlbauer Helmut
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Cell Load Evaluation
Cell load calculation for one single bearer (M is the number of
required links including blocking)
Cell load calculation for different bearers i
=e
buser
FRW
NEM
10
==
i
ii
i
biuser
e
ieeiiei
bi i
iuseri
RN
EM
FW
FFFRW
NEM
1 0,
,,
0
1 1
,
1
;1
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Downlink Capacity
The downlink capacity is defined by the intercell
interference, the intracell interference and the
orthogonality of the spreading codes at the receiver
( ) 01 NII
RWS
I
C
erra ++
=
intint
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Example: Voice 8kbps
Calculation of number of
simultaneous links on the uplink
for voice 8kbps
Ideal conditions
ideal power control
voice activity of 0,5
100% load
W/kcps 4096
frequency efficiency 0,58
soft handover 0,4
Voice
Bearer/kbps 8
Eb/No in dB (UL) 5,4
Eb/No 3,47link activity 0,5
cell load 1
# simult. links 172,3
# simult. links incl.
SHO103,4
# simult. links incl.
signaling overhead(15%)
87,9
# links incl. 2%
blocking (ETSI)76
W/kcps 4096
frequency efficiency 0,58
soft handover 0,4
Voice
Bearer/kbps 8
Eb/No in dB (UL) 5,4
Eb/No 3,47link activity 0,5
cell load 1
# simult. links 172,3
# simult. links incl.
SHO103,4
# simult. links incl.
signaling overhead(15%)
87,9
# links incl. 2%
blocking (ETSI)76
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Utran Network
Core Network
RNC RNC RNC
Node B Node B Node B Node B Node B Node B
Iu Iu Iu
Iur Iur
Iub Iub Iub IubIub Iub
Iur
UTRAN
UE
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Softer Handover
One mobile station is
connected to several sectors
belonging to the same site
(NodeB)
NodeB: The combining of the
signals are performed by the
fingers of the rake receiver
MS: The combining of the
signals are performed by the
fingers of the rake receiver
Macro diversity Number of MS in softer
handover: 1015%
Softer HO Area
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Soft Handover
The MS is connected to more
than one NodeB simultaneously
Uplink:
The signal combining is
performed via the RNC
Typically a selection combiningis used
Macro diversity
Downlink:
Different NodeBs are
transmitting same information
Macro diversity versusinterference increase
Number of MS in Soft HO:
30%...40%
RNC
Soft HO Area
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Network Design and Dimensioning
Cell Range Estimation
Capacity Estimation
Capacity versus Coverage Optimization
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Initial Network Dimensioning
Input Parameter
Traffic requirements:
Type of services: HMM, MMM,
Amount of traffic in Erlang or Mbyte
Traffic distribution
User distribution
Coverage requirements
coverage probability
penetration loss
site (GSM900/1800) reuse
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UMTS Radio Network Planning Process
Network SimulationLoad maximization
Coverage versus capacity optimization
Quality optimization
Input data
Traffic
requirements
Coverage
requirements
Quality
requirements
Link budget
requirements
Prediction
model
Traffic model
Initial Cell
Plan
Site-to-site
distance
Simplified traffic model
Number of sites
Number of
carriers
Standard site
configuration
Final Cell
PlanUser & service & traffic
distribution
User mobility
Final site locationOpt. site configuration
System features
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Bearer Services
Service User data rate Required SF Symbol rate Transport block s ize
Speech 8 kbps 128 (UL & DL) 32 ksps 80 bits (interl. 1 frame)
160 bits (interl. 2 frames)
LCD data 64 kbps
144 kbps
384 kbps
16/32 (UL/DL)
8/16
4/8
256 ksps
512 ksps
1024 ksps
640 bits (5120 bits - 80 ms)
1440 bits (11520 bits - 80 ms)
20480 bits (1633840 bits - 80 ms)
UDD data 30.4 kbps
60.8 kbps
243.2 kbps
32/64 (UL/DL)
16/32
4/8
128 ksps
256 ksps
1024 ksps
304 bits per frame
304 bits *2 per frame
304 bits * 8 per frame
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Estimation of Cell Load - offered Traffic
Circuit switched data
separately performed for each bearer
