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MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, WATER, AND FORESTS UNDERSTANDING THREATS TO WEST AFRICAN BIODIVERSITY AND LINKAGES TO WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING GUINEA FIELD ASSESSMENT REPORT SEPTEMBER 2018

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MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, WATER, AND FORESTS

UNDERSTANDING THREATS TO WEST AFRICAN BIODIVERSITY AND LINKAGES TO WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING GUINEA FIELD ASSESSMENT REPORT

SEPTEMBER 2018

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This document was made possible by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the West Africa Biodiversity and Climate Change (WA BiCC) program. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of its authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. For more information on the West Africa Biodiversity and Climate Change program, contact:

USAID/West Africa Biodiversity and Climate Change Tetra Tech 2nd Labone Link, North Labone Accra, Ghana Tel: +233(0)302 788 600 Email: www.tetratech.com/intdev Website: www.wabicc.org Stephen Kelleher Chief of Party Accra, Ghana Tel: + 233 (0) 302 788 600 Email: [email protected] Vaneska Litz Project Manager Burlington, Vermont Tel.: +1 802 495 0577 Email: [email protected] Citation: Republic of Guinea Ministry of Environment, Water and Forests, 2019. Understanding Threats to West African Biodiversity and Linkages to Wildlife Trafficking: Guinea Field Assessment Report. Edited by Balinga M. and Stroud A. in 2019.

Cover photo: A Western chimpanzee. Credit: Chi King – chimpanzee VI

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... iii Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................... iv I.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Background information on Guinea .............................................................................. 1 1.2 Methodology and scope of the assessment .................................................................. 2

2.0 Assessment of wildlife trafficking at markets and entry points ......................................... 5 2.1 Local markets of Conakry .............................................................................................. 5 2.2 Airport of Conakry ......................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Seaport of Conakry......................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Land boundary border post of Foulamory ................................................................... 8

3.0 Overview of wildlife law enforcement ............................................................................... 10 3.1 Proactive enforcement as deterrent to wildlife trafficking ...................................... 10

3.1.1 Enforcement priority ...................................................................................................................... 10 3.1.2 Serious crime .................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.3 National enforcement strategy ..................................................................................................... 11 3.1.4 National cooperation ...................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.5 International cooperation .............................................................................................................. 12 3.1.6 Strategic risk management ............................................................................................................. 12 3.1.7 Proactive investigations .................................................................................................................. 12 3.1.8 Staffing, recruitment and law enforcement training ................................................................ 12

3.2 Detection of wildlife trafficking by law enforcement agencies ................................... 13 3.2.1 Targeted enforcement presence .................................................................................................. 13 3.2.2 Joint/supportive operations ........................................................................................................... 13 3.2.3 Border control staff ........................................................................................................................ 13 3.2.4 Border control equipment ............................................................................................................ 13 3.2.5 Inspection and seizure powers ..................................................................................................... 13 3.2.6 Disposal of confiscated wildlife specimens ................................................................................ 13

3.3 Wildlife trafficking thoroughly investigated using an intelligence-led approach .... 15 3.3.1 Investigative capacity ....................................................................................................................... 15 3.3.2 Information management ............................................................................................................... 15 3.3.3 Intelligence-led investigations ....................................................................................................... 16 3.3.4 Follow-up investigations ................................................................................................................. 16

3.4 Specialized investigation techniques used to combat wildlife trafficking................ 16 3.4.1 Use of specialized investigation techniques ............................................................................... 16 3.4.2 Forensic technology ........................................................................................................................ 16 3.4.3 Financial investigations .................................................................................................................... 17 3.4.4 Use of criminal law .......................................................................................................................... 17 3.4.5 Case file preparation ....................................................................................................................... 18

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4.0 Conclusions and recommendations ................................................................................... 19 4.1 Trafficking routes and seizures .................................................................................... 19 4.2 Challenges raised by participants ................................................................................ 19 4.3 Primary recommendations .......................................................................................... 21

Annex 1: Summary of commercial trade in CITES-listed species ......................................... 24 Annex 2: Schedule of the threat assessment ............................................................................ 30 Annex 3: List of respondents interviewed during the field mission ....................................... 32

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It would not have been possible to produce this report without the diligent support provided by representatives of the committee responsible for implementing CITES in Guinea. They worked tirelessly with their field team organizing and leading the assessments, conducting interviews and ensuring that the report and its findings were validated at the national level. WA BiCC would especially like to thank the following individuals for their contributions:

• Oyé GUILAVOGUI, Minister of State, Minister for the Environment, Water and Forests

• Seydou Bari SIDIBE, Secretary General of the Ministry of Environment, Water and Forestry

• Apollinaire Togba KOLIE, Deputy National Director of Water and Forests

• Mamadou Bella Diallo, CITES Management Authority

• Ibrahima Cissé Diallo, Senior Police Inspector, International Criminal Police Organization, ICPO-INTERPOL

• Lt. Colonel Sow Bhoye, Chief of the Guinean Office of Parks and Reserves-OGUIPAR

• Commander Saïdou Condé, Commander, Head of Division for Intelligence, Risk Analysis and Control Guidance -DRAROC

• Brigadier General Toumany SANGARE, Director General of Customs

• Sayon Koulibaly, CITES Focal Point for Customs

• Ibrahima KABA, CITES Focal Point for Customs

• Naby Yaya Sylla, Intelligence Section – Division for Intelligence, Risk Analysis and Control Guidance (DRAROC)

• Commander Cheick Abdoul Gadiri CONDE, Intelligence Officer – Division for Intelligence, Risk Analysis and Control Guidance (DRAROC)

We would also like to express our deep gratitude to the customs officials working in land, air and seaports, and all the other staff members who participated in the assessments and provided us with valuable information on their activities.

Finally, we would like to thank the many other individuals and organizations that assisted WA BiCC in ensuring that this report was produced to the highest standards. WA BiCC staff would like to also express their gratitude to all those who invested their valuable time, effort and thought in improving our organization’s understanding of the current threats to West African biodiversity and the links with wildlife trafficking.

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ACRONYMS CEN Customs Enforcement Network

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

CMA CITES Management Authority

DRAROC Division du Renseignement Analyse des Risques Orientations des Contrôles (Intelligence Division for Customs)

ECOWAS Economic Community for West African States

GALF Guinée-Application de la Loi Faunique

MEEF Ministry of Environment, Water and Forest

MoJ Ministry of Justice

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

NCB National Central Bureau

NCEN National Customs Enforcement Network

NGO Non-governmental Organization

OGUIPAR Guinea Office of National Parks and Protected Areas

UNTOC United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime

USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

WA BiCC West Africa Biodiversity and Climate Change Program

WCO World Customs Organization

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I.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON GUINEA

Guinea is a country on Africa’s western coast, with 12.4m inhabitants and a gross domestic product of

$6.3bn.1 Data from the World Bank indicate that in 2015, Guinea’s key trade partners were Ghana,

India, the United Arab Emirates, Germany, and Spain for exports;2 and China, the Netherlands, India,

Belgium, and France for imports.3 Guinea has one international airport and one international seaport, both located in its capital, Conakry.

Guinea is home to approximately 3,273 species of animals and 3,076 species of plants.4 The country’s forests are considered among the world’s 25 biodiversity hotspots.

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) entered into force in Guinea in 1981. The country is currently listed in category 2 of the CITES national legislation project, which means that its existing legislation meets one to three of the four requirements

for effective implementation of CITES.5 Recently, Guinea promulgated the Forestry Code (2017) and Wildlife Protection and Hunting Regulation Code (2018) to bring its national legislation more in line with CITES requirements.

Guinea’s biodiversity has been severely threatened by wildlife trafficking for the past 10 years. Following the issuance of fraudulent CITES permits to export endangered species such as chimpanzees and manatees, the CITES Standing Committee decided in 2013 to suspend all commercial trade in specimens

of CITES-listed species within Guinea.6 Even before this suspension, the CITES Secretariat and Standing Committee had expressed their concerns regarding illegal trade in Guinea. Compounding their concerns were challenges in enforcement and compliance, namely the adoption of adequate legislation, the issuing of efficient permits, the monitoring of significant levels of trade, and the issuance of non-detriment

findings.7

As with Ghana and Togo, the majority of Guinea’s legal commercial exports are live specimens of Appendix II and Appendix III species. From 2000 to 2016, international commercial trade in wild specimens of CITES-listed species from Guinea was focused primarily on live birds. Included in Annex 1 is a table summarizing commercial trade in wild specimens of CITES-listed species exported from Guinea between 2000 and 2016.

1. See also http://databank.worldbank.org/data/Views/Reports/ ReportWidgetCustom.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=GUI

2. See also https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/GIN/Year/2015/TradeFlow/Export/Partner/all/Product/Total 3. See also http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/GIN/Year/2015/TradeFlow/Import 4. More information is available (in French only) at: https://www.rmportal.net/framelib/monographie-de-la-guinee-sur-la-diversite-

biologique.pdf 5. See also https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/prog/Legislation/CITES_national_legislative_status_table.pdf and

https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/cop/17/WorkingDocs/E-CoP17-22-A3-R1.pdf 6. See CITES notification to the Parties No.2013/017, available at: https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/notif/2013/E-Notif-2013-017.pdf 7. See CITES notification to the Parties No.2013/017, available at: https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/notif/2013/E-Notif-2013-017.pdf

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The CITES trade database indicates that commercial exports of wild specimens from Guinea to Oman occurred in 2014, one year after the CITES trade suspension was adopted in 2013 (see Text Box 1). These exports, reported by Oman, warrant clarification because they constitute illegal trade. It is interesting to note that mealy amazons, festive amazons, hawk-headed parrots, red-billed toucans, and channel-billed toucans all have a habitat range in Latin America. This could corroborate the existence of a trafficking route between Latin America and West Africa.

