Unit 1Unit 1

Text INever Give In, Never, Never

Text INever Give In, Never, Never

Text INever Give In, Never, Never

Background information:1. About the text: This text is a speech made by Churchill w

hen he visited Harrow School( 哈罗公学 ) on Oct. 29,1941. In 1888, Churchill entered this school, which was founded in 1572 under a Royal Charter （皇家宪章 ） from Queen Elizabeth. In 1940 he came to this school for a short visit and he came again a year later to hear the traditional songs of this school.

2. about the author:

Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965) was a combination of soldier, writer, artist, and statesman, renowned for his courage, imagination, oratory and intellect. In world War II he served as Prime Minister of UK from 1940 to 1945 and played a leading role in the resistance against German domination of Europe.

• 3. About World War II• On September 1st 1939, German’s invasion of

Poland marked the beginning of World War II. Two days later, Britain and France declared war against Germany. In 1941, US entered the war after Pearl Harbor being attacked by Japanese troops. Hitler committed suicide and German surrender after Russian’s occupation of Berlin. In 1945, Japan surrendered after Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. As human beings most destructive war so far,

• World War II involved every major power in a war for global domination, and especially at its end, A-bomb( 原子弹 ) was used to settle conflicts at the expense of over 60 million people’s loss of life, leaving most parts of Europe and Asia in ruins.

The Appreciation of the TextThe following antonyms are used in the

speech: ups/downs, short/long,

triumph/disaster, darker days/great days. some of these antonyms are used to

describe the terrible nature of the war, some of them are used to express the determination of the British people to fight on for the final victory, and some are used to encourage the audience not to lose hope.

• 1. The speaker employed many types of rhetorical devices such as repetition and contrast, and thus greatly encouraged the British people in the war.

1) Never give in, never, never. (repetition)

2) In the last Para. (repetition)

The six “days” fully shows Churchill’s belief in Britain’s future as a leader of the country.

3) Para.1 “ups and downs” （ contrast ） ——vividly describes the cruel nature of th

e war.

4). Para.1 “poorly armed, …not poorly armed today”

——shows the British people’s belief to win the war

5) Para.4 “great or small, large or petty ” （ contrast ）

——shows the British people’s belief to win the war

• 2. Churchill employed both long sentences and short sentences to avoid monotony in the speech so as to achieve the most satisfactory result in communication.

• Eg. in Para.1, short sentence “We are poorly armed” follows with three long sentences.

Structural Analysis （ P6 ） Structural Analysis （ P6 ）This text is an inspiring speech made

by Winston Churchill, when he visited Harrow School. The whole speech can be divided into three parts.

1.Part I(Para.1) is the opening remarks .

Churchill summarized the great events which happened in the past ten months and the purpose of his second visit to Harrow School.

2.Part II (Para. 2-5)is the body of the speech.

Churchill analyzed the world situation and how other countries looked at Britain and then called the British people not to give in.

3.Part III(Para.6-8) is the closing remarks.

Churchill told the audience that he wanted to change a word in the additional verse song and explained why he wanted to do it.

SkimmingText comprehension 1. B2.1. T the last sentence of the first Para.2.2 T the second Para.2.3 F Para.4 Imaginative people sometimes are

pessimistic, as they see things far worse than they are and foresee more dangers than there will be.

2.4. F Para.5 At the beginning of the German continual, intense air raids, many nations thought that Britain was finished. But to their surprise Britain stood the ordeal and this miracle changed the view of those nations.

3. 1. Because he understands that the war is long and tough: it is not to end in months but in years. He tells the people that however long the war lasts, the final victory belongs to Britain. But at the same time, he makes it clear that not every day is an opportunity to take action: they have yet to wait and persevere.

3.2 For one thing when Britain came under the heavy air attacks by Germany, many other countries thought that British was finished. As the country stood the ordeal to their great surprise, those nations changed their view. For another, people now start to see the hope of the final victory as long as they persevere to the end, as opposed to their pessimistic mood in the past as evidenced by the term “dark days” in the school song and by the author’s suppression of his desire to change it.

3.3. Because the author has a strong conviction of victory. The two terms have different implications. When used in the text to refer to the days of war, “dark days” emphasizes the dark/negative side of the event and shows the user’s pessimism. “stern days” though identical in its reference, suggests the bright side and the user’s optimism.