overall required number of links is the sum of the different required
links for each bearer
assumption due to lack of more accurate traffic modeling (multi
dimensional Erlang formula) more accurate modeling will be available end of 09/99
Offered
Load
Bearer i
Blocking
Requirement
Soft
Handover
Signaling
Overhead
Required
Links
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Estimation of Cell Load - offered Traffic
Packet switched data
approximation: packet switched data are regarded as circuit
switched data with mean data throughput and a mean call
duration time
mean call duration=data volume/mean data throughput
separately performed for each bearer
overall required number of links is the sum of the different requiredlinks for each bearer
assumption due to lack of more accurate traffic modeling
more accurate modeling will be available end of 09/99
Offered
Load
Bearer i
Soft
Handover
Signaling
Overhead
Required
Links
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Offered traffic per user
Circuit switched traffic is considered with blocking (Erlang B)
Packet switched traffic is assumed to be circuit switched
with a mean data throughput but without blockingrequirement
Offered Traffic
service bearer symmetriemean data
rate/kbps
call
duration
in s
amount of
data in
Mbyte
BCHAequivalent
merl
voice voice symmetric 8 120 - 0,8 26,67videophonie LCD64 symmetric 64 240 - 0,02 1,33
slow internet UDD144 asymmetric 64 250 2 0,05 3,47
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Subscriber Distribution
Subscriber distribution per clutter and service type
area in sqkm 10000
population 5000000
environment penetration pop.distribution
areadistribution
pop/sqkm sub/sqkm voice video-phonie
slowinternet
user/voice/sqkm
user/videophonie/sqkm
user/internet/sqkm
urban 30% 40% 10% 2000 600 50% 20% 20% 300,00 120,00 120,00
suburban 25% 30% 20% 750 188 50% 5% 10% 93,75 9,38 18,75
rural 25% 30% 70% 214 54 30% 1% 5% 16,07 0,54 2,68
area in sqkm 10000
population 5000000
environment penetrationpop.
distribution
area
distributionpop/sqkm sub/sqkm voice
video-
phonie
slow
internet
user/voice/
sqkm
user/video
phonie/sqkm
user/internet/s
qkm
urban 30% 40% 10% 2000 600 50% 20% 20% 300,00 120,00 120,00
suburban 25% 30% 20% 750 188 50% 5% 10% 93,75 9,38 18,75
rural 25% 30% 70% 214 54 30% 1% 5% 16,07 0,54 2,68
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Offered Traffic and Capacity Evaluation
Offered traffic for urban environment per sqkm
Cell load = 56% for cells with area of 1 sqkm
service
equivalent
merl
user/service
/sqkm
offered
load in erl blocking
required
links
req. links
incl. SHO
&
signalling
load %
voice 26,67 300,00 8,00 2% 14 26 19%
video honie 1,33 120,00 0,16 2% 2 4 33%
slow internet 3,47 120,00 0,42 - 0,42 1 4%
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Coverage Planning - Cell Breathing Effect
All user share the available power and interferes each other
Increasing number of active user increases the interference level in the
system
High load results in a high
interference and in ashrinking cell size
Cell load is considered
via an interference
margin in the link budget
I=10log(1-load)
Reduced through adaptive
antennas and multiuser detection 02
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Load Factor
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Coverage Estimation - Link Budget
Output power and RxSensitivity of NodeB/UE
Diversity gain, Soft/softer handover gain
Penetration loss, body loss
Interference margin - load factor on uplink
Location probability at cell border or within cell area
Site configuration (antenna height/gain NodeB/UE, feeder loss)
Uplink:
Downlink:
problocLossGainGainloadfactor
bE
WR
WNodeBfeederLNodeBantGUEfeederLUEantGUEPL
bodySHOdiversityreq .Margin1
1log10)
0
(
)0log(10log10,,,,max
++
+++=
problocLossGainGainbE
WRWUEfeederLGNodeBfeederLNodeBantGNodeBPL
bodySHOdiversityreq
UEant
.Margin)
0
(
)0log(10log10,,,max ,
++
+++=
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Coverage Estimation
Cell Sizes (uplink) for Voice and LCD Bearer
Cell Range for WCDMA(urban area (inbuilding @15dB pen.loss); hant=30; 90% area loc. prob.)