Trade levels from the CITES database indicate that between 2000 and 2016, the majority of specimens exported from Guinea were birds (89% of all specimens traded). Four percent of all specimens traded were mammals, and another 4% were reptiles. The Senegal parrot (Poicephalus senegalus), African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), and yellow-fronted canary (Serinus mozambicus) were among the most commonly traded bird species. The grey parrot is now listed in CITES Appendix I and the Senegal parrot in Appendix II, but the yellow-fronted canary is not currently listed in the CITES appendices.

Figure 1. Map of trade routes used for the export of wild specimens from Guinea (all purposes combined) between 2000 and 2016

TEXT BOX 1. FLIGHTS OF FANCY: LIVE BIRDS ILLEGALLY TRADED TO OMAN IN 2014

In 2014, commercial exports of hundreds of live birds representing many species made their way illegally from Guinea to Oman, including:

• 50 Guinea turacos (Tauraco persa) • 4 mealy amazons (Amazona farinosa) • 4 festive amazons (Amazona festiva) • 8 hawk-headed parrots (Deroptyus accipitrinus) • 200 Senegal parrots (Poicephalus senegalus) • 300 African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) • 4 red-billed toucans (Ramphastos tucanus)

Source: CITES trade database. Graphic representation produced using TradeMapper.

1.2 METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE OF THE ASSESSMENT

A scoping mission was organized in Guinea on 3–8 July under the leadership of Mr. Mamadou Bella Diallo from the CITES Management Authority (CMA) of Guinea. The threat assessment took place in

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Conakry and at one border post in Foulamory, near Guinea-Bissau (see Fig. 2). Interviews were primarily conducted with environment, customs, and law enforcement officers. The full schedule of the threat assessment and a list of interviewees are presented as Annexes 2 and 3.

Secondary data was collected in the form of publications, reports, databases, maps, and photographs, while primary data was collected through direct interviews with various categories of stakeholders.

Internet searches were the main approach used to collect secondary data prior to the field survey, and these were complemented during the survey by documents provided by interviewees.

The assessment team collected both qualitative and quantitative data during its interviews. Quantitative data was recorded using smartphones. To collect qualitative data, the team conducted field surveys during a 6-day visit to Guinea as defined in Annex 2. These visits included direct observation at the Km5 Market as well as interviews with various stakeholders at Foulamory border crossing post, Gbessia international airport, the Conakry Sea Port and various government offices and Conservation or research institutions. The interviews chiefly targeted authorities responsible for the environment, and enforcement officers (police, customs and the national office for INTERPOL), and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). A list of interviewees and the full schedule of the assessment are included in Annexes 2 and 3 of this report. Selection of stakeholders was based on a stakeholder mapping carried out with the National CITES Authorities prior to the field trip. Additional institutions were identified through interviews with the pre-selected resource persons based on the snowball approach. The following data collection tools were developed or modified to provide a series of core questions that the survey team adapted to the context and field realities as necessary:

A questionnaire for wildlife law enforcement authorities developed using the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime Indicator Framework for Combating Wildlife and Forest Crime (https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/prog/iccwc/ICCWC-Ind-FW-ASSESSMENT_TEMPLATE-FINAL.pdf).

A questionnaire for customs authorities which was refined and divided into two series of questions. These included general, open-ended questions and more specific questions to be answered through multiple-choice responses, Yes or No responses, or numbers.

A questionnaire for non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders working on conservation issues.

Figure 2. The threat assessment was carried out in Conakry, Boke, and at a border post in Foulamory, near Guinea-Bissau.

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A checklist for market visits to be used as part of an “undercover investigation” where a team will visit the market, spot the shops with wildlife products and record findings on smart phones using the checklist.

Responses to open-ended questions were recorded by hand and compiled daily into a report while responses to questions with multiple-choice response options were recorded on smartphones to allow for real time data access and statistical comparisons. Each question was given a code and the National CITES team was trained on how to use this tool with their smartphones. The data collection and analysis is demonstrated in the following 3-minute video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSRpYmtNak4.

The assessment team consisted of:

Marion Crepet, Africa Policy and Capacity Building Program Associate, Born Free USA

Charles Mackay, MK Wildlife Consultancy (customs expert)

Mamadou Bella Diallo, Organe de Gestion, CITES (the CMA of Guinea)

Ibrahima Cissé Diallo, Inspecteur Principal de Police, Organisation Internationale de Police Criminelle, O.I.P.C.—INTERPOL (INTERPOL inspector)

Lt. Colonel Sow Bhoye, Chef de l’Office Guinéen des Parcs et Réserves—OGUIPAR (Head of OGUIPAR—Guinea Office of National Parks and Protected Areas)

Commandant Saïdou Condé, Commandant, Chef de Division, Division du Renseignement Analyse des Risques Orientations des Contrôles—DRAROC (Commander, Head of the Intelligence Division for Customs—DRAROC, and customs focal point for the CITES Committee)

Naby Yaya Sylla, Chef de Section Renseignement—DRAROC (Head of the Intelligence Section of Customs—DRAROC)

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2.0 ASSESSMENT OF WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING AT MARKETS AND ENTRY POINTS

2.1 LOCAL MARKETS OF CONAKRY

The team visited a market called “Market km5,” a local market about 8 km outside of the city center of Conakry. An informant working with the Ministère de l’Environnement des Eaux et des Forêts (Ministry of Environment, Water and Forest—MEEF) and Mr. Sylla, Chef de Section Renseignement, Division du Renseignement Analyse de Riques Orientation des Contrôles (Head of the Customs Intelligence Division— DRAROC), led the undercover investigation in the market. The rest of the team remained in the car to avoid raising suspicion.

The investigators went to the stalls where the informant knew bushmeat was being sold and were shown what looked to be a dead duiker (a kind of small African antelope). They were told hunting conditions unsatisfactory at the moment and that no more wildlife products were available for sale. The informant indicated that shop owners often sell monkey and tortoises at the market.

Interestingly, women play an important role in the supply chain for wildlife products. Villagers typically hunt wildlife outside of urban areas and sell the products to women, who then resell the products in the local markets located in cities and main villages. The informant went to two other markets to complete the assessment the next day; the Madina market and the Yimbaya tannery. During his market visits, the informant observed the following species being sold (Table 1).8

Table 1. Wildlife products being sold during the July 8th visit to the Madina market and the Yimbaya tannery

Product Madina Market Yimbaya Tannery Monkeys Turtles Pangolins (meat) Antelope (skins) Warthog Snakes

None of the three markets assessed sold wildlife products openly, illustrating a local awareness of the legal ramifications.

8. Owing to the fact that the identification expert was not present during the visits, the species were identified based on the answers provided to the informant by the shop owners.

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2.2 AIRPORT OF CONAKRY

The team met with the Chef de Brigade (Head of Customs) and the Inspecteur des Douanes, Chef de Parc à Conteneurs (Head of Customs for the Freight Division) at the Conakry Airport, also known as Gbessia International Airport. A number of African and European airlines serve Conakry airport, chiefly Ethiopian Airlines, Air Emirates, Air Brussels, Air France, Air Ivory Coast, British Airways, and Royal Air Maroc.

Discussions with respondents illustrated very frank criticism of the Customs department and lack of support from senior managers. More specifically, it was reported there is no positive feedback or monetary reward when a job is well done. Respondents had very little faith in the Customs administration and were looking for support to get all agencies working together and to move agencies toward a system of performance rewards. Senior managers had a perception of what was happening on the ground that was inconsistent with reality.

There are two airport-based staff members from the MEEF who examine exports as part of their CITES-related responsibilities. One met with the assessment team and reported that MEEF agents receive very little assistance from Customs. There are ten officers who work in the airport’s cargo section—four coordinating activities and six carrying out inspections (Photo 1). Together with security staff, two officers follow the export freight to the aircraft and watch it being loaded. There are around 12 import and two to four export shipments cleared each day. The number of exports has dropped, however, since the trade sanctions were imposed by CITES. There are representatives from fisheries, phytosanitary, and veterinary departments based in the cargo section checking live animals, plants, and fruits, but none of these officers have been trained in CITES. In terms of non-CITES cargo, there used to be export shipments of mangoes and fish, but these numbers are down too. 60% of imports are for medical supplies to be distributed by NGOs working in Guinea.

Photo 1. Visit to the cargo section of the Conakry International Airport. Left: Demonstration of a package going through the scanner. Right: Charles Mackay, Born Free USA customs expert, interviews customs officers working in the cargo section.

There are two scanners at the airport, one for exports and one for imports, and both are operated by Customs. Security is responsible for observing the packing of containers by the exporters, and Customs

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scans the containers before they are loaded onto the aircraft. Customs officers use Sydonia World, a software program for automated cargo clearance that many African countries use, which identifies “red/yellow/green” routes.

The team was shown a few past seizures that Customs had made at the passenger section, including a rock python skin, sea cucumbers (Photo 2), and seahorses. According to the respondents, there have been no seizures in the cargo section in the last three years. The respondents stated that none of their staff have been trained in CITES, although the NGO Guinée-Application de la Loi Faunique (GALF) reported it had trained some Customs staff based at the airport.

9 The risk profiles are set by a team within the Customs Intelligence Division based at headquarters in Conakry. At present, there is no risk profile set for CITES.

Photo 2. Seized at the Conakry International Airport: Customs officers display the skin of a rock python (Python sebae) and sea cucumbers. Following the suspension of trade imposed by CITES, there are no live CITES-listed species being officially exported or imported. Customs does not have a database for recording seizures at the airport; they have a reporting system in place but they do not use it. Because of this, there is no reliable way of knowing what has been seized. Customs officers working at the airport mentioned that DRAROC, the Intelligence Section of Customs, recently put a system in place but the team had no access to it.

At the passenger section, all luggage is scanned by Customs after it has been checked in and placed on the conveyor belt. If Customs officers see something of interest, they will ask the airline to page the passenger over the airport speakers and then open the suitcase with the passenger present. Typically, if there is anything illegal inside, the passenger will not show up when paged. Officers should still be able to track the passenger down from ticketing data, but none mentioned that that is what they do. Customs officers reported that passengers leaving the country go through three levels of controls (customs, police, then security), so it would be difficult for them to take any wildlife specimens out of the country.

From the team’s observations during the airport visit, authorities only seem to perform security checks for carry-on luggage, and it is unlikely that they have been trained on CITES. Customs officers also stated that Security does not refer anything to them—it is Customs who finds everything. For example, the seized snakeskin and seahorses mentioned above were found when scanning suitcases, and the sea

9. Green routes are regarded as low risk and rarely searched, yellow routes are moderate risk and are periodically searched, and red routes are known trafficking routes and searches are more consistently undertaken.

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cucumbers were found at import.) As is typical in many African countries, all passengers on arrival must have their luggage scanned at Customs controls.

2.3 SEAPORT OF CONAKRY

The assessment team visited the seaport of Conakry, where they met with the Inspecteur des Douanes, Chef de Parc à Conteneurs (Head of Customs for the Cargo Section). There are around 176 officers working in the Cargo section and two CITES officers based there who work with the MEEF.

The containers being exported are packed at the trader’s premises under the supervision of Customs and placed under seal. Containers are then checked when they arrive at the seaport. All freight, both import and export, goes through the port’s two scanners, which are operated by the Port Authority. The Customs officers who are present will decide whether something can go or not, although they work in collaboration with other services. If anything suspicious is seen on the scanner for imports, they will examine the container there; otherwise, they check it at the importer’s premises. They can physically check up to seven containers in a day.

There is an automated system for clearance (Sydonia World), and the risk profiles are set by a team from the Intelligence Division (DRAROC) based in Conakry. There is currently no risk profile system set for CITES, nor is there an intelligence team based at the seaport. The head of Cargo and his deputy, however, have been trained on profile-setting and try to do some profiling themselves. They mentioned they would like to have a profiling unit based there.

Similar to what was reported at the airport, respondents said that there have been no wildlife seizures in the last three years. They have, however, received two to three warnings about shark fins, indicating that these specimens are likely being smuggled out of Guinea.

The team visited one of the two scanning stations where 100–180 containers are scanned per day. The images are checked against the manifest to see whether there is a match. Two teams work from 7 AM to 1 PM and 1 to 9 PM. Each team comprises officials from Customs, Police Port Authority, and 10 civilians; a Chinese company oversees maintenance. Respondents stated they had not been trained on how to identify wildlife specimens.

Photo 3. A view of the seaport of Conakry.

2.4 LAND BOUNDARY BORDER POST OF FOULAMORY

The team visited the land boundary border post of Foulamory on the border with Guinea-Bissau, stopping on the way at Boké to get clearance from the Chef de Brigade des Douanes Régionale de Boké (Head of Customs Brigade for the regional post of Boké).

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The regional head of Customs in Boké reported that they conduct investigations and prosecutions for fraud, but they had not been involved in any wildlife cases (although he is interested in these cases). He indicated that shark fins had been seized some time ago in Kanfou, but he did not know how the case turned out. Like the Customs officers interviewed at the Conakry International Airport, this respondent also mentioned the lack of rewards for those who make seizures.

In terms of wildlife trafficking, the regional head of Customs in Boké indicated that the smuggling of shark fins was common in the seaport of Kamsar. A lack of resources makes it difficult to manage marine protected areas, underscoring the need to strengthen coordination. Shark products traded illegally were going to Senegal or directly to China, possibly through the port. He also mentioned that capacity building was important both for raising officers’ awareness about the species they should be looking for and ensuring a reward system is set up for seizures. The Customs officers working in Boké pointed out that the area to be covered is huge; some parts are inaccessible and there are more than 300 ports and river crossings.

At Foulamory, the assessment team was briefly introduced to the police officers working at the post and met with the Head of Customs (Responsable de la Brigade des Douanes de Foulamory). He explained that there are six officers based there and that they felt totally isolated from the “twenty-first century” because they have no phones, radios, or vehicles. Customs officers bought a motorbike with their own personal funds, which they share to help with patrols. The police and army are also located there and will refer anything they find to Customs.

The Head of Customs in Foulamory indicated that some 40 individuals pass through the border post each day, mostly women in taxis crossing from one side to the other and back. Although he initially stated that they do not get commercial trucks coming through the border post, he later mentioned that Customs works closely with MEEF staff, who know how to search trucks coming through with timber.

Customs officers said that their lives are constantly put at risk, but they lack the resources and equipment needed to keep them safe. The Head of Customs also recounted a situation in which his officers arrested three terrorists who had war-grade weapons and had to seek help from the neighboring villagers. The officers received no letter of thanks or any reward for their efforts. They have never been trained on CITES/wildlife, which they would find useful for identifying species.

Photo 4. The commissariat spécial de police (police station) of the land boundary border post of Foulamory.

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3.0 OVERVIEW OF WILDLIFE LAW ENFORCEMENT

3.1 PROACTIVE ENFORCEMENT AS DETERRENT TO WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING

3.1.1 ENFORCEMENT PRIORITY

Since the adoption of the CITES trade suspension in 2013, combating of wildlife trafficking has been identified as a high priority among national law enforcement agencies in Guinea. However, this recognition remains informal and has not been formally adopted or acknowledged. The MEEF is working in collaboration with the CITES focal points to draft terms of reference to develop a wildlife strategy in Guinea. A memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed between the Guinean government and the nonprofit organization GALF to enable them to lead investigations and follow up on the prosecution of wildlife traffickers. GALF leads investigations in lieu of the Guinean government and communicates the results of their investigations to the national police and the MEEF so that they can arrest the criminals.

One of the major improvements made by the Guinean government since the CITES trade suspension is the establishment of the CITES Committee (Photo 5). The committee is composed of six focal points: the national police/INTERPOL, Ministry of Justice (MoJ), MEEF, Customs, CITES, and GALF.

As illustrated in Figure 3, the focal points work closely with the committee to ensure more transparency and collaboration in the decisions made by the CMA. The committee also helps coordinate investigations between the national police, INTERPOL, MEEF, and GALF. Investigations are led by GALF and findings are discussed by the committee to decide what action to take. INTERPOL carries out overseas enquiries when operations require it. Some National Central Bureaus (NCBs) are cooperative, but others, such as Ghana, are more challenging. Cooperation between agencies is generally very good, but Customs, is reported to have poor communication with other agencies. For example, INTERPOL has not worked with Customs on any cases, and the Customs officers based at the Conakry International Airport mentioned this was the first time they had met focal points from the MEEF and CITES.

Photo 5. Representatives of the Guinea CITES Committee with Charles Mackay, Born Free USA customs expert (center).

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3.1.2 SERIOUS CRIME

In Guinea, it was reported that wildlife trafficking is recognized as part of transnational organized crime. The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) defines serious crime as “conduct constituting an offence punishable by imprisonment for at least

4 years or a more serious penalty”.10 As per the Code de protection de la faune sauvage et réglementation de la chasse (July 2015), wildlife crime in Guinea is sanctioned by a maximum of 1 year of imprisonment, meaning the current legislation does not meet UNTOC’s “serious crime” criteria. This law is currently being revised, and under the new draft legislation, some wildlife crime infractions are sanctioned with penalties of 3–5 years imprisonment.

Figure 3. The Guinea CITES Committee is structured to ensure greater transparency, collaboration, and cooperation amongst its six focal point entities. 3.1.3 NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT

STRATEGY

Although no national enforcement strategy and/or wildlife trafficking action plan has yet been developed, the CMA and a representative from the MEEF have initiated ongoing discussions to develop one.

3.1.4 NATIONAL COOPERATION

Since the establishment of the CITES Committee within the CMA, national cooperation has greatly improved and focal points have been working very closely together, especially the MEEF, INTERPOL, and the CMA. Despite these improvements, it was reported that cooperation with Customs remains a challenge. Four of the six institutions forming the CITES Committee led the threat assessment field missions with the team of experts (INTERPOL, the MEEF, CITES, and Customs). Separate meetings with focal points from the MoJ and GALF were organized.

Joint operations led by INTERPOL, GALF, and the MEEF are very frequent in Guinea. In a high-profile case, on 14 August 2015 the former director of the CMA, Mr. Ansoumane Doumbouya, was arrested for his suspected role in the issuance of fraudulent CITES export permits. This arrest was warmly welcomed by

the CITES Secretariat, who congratulated the national law enforcement agencies involved.11 In another example, in 2017 a high-level Guinean official who owned and kept several protected species (e.g., chimpanzees, etc.) on his property was arrested.