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
20% 40% 60% 80%Load Factor
Speech vehicular
Speech GSM1800
LCD64 vehicular
LCD144 vehicular
LCD384 vehicular
Speech
LCD144
LCD64
LCD384
Speech
GSM1800
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Balancing of coverage and capacity
high traffic density
cell design for maximized capacity
high cell loading
small cell area
HCS network; simulations necessary; hard hand off!? (critical inIS-95)
low traffic density
cell design for maximized capacity
low cell loading (more hardware)
large cell area restriction on availability of certain high bit rate services
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0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
0,90
1,00
30% 40% 50% 60% 70%cell load
cell range
max. capacity regardingthe cell load due tooffered traffic
max. coverageregarding the cell loaddue to offered traffic
Optimization of Coverage versus Capacity
optimizedoperating point
Optimization of coverage versus capacity based on a given traffic distribution
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Interference reduction
Similar problem as in GSM
optimum would be a homogeneous network
reality: inhomogeneous network
topography, morphology traffic distribution, subscriber mobility and different cell loadings
site-to-site distance and grid
antenna heights, alignment and types
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Site
Configuration
Cell Layout
Interference reduction
TrafficType and
Distribution
Analysis and
Optimization Tool
Interference
balanced
Network
Homogeneous
Network
Maximum
Capacity
Topography
Morphology
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Interference reduction
Antenna types:
omnidirectional
effective during network launch period with low traffic load
but: no possibilities for network tuning; only change of antennas
interference reduction has to be considered carefully during siteselection (height and location)
120 antennas:
suburban and rural areas with low load
fixed sector to sector distance of 120
65 antennas:
high flexibility during planning and tuning period but requires dense grid planning
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Tools for Initial Cell Planning
Link Budget and Cell Range Calculation Tool
Traffic Analysis Tool
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Link Budget and Cell Range Calculation Tool
Based on ETSI Simulations
Cost-231-Hata model seems to be appropriate
Log normal fading is about 7...8dB
Additional gains and margins will be defined in the systemlevel simulation process - not yet finished
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Traffic Evaluation Tool
Number of
basic channels
(technology)
Scaling due to
interference
signaling
load
Number of available
basic channels
per area unit
Subscriberprofile
Traffic model
Blocking
Offered traffic
in basic channels
per area unit
Cell range
per
clutterMapping ofservices
on basic
channels
Number of Carriers
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Basic Channel Concept
Basic channel:
voice bearer of 8kbps
spectrum efficiency: 71kbps/MHz/cell
cell capacity: 71/8kbps x 5MHz/0,5=89erl/cell
Circuit switched data
example: LCD144
spectrum efficiency: 198kbps/MHz/cell
cell capacity: 210/144kbps x 5MHz=7,3erl/cell
#basic channel: 89/7,3=12,2 basic channel
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Basic Channel Concept
Packet switched data
UDD144 planned with 60,8kbps max. info data rate
spectrum efficiency: 290kbps/MHz/cell
cell capacity: 290/17,1kbps x 5MHz=85erl/cell
mean throughput of 17,1kbps during whole session time
#basic channel: 89/85=1,05 basic channel
Model is a first estimation
till now no exact simulations available
queuing has to be modeled
admission control and congestion control has to be modeled
approximately available 10/99
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Summary
Initial Cell
Plan
Site-to-site
distance
Simplified traffic model
Number of sites
Number of
carriers
Standard site
configuration
Input
Parameter
Traffic/user
distribution
Coverage requirement
QoS
requirement
System
parameter
Initial Cell
Plan can
be defined
Uncertainties
& Problems
Modeling of
UDD data
Propagation model adjust-
ment to wide-
band application
System parameter
(Eb/No, SHO
gain, ...)
Admission,
Congestion,
Load control
Impact on
Initial
Cell Plan