10. See article 2 in the document at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf 11. See CITES document available at: https://cites.org/eng/guinea_arrest_20150903

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3.1.5 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

International cooperation to combat wildlife trafficking can be better understood by looking at participation in international operations and meetings. The Guinea focal point for INTERPOL reported participating in bilateral police operations in collaboration with other NCBs in the region such as Ghana and Ivory Coast. Guinea is part of Project GAPIN, a regional project led by the World Customs

Organization (WCO) focusing on protecting great apes from wildlife crime.12 It is also a party to the Economic Community for West African States (ECOWAS) Convention on extradition and the

ECOWAS Convention on Mutual Assistance on Criminal Matters.13

3.1.6 STRATEGIC RISK MANAGEMENT

Ideally, risk management practices should be coordinated activities of direct and control risks. They are used to identify high-risk activities, locations, and individuals, and to inform operational enforcement planning. Risk management helps determine where the greatest areas of exposure are and identify activities that require a higher level of control to effectively manage these risks.

No real strategic risk management practices are used to combat wildlife trafficking in Guinea. The country’s efforts to engage in such practices are usually constrained by a lack of resources (e.g., human, financial, and technical) and capacity.

3.1.7 PROACTIVE INVESTIGATIONS

In Guinea, proactive investigations to target prominent and pre-identified wildlife trafficking threats are rarely used for wildlife trafficking. As with strategic risk management practices, investigations are usually hampered by a lack of resources and capacity (e.g. training in transnational organized crime and criminal intelligence analysis on wildlife trafficking). However, according to the MoU signed with the government of Guinea, part of GALF’s duties are to undertake proactive investigations on wildlife crime-related issues in lieu of the national government.

3.1.8 STAFFING, RECRUITMENT AND LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING

INTERPOL has a designated group of ten officers in Guinea who are responsible for environmental matters. The team is led by Inspecteur Cissé, who is very active in investigations.

The NCB in Guinea has enough manpower available to lead operations. They pool resources with other MEEF members when necessary (although there has been no training provided). Investigations are carried out by GALF because there are no trained government enforcement officers able to perform this work. INTERPOL has 19 databases they can access, 17 of which are operational but cannot be shared with the public. There is no national database to consolidate information on wildlife crime and no analysis on criminal activity is carried out.

12. See also http://www.wcoomd.org/-/media/wco/public/global/pdf/topics/integrity/resources/newsletters/wco-integrity-newsletter_eng7.pdf?la=en

13. See documents available at: http://documentation.ecowas.int/download/en/legal_documents/protocols/Convention%20on%20Extradition.pdf ; http://documentation.ecowas.int/download/en/legal_documents/protocols/Convention%20on%20Mutual%20Assistance%20in%20Criminal%20Matters.pdf

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3.2 DETECTION OF WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING BY LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

3.2.1 TARGETED ENFORCEMENT PRESENCE

Guinea has not used intelligence and enforcement information to identify places most affected by wildlife trafficking, nor have they been identified by risk management practices or proactive investigations. What is known, however, is where the protected areas are and whether they are near national borders and entry points. National borders in this region are porous, making them exploitable by groups that traffic wildlife.

3.2.2 JOINT/SUPPORTIVE OPERATIONS

A multidisciplinary law enforcement operation is one that involves officers from all relevant enforcement disciplines as appropriate (e.g., officers from police, Customs, and the wildlife regulatory authority). Operations can be subnational, national, or international in scope. In Guinea, joint enforcement operations targeting wildlife trafficking occur every four months, according to INTERPOL. As a member of ECOWAS, Guinea has the opportunity to participate in more frequent regional operations to address wildlife trafficking.

3.2.3 BORDER CONTROL STAFF

The team visited one border post in Guinea, located at Foulamory, which was very isolated (only a rope marked the border) and understaffed (as discussed earlier in Section 2.4). Only about six officers were available for the entire site, and none had received CITES training.

3.2.4 BORDER CONTROL EQUIPMENT

Customs officers at the border lacked equipment, such as phones, radios, laptops, or patrol vehicles, which was identified as a challenge. Customs officers working on the border with Guinea-Bissau indicated that their counterparts at the border with Sierra Leone (the town of Pamelap) had more equipment than Foulamory. Therefore, equipment and tools provided to Customs and law enforcement officers can vary greatly from one border location to another.

3.2.5 INSPECTION AND SEIZURE POWERS

According to Guinea’s legislation, the following wildlife law enforcement officers have the power to lead inspections and seizures:

Water and forest officers (paramilitary)

Customs officers (see article 434 of the Customs Code)

Police officers (see article 11 of the Penal Code)

3.2.6 DISPOSAL OF CONFISCATED WILDLIFE SPECIMENS

Procedures for disposing of confiscated wildlife specimens in Guinea vary. When live animals are seized, they normally stay 72 hours at the MEEF and then are taken either to one of the national parks (e.g. the

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national park of Upper Niger) authorized to receive confiscated specimens, or to the chimpanzee rescue center. The chimpanzees rescue center, Le Centre de Conservation pour Chimpanzés, located in the Haut Niger National Park (National Park of Upper Niger), was described as the main rescue center of Guinea. Its three main objectives are to (1) accommodate chimpanzees seized by the government, (2) release the chimpanzees into the wild after being rehabilitated, and (3) raise awareness of chimpanzee conservation issues amongst local communities.

According to the MEEF, the government does not budget funds for this. Neither the parks nor the chimpanzee sanctuary can properly accommodate the confiscated live specimens due to a lack of space and equipment (Photo 6).

But according to the team’s research, the government of Guinea recently committed to establishing a new forest reserve for about 4,000 chimpanzees in the Moyen-Bafing National Park. The project should

be completed in the next two years.14

Photo 6. Facilities used by the MEEF to dispose of wildlife specimens. Left: A Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) is secured with a rope in an enclosure missing its fencing. Right: Another area used to house wildlife specimens. There are only a few cages available at the MEEF, which is not suitable for all species (e.g., crocodiles,

birds, etc.), and the chimpanzee sanctuary needs support to accommodate new specimens. Customs officers indicated that there is no animal food available, and no government transport is arranged for the animals that are to be sent to the parks. Instead, GALF is in charge of the car used to transport the confiscated live animals.

When wildlife products other than live specimens are confiscated, they theoretically serve as evidence and should stay with the MoJ until the end of the trial. They should then be handed over to the MEEF after the trial concludes. In reality, because the MEEF does not have room to store them, the products stay with the MoJ. Discussions on how to manage stocks of confiscated wildlife products are ongoing. For products confiscated between 2013 and the present, the CMA is trying to push the Minister of the Environment to reach an agreement with Customs and the MoJ to burn part of the stock. The team recommended that the CMA use confiscated wildlife products as part of identification trainings.

Customs’ disposal practices for confiscated wildlife products remain unclear. Officers indicated that, following a seizure, confiscated products should be taken to the Head of the Division of Intelligence of

14. https://www.rainforest-rescue.org/achievements/8470/guinea-4000-chimps-safe-in-new-national-park

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Customs (Responsable de la division–DRAROC) who will then decide whether to turn them over to the MEEF. However, it seems that Customs rarely shares information with the MEEF and the CMA. For instance, the wildlife seizures (which included CITES-listed species) shown to the team during the visit at the Conakry International Airport had never been reported either to the MEEF or the CMA.

3.3 WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED USING AN INTELLIGENCE-LED APPROACH

3.3.1 INVESTIGATIVE CAPACITY

The government of Guinea signed an MoU agreement with GALF to enable them to conduct investigations. Unlike the government, GALF has the necessary network, staff, and capacity to conduct investigations across the entire country. As a result, investigations are often led by GALF, which in turn keeps the national police and INTERPOL informed. The national police, INTERPOL, and the MEEF, in collaboration with GALF, will decide whether or not to conduct a joint operation for a potential arrest based on the level of evidence collected and provided by GALF. Typically, when sufficient evidence is collected, authorities will then collaborate with GALF to arrest the suspects.

GALF plays a vital role in supporting the CITES Committee in many ways. GALF staff are responsible for carrying out investigations as they have the expertise to infiltrate and obtain evidence from wildlife traffickers. They also guide operations, provide support by hiring vehicles and equipment, and provide transport for confiscated live animals to be taken to rescue centers. Guinean government enforcement agencies lack the financial means and knowledge to gather and process evidence or to carry out investigations themselves.

3.3.2 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Guinea does have some national procedures and systems for capturing and consolidating information on wildlife trafficking in a secure national database (e.g., poaching incidents, seizures, criminal activities, criminal associations, social networks, smuggling routes, smuggling methods, prosecutions and convictions).

Respondents working with INTERPOL reported using a database system to record wildlife crime incidents in internal files. According to DRAROC, Customs uses the Customs Enforcement Network

(CEN) database. In addition, the WCO’s MADAO project15 for West Africa has funded the setting-up of the National Customs Enforcement Network (nCEN) database which allows nominal data and all seizures to be recorded. Once in place, all enforcement agencies will be able to access the nCEN database, but only DRAROC will be able to input data. The database is not currently accessible, however, as the server needs to be repaired. The team was advised that the Sydonia World system is the software program used to clear Customs, and information mainly comes from CEN to set risk profiles (although the database manager also does research and trains other Customs officers). They are therefore able to conduct controlled delivery operations if the opportunity arises.

Information on wildlife trafficking is rarely analyzed in Guinea, possibly because there is no consolidated information, insufficient access to relevant databases, an/d or lack of trained staff to analyze data. There

15. MADAO is an operation against fraud that includes gendarmerie, police, and environment officers as well as customs.

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is also no capacity to analyze information with computer programs such as IBM iBase or i2 Analyst’s Notebook.

3.3.3 INTELLIGENCE-LED INVESTIGATIONS

Crime intelligence is information that is requested, gathered, compiled, and analyzed in an effort to anticipate, prevent, and/or monitor criminal activity. Crime intelligence is disseminated to direct and support effective law enforcement action, investigations, and prosecution. In Guinea, local authorities do not generate crime intelligence on wildlife trafficking. This can be explained by the lack of staff and requisite training to empower authorities to be able to conduct intelligence-led investigations. GALF is able to lead intelligence-led investigations in lieu of local and national authorities.

3.3.4 FOLLOW-UP INVESTIGATIONS

Follow-up investigations can include acting on information and evidence found on seized computers, mobile phones, and documents. It includes engaging with authorities in countries of origin, transit, and destination when appropriate to share or request information. In Guinea, INTERPOL reported that follow-up investigations are usually led at national and international levels, such as when processing information collected from phones and computers that were seized during a raid.

3.4 SPECIALIZED INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES USED TO COMBAT WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING

3.4.1 USE OF SPECIALIZED INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES

Specialized investigation techniques are those that are deployed against serious and/or organized crime when conventional law enforcement techniques fail to adequately address the activities of criminal groups. For instance, it can include controlled deliveries, use of tracking devices, and/or covert operations. Customs officers in Guinea reported they were trained on how to organize controlled deliveries at the regional level, but the training was never put into practice because of insufficient staff and capacity. However, GALF reported conducting covert operations. The legal basis of these covert operations is based on the legally binding MoU signed between the government of Guinea and GALF.

3.4.2 FORENSIC TECHNOLOGY

Capacity to use forensic technology means the ability to collect, handle, and submit samples (e.g., ballistics, fingerprints, DNA, tool markings on ivory, etc.) from wildlife-trafficking scenes to an appropriate forensic analysis facility located either within the country or in another. In theory, national law enforcement agencies should have the forensic capacity to support the investigation of wildlife trafficking.

In Guinea this capacity is sorely limited. National law enforcement agencies rarely have access to basic equipment and staff lack basic training in sample collection and processing. In the past, the CMA sent samples for analysis to a laboratory at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). This was the case during a 2016 training on CITES-listed sharks and rays organized by Born Free USA in Senegal in which the CMA shared samples of what was identified as “fish stomach” with the team of USFWS experts. As of the date of this report, however, the CMA has still not received the lab results. Furthermore, the

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Born Free USA Customs expert is currently liaising with the CMA of Guinea to send a sample of animal horn for identification to a forensic laboratory in Australia. The use of remote forensic technology outside of Guinea requires funding that is not necessarily available to the authorities.

3.4.3 FINANCIAL INVESTIGATIONS

A financial investigation is any investigation into a person or person’s financial matters, or the finances of a business or a private limited company. A financial investigation can determine where money comes from, how it is moved, and how it is used.

The Anti-money Laundering Act adopted by the government of Guinea facilitates financial

investigations.16 The Cellule Nationale de Traitement des Informations Financières (national bureau in charge of dealing with financial information) operates under the authority of the Ministry of Finance. It is an administrative service in charge of collecting, analyzing, and dealing with intelligence in order to establish the origin of monetary transactions and the nature of operations that seem suspicious (see article 19 of the Anti-money Laundering Act).

3.4.4 USE OF CRIMINAL LAW

In Guinea, criminal law is rarely applied to wildlife trafficking offenses. Despite the high value of some species and the involvement of organized crime groups in wildlife trafficking, fines often bear little relation to the value of the specimens trafficked or the severity of the offense. It is important that persons arrested for wildlife trafficking are charged and tried under a combination of relevant laws that carry the highest penalties when possible. These laws could include legislative provisions for international cooperation, combating corruption, and addressing organized crime. This body of criminal law also pertains to general crime laws that relate to offences such as fraud, corruption, conspiracy, possession of weapons, and other matters as set out in Guinea’s national criminal code. Two examples, the Penal Act and the Criminal Procedure Act, are summarized in Text Box 2.

In Guinea, the Penal Act and the Criminal Procedure Act were recently reformed and can be applied to cases of wildlife trafficking. For instance, the new Penal Act sanctions cases of corruption of public officers (see Title V, Chapter II) by 3–10 years of prison and a fee of 5m–10m Guinean francs ($553–1,105). However, the assessment team was advised by the prosecutor, Adjoint du Procureur point focal de la CITES (Deputy of CITES focal point for the MoJ), that criminal law is rarely used to sanction wildlife crime.

Additionally, there seem to be inconsistencies between criminal law and wildlife law enforcement in Guinea. For example, wildlife crime offenses are often not sanctioned by more than 1 year of prison under the current Fauna Act. According to Article 235 of the new Criminal Procedure Act, pre-trial custody of a suspect is possible only if the person is suspected of having committed a crime sanctioned by 3 years or more of prison. As a result, according to the new Criminal Procedure Act, no wildlife-trafficking suspect can be put into pre-trial custody.

1. More information is available (in French only) at: http://www.gouvernement.gov.gn/images/code-procedure-penale-guinee.pdf

TEXT BOX 2. CAN TWO ACTS CUT DOWN WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING IN GUINEA?

16. More information is available (in French only) at: http://www.disonslaveriteguinee.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Loi-antiblanchissement.pdf

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This inconsistent use of criminal law illustrates the urgent need for stricter penalties for wildlife crime in

Guinea, where the government is currently revising the Fauna Act.17 One of the major improvements of the draft Fauna Act is that it will apply stricter sanctions to wildlife traffickers. Some of the infractions are sanctioned by three or more years of imprisonment (e.g., Article 238 dictates that the case of exports and imports of hunting trophies without a certificate of origin are punished by 1–5 years in prison). But the majority of crimes are sanctioned by no more than two years of prison (e.g., Article 239 on bushmeat trade and Article 240 on exports or imports of wild animals, hunting trophies, or bushmeat without the necessary documentation). As a result, there is an urgent need to harmonize criminal and wildlife law in order to ensure that adequate penalties are applied to sanction wildlife trafficking.

It should also be noted that both the CITES Secretariat and the CITES Standing Committee have expressed their concerns about the compliance challenges faced by Guinea in implementing CITES

related to the adoption and enactment of appropriate legislation.18 Guinea is currently classified by the CITES Secretariat as having a national legislation category of 2, indicating “legislation that is believed

generally not to meet all [4] of the requirements for the implementation of CITES.”19

3.4.5 CASE FILE PREPARATION

Since the reform of the MEEF, which is now working under paramilitary authority, the national police, INTERPOL, and water and forest officers have improved ability to prepare case files. The prosecutor reported to the team that he considers all case files, although he feels MEEF officers might need to be trained on how to draft adequate case files. For instance, the prosecutor said he did not take into account some case files written by MEEF officers in which there was no reference to the legislation that entitled them to write case files. It was also not clear to the team whether one case file could take precedence in case of inconsistencies between several case files.

17. Text available upon request. 18. See CITES notification to the Parties No.2013/017 available at: https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/notif/2013/E-Notif-2013-017.pdf 19. See CITES Standing Committee Information Document SC69 Inf. 20 available at: https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/sc/69/inf/E-

SC69-Inf-20.pdf

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4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 TRAFFICKING ROUTES AND SEIZURES

Information on wildlife trafficking routes and seizures in Guinea is confidential. For a summary list of commercial trade in CITES-listed species from the CITES Trade Database please see Annex 1.

4.2 CHALLENGES RAISED BY PARTICIPANTS

On the basis of information collected, the assessment team identified a number of challenges:

1. CITES training

Knowledge of CITES is inconsistent in Guinea. CITES is not part of the Customs training program, and no other departments have developed any CITES-focused training material. GALF reported they had provided some training at the Conakry International Airport for Customs officers, but respondents interviewed at the airport were not aware of this. Although there has been some training through WCO workshops, only a small amount of the content was about CITES.

2. Identification of protected species

Enforcement officers lack access to tools that enable them to identify species. (In one case, INTERPOL seized around 20 horns from two Chinese citizens that had been turned into powder, but the enforcement officers who were interviewed said they were unsure whether the powder was rhino horn.)

3. Information management

There is no central database to record seizure data; it is possible that even local records are not kept for wildlife seizures. This weakens Guinea’s capacity to report accurate information to the CITES Secretariat on infractions and to collect necessary information and intelligence.

There is no information flow on wildlife trafficking between departments or within Customs. Officers are often unaware of what is going on, which impacts their ability to develop risk profiles. What is more, nCEN is not currently working, holding up the data-recording project.

4. Disposal of confiscated specimens

The ability of wildlife law enforcement authorities to do their job is constrained by a lack of clear procedures for disposing of confiscated specimens and a lack of information about seizures. The government of Guinea is unable to provide financial support, leaving GALF responsible for transporting confiscated specimens from the MEEF to the sanctuary by car.

Poor facilities for confiscated wildlife specimens are also a problem. For example, under the law, the MEEF must wait for 72 hours before disposing of wildlife specimens, yet their facilities are inadequate for keeping specimens this long. In some cases, live animals have had to stay in MEEF’s facilities for

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months because of the lack of adequate sanctuaries. Food or veterinarian services are unavailable, and the CMA sometimes must pay out of pocket to feed confiscated animals.

5. Lack of staff and equipment

At present, GALF carries out proactive investigations, partly because the police lack staff, technical capability and finances. This arrangement is working at the moment, but government enforcement agencies need to take over this role in the future.

Lack of equipment limits what wildlife law enforcement officers can do. Access to laptops, the internet, phones, and radio communications is insufficient, particularly in remote areas. There are few vehicles available, so officers cannot patrol the areas for which they are responsible. Also lacking is access to a forensic laboratory, further hampering law enforcement operations.

6. Unclear roles, responsibilities, and coordination

Customs officers do not fully understand the roles, responsibilities, and procedures of other services, particularly at border points. In many instances during the assessment, it was the first time an officer had met with anyone from the MEEF, or from other authorities represented within the CITES Committee, to explain their work.

At a regional level, Guinean officers acknowledged that the WA BiCC team had set up a WhatsApp messaging network with 12 countries to better share intelligence for facilitating seizures. The officers reported, however, that they did not use this service because it was not available in French.

7. Lack of awareness of the legislation

Although stall owners at local markets seemed to be familiar with wildlife legislation, most others are unaware of the law or of what species are protected. The fact that wildlife was not being sold openly in the local markets suggests many know it is illegal to sell certain products.

8. Lack of adequate sanctions in the current legislation

Legislation to protect wildlife is inadequate: penalties for wildlife crime are very low and infractions are poorly defined. There are inconsistencies between the new Criminal Procedure Act and the current Fauna Act, preventing wildlife trafficking suspects to be put in pre-trial custody. Moreover, wildlife law enforcement officers reported that although traffickers are generally arrested and sanctioned by a fine, there is little knowledge of the current legislation and of the stronger penalties that could be applied (e.g., confiscation of goods, use of criminal law, etc.).

9. Other challenges

Some respondents mentioned corruption (e.g., the involvement of high-level officials in wildlife trafficking) as a major challenge in Guinea. Morale appears very low in most of the front-line offices, with little or no encouragement or rewards for good work. This is a disincentive and possibly another trigger for officials turning to corruption.

Authorities rely entirely on GALF’s expertise and funding to carry out enforcement action against wildlife traffickers. This has proven efficient in the short term but unsustainable in the long term.

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There is no institutionalized capacity building for enforcement personnel, and distance presents another issue. Some of the officers based 1,000 km from Conakry need training, but it is prohibitively expensive to send a training team that far away.

4.3 PRIMARY RECOMMENDATIONS

The MEEF coordination team and GALF are doing an excellent job in difficult circumstances. It is important that any recommendations made support these efforts and enhance the teams’ ability to stop wildlife traffickers and achieve their wider goals.

Recommendations drawn from the threat assessment and validated by national stakeholders at a

workshop held in December 2018 include the following:20

1. CITES training and support with the identification of species

Organize workshops to raise the awareness of senior managers about the importance of CITES enforcement and the need to support all authorities with necessary training.

Provide specialized investigation training to the NCB and other relevant police, MEEF, and Customs investigators in order to raise their skill level and enable them to tackle wildlife trafficking directly without relying solely on GALF. Training topics should cover general CITES requirements, national law requirements, identification of specimens, and enforcement-focused techniques.

Provide opportunities, through the training workshops, for authorities to discuss and define ways in which they can collaborate and define joint working practices.

Develop identification manuals to assist frontline officers with the identification of illegally trafficked species.

Include CITES as an integral part of the professional development training curriculum for Customs agents.

Organize a national fauna and flora inventory.

Identify and provide training to focal points from stakeholder groups (local communities, NGOs, civil society, religious leaders).

Provide training to CITES officers on English language and computer skills.

2. Information management

Develop a national database of wildlife-trafficking information to manage data on illegal wildlife trafficking. Use the analysis of this data to provide useable intelligence to inform enforcement operations. nCEN is a system that could be used, but there would need to be a stronger working relationship with Customs. Consider getting assistance from the national police and INTERPOL to develop such a national database.

20. Note that the primary recommendations will be validated by the governments of the countries assessed during this study during the organization of a regional meeting in Togo. Governments are also in the process of leading their own assessment, which will culminate in a revaluation of these recommendations.

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3. Disposal of confiscated specimens

Develop a protocol that clearly lays out the responsibilities of each agency regarding the disposal of confiscated wildlife specimens and products.

Provide more financial and operational support to existing sanctuaries and the MEEF to improve the management of confiscated specimens, including:

o Better animal care facilities with food and adequate veterinary services;

o Vehicles for confiscated animals to be taken to national parks and/or appropriate sanctuaries; and

o Support to the chimpanzee sanctuary (e.g., equipment and staff for monitoring of chimpanzees, expand existing facilities to host more chimpanzees).

4. Lack of staff and equipment

Provide vehicles for patrols and routers for better internet connection in isolated areas. These could be used by MEEF officers at border posts and/or by the network of Customs officers.

Provide forensic resources to frontline wildlife enforcement officers and develop guides on forensic best practices (such as information on how to collect samples, send them to laboratories for testing, maintain the chain of evidence, and permit requirements).

Increase the number of CITES officers and their deployment around Guinea.

5. Unclear roles, responsibilities, and coordination

Develop a national wildlife law enforcement strategy that allocates responsibilities and defines coordination processes across all agencies involved in the fight against illegal wildlife trafficking.

Strengthen the role of Customs in the CITES committee and improve its participation in workshops and meetings.

Strengthen support to Customs officers at entry and exit points, particularly at airports and seaports. Develop a network of Customs officers trained to a higher level at all entry/exit points to:

o Act as a link with other front-line officers;

o Liaise regularly with the MEEF and other agencies to share information;

o Ensure that confiscated specimens, seizures, and evidence are processed using the methodology agreed on by stakeholders;

o Submit information on seizures to DRAROC for inputting into nCEN/CEN; and

o Stay current with trafficking trends and operating procedures.

6. Lack of awareness of the legislation

Conduct awareness raising activities to ensure that the public understands what species are protected and what the law mandates. Outreach activities need to be led in local languages and messaging needs to be spread through radio, posters, and leaflets. Target audiences should include schools, markets, entry/exit ports, etc. According to the CITES focal point for INTERPOL, some

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90% of those arrested for wildlife crime claimed not to know the species in question was protected.

7. Lack of adequate sanctions in the current legislation

Advocate for the adoption of the new Fauna Act currently under review by the National Assembly.

Train relevant wildlife law enforcement officers on the legislation to ensure they are aware of it and know how to implement it.

Address inconsistencies between the new and existing wildlife legislation.

8. Others

Consider establishing a reward system, managed by the CITES Committee, to ensure good work—whether by an individual or a team—is recognized and publicly acknowledged. This could be in the form of a letter of appreciation or an official certificate presented by the Director of the MEEF or a government minister.

To tackle corruption, it is vital that capacity-building programs are led by a coalition of relevant agencies (e.g., the national police, the MEEF, Customs). This will foster accountability and prevent isolation.

Develop communication channels between the CITES Committee and foreign embassies in Guinea such as those of the United States and Europe. This will help to provide those embassies with the opportunity to advocate for tough sanctions in the most egregious wildlife crime cases and decrease the likelihood of corruption amongst high-level authorities.

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ANNEX 1: SUMMARY OF COMMERCIAL TRADE IN CITES-LISTED SPECIES Summary of commercial trade in wild specimens of CITES-listed species exported from Guinea between 2000 and 2016 according to the CITES Trade Database.

Class Latin Name Common Name CITES Commercial Trade Status

MAMMALS Caracal caracal Caracal II 12 live Cephalophus dorsalis Bay Duiker II 1 live Cephalophus silvicultor Yellow-backed Duiker II 1 live Cercocebus albigena Grey-cheeked Mangabey II 16 live Cercopithecus spp. Guenon (not specified) II 223 live Colobus guereza Guereza II 97 live Erythrocebus patas Patas Monkey II 32 live Galago demidoff Demidoff's Dwarf Galago II 75 live Galago senegalensis Northern Lesser Galago II 308 live Hydrictis maculicollis Spotted-necked Otter II 20 live Leptailurus serval Serval II 52 live Manis tricuspis White-bellied Pangolin II 250 skins Panthera pardus Leopard I 1 skin Perodicticus potto West African Potto II 24 live Potos flavus Kinkajou III 4 live Proteles cristata Aardwolf III 5 live Tragelaphus spekii Sitatunga III* 6 live Trichechus senegalensis African Manatee II 6 live; 1 derivative

BIRDS

Accipiter badius Shikra II 10 live Accipiter erythropus Red-legged Sparrowhawk II 24 live Accipiter melanoleucus Black Sparrowhawk II 38 live Accipiter minullus Little Sparrowhawk II 7 live Accipiter tachiro African Goshawk II 3 live Accipiter toussenelii Red-chested Goshawk II 10 live Agapornis pullarius Red-headed Lovebird II 5,532 live Agapornis swindernianus Black-collared Lovebird II 200 live Alopochen aegyptiaca Egyptian Goose III* 10 live Amadina fasciata Cut-throat Finch III* 19,397 live Amandava subflava Zebra Waxbill III* 73,846 live Amazona aestiva Turquoise-fronted Amazon II 1 live

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Class Latin Name Common Name CITES Commercial Trade Status

Amazona farinosa Southern Mealy Amazon II 4 live Amazona festiva Southern Festive Amazon II 4 live Anas acuta Northern Pintail III* 15 live Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler III* 12 live Anas querquedula Garganey III* 24 live Aquila rapax Tawny Eagle II 99 live Aquila verreauxii Verreaux's Eagle II 8 live Ardea goliath Goliath Heron III* 14 live Asio abyssinicus African Long-eared Owl II 20 live Asio capensis Marsh Owl II 92 live Asio flammeus Short-eared Owl II 20 live Aviceda cuculoides African Cuckoo-hawk II 10 live Aythya nyroca Ferruginous Duck III* 10 live Balearica pavonina Black Crowned-crane II 186 live Bubo africanus Spotted Eagle-owl II 143 live Bubo capensis Cape Eagle-owl II 27 live Bubo lacteus Verreaux's Eagle-owl II 109 live Bubo poensis Fraser's Eagle-owl II 72 live Butastur rufipennis Grasshopper Buzzard II 31 live Buteo auguralis Red-necked Buzzard II 48 live Chelictinia riocourii Scissor-tailed Kite II 10 live Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier II 4 live Columba guinea Speckled Pigeon III* 130 live Columba unicincta Afep Pigeon III* 120 live Corythaeola cristata Great Blue Turaco III* 733 live; 9 feathers Crinifer piscator Western Plantain-eater III* 315 live Dendrocygna bicolor Fulvous Whistling-duck III 5 live Dendrocygna viduata White-faced Whistling-duck III* 15 live Deroptyus accipitrinus Red-fan Parrot II 8 live Egretta garzetta Little Egret III* 12 live Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis Saddlebill III* 28 live Estrilda astrild Common Waxbill III* 43,344 live Estrilda caerulescens Lavender Waxbill III* 50,550 live Estrilda melpoda Orange-cheeked Waxbill III* 94,582 live Estrilda spp. Waxbill (species not specified) III* 2,703 live Estrilda troglodytes Black-rumped Waxbill III* 52,077 live Euplectes afer Yellow-crowned Bishop III* 10,327 live Euplectes ardens Red-collared Widowbird III* 7,482 live Euplectes franciscanus Northern Red Bishop III* 6,540 live Euplectes hordeaceus Black-winged Bishop III* 32,413 live Euplectes macroura Yellow-mantled Widowbird III* 10,083 live

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Class Latin Name Common Name CITES Commercial Trade Status

Euplectes orix Southern Red Bishop III* 18,870 live Falco alopex Fox Kestrel II 13 live Falco amurensis Amur Falcon II 2 live Falco ardosiaceus Grey Kestrel II 16 live Falco biarmicus Lanner Falcon II 25 live Falco chicquera Red-headed Falcon II 22 live Falco cuvierii African Hobby II 2 live Falco pelegrinoides Peregrine Falcon II 22 live Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel II 3 live Falco vespertinus Red-footed Falcon II 4 live Falconiformes spp. Falcon (species not specified) II 2 live Glaucidium capense African Barred Owlet II 16 live Glaucidium perlatum Pearl-spotted Owlet II 173 live Glaucidium tephronotum Red-chested Owlet II 10 live Gymnoris dentata Sahel Bush-sparrow III* 50 live Gypohierax angolensis Palm-nut Vulture II 390 live Gyps africanus White-backed Vulture II 932 live Gyps bengalensis White-rumped Vulture II 20 live Gyps fulvus Griffon Vulture II 2 live Gyps rueppellii Ruppell's Vulture II 324 live Haliaeetus vocifer African Fish-eagle II 27 live Hieraaetus ayresii Ayres's Hawk-eagle II 1 live Hieraaetus spilogaster African Hawk-eagle II 27 live Hieraaetus wahlbergi Wahlberg's Eagle II 15 live Kaupifalco monogrammicus Lizard Buzzard II 80 live Lagonosticta larvata Black-faced Firefinch III* 3,120 live Lagonosticta rara Black-bellied Firefinch III* 1,420 live Lagonosticta rubricata African Firefinch III* 32,867 live Lagonosticta rufopicta Bar-breasted Firefinch III* 500 live Lagonosticta senegala Red-billed Firefinch III* 7,271 live Lonchura bicolor Black-and-white Mannikin III* 48,228 live Lonchura cantans African Silverbill III* 2,105 live Lonchura cucullata Bronze Mannikin III* 6,350 live Lonchura fringilloides Magpie Mannikin III* 21,213 live Lophaetus occipitalis Long-crested Eagle II 49 live; 4 leather

products (small) Macheiramphus alcinus Bat Hawk II 1 live Malimbus nitens Blue-billed Malimbe III* 32 live Mandingoa nitidula Green Twinspot III* 32,157 live Micronisus gabar Gabar Goshawk II 12 live Milvus migrans Black Kite II 2 live

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Class Latin Name Common Name CITES Commercial Trade Status

Musophaga violacea Violet Turaco III* 3,775 live Necrosyrtes monachus Hooded Vulture II 703 live Neophron percnopterus Egyptian Vulture II 4 live Nesocharis capistrata Grey-headed Oliveback III* 2,527 live Nettapus auritus African Pygmy-goose III* 2,050 live Nigrita bicolor Chestnut-breasted Nigrita III* 1,289 live Nigrita canicapilla Grey-headed Nigrita III* 166 live Nigrita fusconota White-breasted Nigrita III* 15 live Oena capensis Namaqua Dove III* 1,356 live Ortygospiza atricollis African Quailfinch III* 12,049 live Otus ireneae Sokoke Scops-owl II 12 live Otus scops Eurasian Scops-owl II 94 live Pernis apivorus European Honey-buzzard II 2 live Plectropterus gambensis Spur-winged Goose III* 6 live Ploceus cucullatus Village Weaver III* 5,470 live Ploceus luteolus Little Weaver III* 400 live Ploceus melanocephalus Black-headed Weaver III* 500 live Ploceus nigricollis Black-necked Weaver III* 35 live Ploceus vitellinus Vitelline Masked Weaver III* 100 live Poicephalus gulielmi Red-fronted Parrot II 5,210 live Poicephalus robustus Brown-necked Parrot II 1,741 live Poicephalus senegalus Senegal Parrot II 68,285 live Poicephalus spp. Parrot (species not specified) II 300 live Polemaetus bellicosus Martial Eagle II 97 live Polyboroides typus African Harrier-hawk II 9 live Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed Parakeet III* 3,829 live Psittacus erithacus African Grey Parrot †

II 7,056 live

Psittacus erithacus timneh Timneh African Grey Parrot †II 9,331 live

Pteronetta hartlaubii Hartlaub's Duck III* 91 live Ptilopsis leucotis Northern White-faced Owl II 419 live Pyrenestes ostrinus Black-bellied Seedcracker III* 13,789 live Pytilia hypogrammica Yellow-winged Pytilia III* 50,313 live Pytilia phoenicoptera Red-winged Pytilia III* 32,733 live Ramphastos tucanus Red-billed Toucan II 4 live Ramphastos vitellinus Channel-billed Toucan II 8 live Sagittarius serpentarius Secretarybird II 30 live Sarkidiornis melanotos African Comb Duck II 10 live Scotopelia peli Pel's Fishing-owl II 54 live Serinus leucopygius White-rumped Seedeater III* 16,500 live Serinus mozambicus Yellow-fronted Canary III* 156,071 live Spermophaga haematina Western Bluebill III* 10,252 live

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Class Latin Name Common Name CITES Commercial Trade Status

Sporopipes frontalis Speckle-fronted Weaver III* 25 live Stephanoaetus coronatus Crowned Eagle II 103 live Streptopelia decipiens Mourning Collared-dove III* 100 live Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing Dove III* 250 live Streptopelia vinacea Vinaceous Dove III* 120 live Strix woodfordii African Wood-owl II 255 live Tauraco leucolophus White-crested Turaco II 10 live Tauraco macrorhynchus Yellow-billed Turaco II 15 live Tauraco persa Green Turaco II 3,787 live Tauraco spp. Turaco (species not specified) II 120 live Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur II 83 live Threskiornis aethiopicus African Sacred Ibis III* 6 live Torgos tracheliotus Lappet-faced Vulture II 162 live Treron calvus African Green-pigeon III* 1,217 live Treron waalia Bruce's Green-pigeon III* 1,287 live Trigonoceps occipitalis White-headed Vulture II 294 live Turtur abyssinicus Black-billed Wood-dove III* 120 live Turtur afer Blue-spotted Wood-dove III* 1,220 live Turtur brehmeri Blue-headed Wood-dove III* 218 live Turtur tympanistria Tambourine Dove III* 4,348 live Tyto alba Common Barn-owl II 78 live Tyto capensis African Grass-owl II 10 live Uraeginthus bengalus Red-cheeked Cordonbleu III* 90,796 live Vidua chalybeata Village Indigobird III* 22,256 live Vidua macroura Pin-tailed Whydah III* 32,494 live Vidua orientalis Sahel Paradise Whydah III* 7,262 live

REPTILES Calabaria reinhardtii Calabar Python II 35 live Centrochelys sulcata African Spurred Tortoise II 115 live Chamaeleo africanus Basilisk Chameleon II 200 live Chamaeleo gracilis Slender Chameleon II 200 live Chamaeleo senegalensis Senegal Chameleon II 375 live Chamaeleo spp. Chameleon (species not

specified) II 25 live

Geochelone spp. Tortoise (species not specified) II 626 live Gongylophis muelleri Saharan Sand Boa II 10 live Kinixys belliana Bell's Hinged Tortoise II 75 live Kinixys erosa Forest Hinge-backed Tortoise II 232 live Pelomedusa subrufa African Helmeted Turtle III* 40 live Pelusios castaneus West African Mud Turtle III* 40 live Pelusios gabonensis West African Black Turtle III* 10 live Python regius Royal Python II 1,211 live; 10 skins

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Class Latin Name Common Name CITES Commercial Trade Status

Python sebae African Rock Python II 890 live; 11,310 skins Python spp. Python (species not specified) II 50 skins Trioceros cristatus Sail Backed Chameleon II 290 live Trioceros feae Bioko Montane Chameleon II 128 live Trioceros montium Mountain Chameleon II 37 live Trioceros quadricornis Four-horned Chameleon II 627 live Trioceros wiedersheimi Mount Lefo Chameleon II 485 live Trionyx triunguis African Softshell Turtle ‡

III 10 live

Uromastyx aegyptia Egyptian Spiny-tailed Lizard II 300 live Uromastyx benti Yemeni Spiny-tailed Lizard II 300 live Uromastyx dispar Sudan Mastigure II 1,158 live Uromastyx geyri Geyrs Spiny-tailed Lizard II 279 live Uromastyx ornata Ornate Mastigure II 600 live Uromastyx spp. Mastigure (species not specified) II 279 live Varanus exanthematicus Savannah Monitor II 140 live Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor II 300 live; 23,500 skins Varanus spp. Monitor (species not specified) II 20 live

ARACHNIDS Pandinus imperator Emperor Scorpion II 870 live FISH Hippocampus algiricus West African Seahorse II 8,869 bodies (kg);

123 specimens (kg); 425 live

Hippocampus spp. Seahorse (species not specified) II 183 bodies (kg) ORCHIDS Bulbophyllum spp. Orchid (species not specified) II 2 live

Orchidaceae spp. Orchid (species not specified) II 2 live Polystachya spp. Yellowspike Orchid (species

not specified) II 1 live

Note: The most commonly traded species are highlighted in gray. Purpose Code: T (Commercial Trade); Source Code: W (Wild Specimens) Data compiled using highest trade data reported by either the importer or the exporter * Species was listed in Appendix III at time of export but is no longer listed in CITES. † Species was listed in Appendix II at time of export but is now listed in Appendix I. ‡ Species was listed in Appendix III at time of export but is now listed in Appendix II.

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ANNEX 2: SCHEDULE OF THE THREAT ASSESSMENT Monday, 3rd July:

Meetings with the following officials:

— Directeur Exécutif de la Direction Nationale des Eaux et Forêts (DNEF) (Executive Director, National Division of Water and Forest).

— Point Focal de la CITES (focal point for CITES).

— Chef de la Division OGUIPAR–Office Guinéen des Parcs et Réserves (Head of the Fauna Division within the MEEF).

— Inspecteur Principal de Police–INTERPOL Bureau Central National (INTERPOL inspector and CITES focal point for the national police).

— Chef de Division, Division du Renseignement Analyse des Risques Orientation des Contrôles (DRAROC) (Head of the Intelligence Division and CITES focal point for Customs).

— Inspecteur des Douanes, DRAROC (Inspector for Customs, Director of the Division of Intelligence and Customs Investigations).

Tuesday, 4th July:

Interviews at the Conakry International Airport and site visit. Interviews were held with the Chef de Brigade (Dead of Customs of the Airport of Conakry), Chef de Brigade Adjoint, Brigade des Douanes, Aéroport de Conakry (Deputy Head of the Brigade), and Inspecteur des Douanes, Chef de Parc à Conteneurs (Head of Cargo for Customs).

Interview with the Coordinateur de GALF (GALF coordinator).

Wednesday, 5th July:

Visit to the regional customs post of Boké and the border post of Foulamory. Interviews were held with the Chef de Brigade des Douanes Régionale de Boké (Head of Customs Brigade for the regional post of Boké) and the Chef de Brigade du post de Foulamory (Head of Customs at the border post of Foulamory).

Thursday, 6th July:

Meeting with the Commissaire Divisionnaire de Police, Chef BCN–INTERPOL (Principal Inspector of INTERPOL and Head of the NCB of INTERPOL).

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Friday, 7th July:

Meeting with the Commissionnaire Divisionnaire de Police, Chef BCN–INTERPOL, Organe de Gestion de la CITES (CMA), and Point Focal de la CITES pour le MEEF (CITES focal point for the MEEF).

Meeting with the Procureur Adjoint, Point Focal de la CITES (Prosecutor, Deputy to the CITES focal point for the MoJ).

Meeting with the Chef de la Section Renseignement–DRAROC(Manager of the Division of Intelligence for Customs and the CITES focal point for the MEEF).

Visit to the local market known as “Market km5” located outside of Conakry.

Saturday, 8th July:

Meeting with Organe de Gestion de la CITES (CMA).

Visit to the Madina market and the Yimbaya tannery.

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ANNEX 3: LIST OF RESPONDENTS INTERVIEWED DURING THE FIELD MISSION Title Name Email and Phone Number Directeur Général de la Conservation de la Nature, Ministère de l’Environnement, des Eaux et Forêts Director of the National Division of Water and Forest, Ministry of Environment (DNEF)

CI Namory KEITA

B.P. 761; Conakry Email: [email protected] Tel: (+224) 664 300 838/(+224) 628 199 208

Organe de Gestion CITES CITES Management Authority (CMA) for Guinea

Mr. Mamadou Bella Diallo

Email: [email protected] Tel: (+224) 628 481 840

Chef de Division de la Faune, National des Eaux et Forêts (DNEF) Head of Fauna Division, DNEF

Mr. Mamadou Dia

Inspecteur Principal de Police, Organisation Internationale de Police Criminelle, O.I.P.C.–INTERPOL Inspector Principal of Police and CITES focal point for INTERPOL

Mr. Ibrahim Cissé Diallo

Email: [email protected] Tel: (+224) 628 36 36 21

Chef de Division, Division du Renseignement Analyse des Risques Orientation des Contrôles (DRAROC) Head of Intelligence–DRAROC

Cdt. Cheick Gadirei Conde

Email: [email protected] Tel: (+224) 655 64 56 42/(+224) 621 50 18 95

Inspecteur des Douanes, Directeur, Direction du Renseignement et des Enquêtes Douanières Customs Inspector, Director of the Division of Intelligence and Customs Investigations

Lt/Col. Adboulaye Tarore

Tel: (+224) 622 33 70 70/(+224) 657 33 70 70 (+224) 631 33 70 70

Inspecteur des Douanes, Directeur Régional des Douanes de Conakry Centre Customs Inspector, Regional Director for the Conakry Center of Customs

Lt/Col. Diallo Mack Agreby

Email: [email protected] Tel: (+224) 622 57 88 85/(+224) 657 45 26 16

Chef de l’Office Guinéen des Parcs Nationaux et Réserves–OGUIPAR Head of OGUIPAR (Guinea Office of National Parks and Protected Areas), CITES focal point for the MEEF

Lt/Col. Sow Bhoye

Email: [email protected] Tel: (+224) 628 399 333

Inspecteur des Douanes, Chef des Douanes du bureau de l’Aéorport de Conakry

Col. Diané Moustapha

Email: [email protected] Tel: (+224) 628 38 58 02/(+224) 669 88 60 60

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Title Name Email and Phone Number Customs Inspector, Head of Customs Office at the International Airport of Conakry Chef de Brigade, Brigade des Douanes, Aéroport Head of Customs Brigade at the International Airport of Conakry

Lt/Col. Lancey Camara

Email: [email protected] Tel: (+244) 628 58 51 45/(+244) 655 33 18 02

Chef de Brigade Adjoint, Brigade des Douanes, Aéroport Conakry Deputy of Head of Brigade for Customs at the International Airport of Conakry

Lt/Col. Abdoulaye Diallo

Email: [email protected] Tel: (+224) 657 346 548/(+224) 622 946 572 (+224) 664 268 798

Inspecteur des Douanes, Chef de Parc à Conteneur, Aéroport de Conakry Customs Inspector, Head of Cargo at the International Airport of Conakry

Lt/Col. Keita Fadensen

Email: [email protected] Tel: (+224) 622 29 29 92/(+224) 657 03 22 42 (+224) 664 27 34 14

Coordinateur WARAA – GALF WARAA – GALF (Eagle Network)” WARAA –GALF Coordinator

Mr. Mamadou Saidou Deba Barry

Email: [email protected] Tel: (+224) 622 55 65 86

Chef de la Brigade Régionale des Douanes de Boké Head of the Regional Customs Office in Boké

Col. Kemoko Saukou

Contact to be confirmed by authorities

Commissaire Divisionnaire de Police, Chef Bureau Central National Commissioner of Police, Head of INTERPOL

Mr. Jean Claude Dramou

Email: [email protected] Tel: (+224) 669 05 38 05/(+224) 628 77 45 94

Adjoint au Procureur, point focal de la CITES Prosecutor Ministry of Justice (and its CITES focal point)

Mr. Fallou Doumbaya

Email: [email protected]

Chef de Section Renseignement, Division du Renseignement Analyse des Risques, Orientation des Contrôles–DRAROC Head of the Intelligence Section of Customs–DRAROC

Mr. Nabya Yaya Sylla

Email: [email protected] Tel: (+224) 666 36 33 28/(+224) 657 71 07 94

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U.S. Agency for International Development 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW

Washington, DC 20523 Tel: (202) 712-0000

Fax: (202) 216-3524 www.usaid.gov