Intensive ReadingIntensive Reading Part I paragraph 1: Questions to be considered:1. What was Churchill’s intention of singing some

of their songs? At the initial stage of the Second World War, Great

Britain was fighting in isolation against Nazi Fascists. Some British people doubted whether their nation could win the war with their own efforts. Churchill wanted to convey the conviction of the government to the British people through these songs and encourage them not to give in.

• 2. Why did Churchill use ill-favoured words such as ups and downs and misfortunes when talking about the menace of the enemy?

• Because he wanted to inspire patriotic spirit in the people, encourage them to face the difficult situation and fight bravely against the Nazis.

Language Work

1. at your headmaster’s kind invitation

at : in accord with 根据，遵循 At one’s command/request/pleasure/serv

ice/

disposal/convenience （可自由支配、依照某人的请求、随心所欲、使唤、有某人做主 \ 就便）

2. catastrophic : of , relating to, or involving a catastrophe

synonyms : accident, calamity, disaster, misfortune, tragedy, cataclysm.

Disaster generally implies great destruction, hardship, or lose of life. 巨大的破坏，困难和丧失生命

Calamity emphasizes distress, grief, or the sense of loss. 痛苦悲伤和失落感

Catastrophe stresses the sense of a tragic final outcome. 最后的悲剧结果

Cataclysm is a violent upheaval that brings about a fundamental change 带来根本性的改变

3. Ups and downs : a mixture of good things and bad things 幸运与不幸的交替

eg. The organization has experienced its ups and downs since it was founded in 1999.

Sitting beside the window, he recalled the ups and downs of his parenthood.

5. Can anyone…?

Paraphrase: but everyone who is sitting here this October afternoon will show great thanks for the events that have happened for the past ten months and for the very great advancement as to the situation of our county and our home.

6. alone , lonely, lonesome ， solitary

Alone emphasizes being apart from others but does not necessarily imply unhappiness.

Lonely often connotes painful awareness of being alone.

Lonesome emphasizes a plaintive desire for companionship.

Solitary often shares the connotation of lonely and lonesome. Frequently, however, it stresses physical isolation that is self-imposed.

7. desperate : having lost all hope; dangerous , critical; suffering or driven by great need or distress

大多数年轻人急于得到承认Most young people are desperate for rec

ognition.

8. We were quite alone, desperately alone.Paraphrase: we were apart from others, l

osing all hopes.

9. We had the unmeasured menace of the enemy…upon us

Paraphrase: our enemy posed immeasurable danger on us and their air army keeping attacking us.

10. I expect you are beginning to feeling impatient … turning up.

Paraphrase: I have thought that you are starting to be intolerant that the unchanged situation about the war lasts so long that nothing cheerful occurs.

11. Turn up

1. To increase the speed, volume, intensity, or flow of

we must turn up the public-address system.

2. To find or to be found

She turned up her missing papers under her blotter .

她在她的记事本下找到了文件3. To make an appearance to happen unexpected

ly

Her name constantly turns up in art circles.

4. To fold or be capable of being folded.

Turning up his cuffs 卷起衣袖

Part II paragraph 2-5Part II paragraph 2-5 Questions to be considered:

1. What did Churchill mean by saying “we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is long and tough”?

By saying this he meant to make the British people fully aware that they should not only be able to fight and win short and quick battles but also be ready to fight and win hard and enduring wars.

• 2. Why did Churchill quote Kipling as saying “treat those two imposters just the same” ？

• Because he tried to enlighten the British people from another perspective by implying that they should treat triumphs and disasters of the war in the same way. Sometimes triumphs were just overt phenomena, which could mislead people to a wrong conception. And disasters were not as frightening as they seemed to be, and we should not feel discouraged. The massive air force of Nazi Facists was strong in appearance, but it could be defeated sooner or later.

Language Work 1. What is short and sharp and what is long

and tough: difficulties and hardships of any kind, immi

nent or distant, temporary or long-lasting.

2. … each day will bring up some noble chance of war:

each day will put forward impressive opportunities of war.

3. bring up 1) To take care of and educate a child ; rear 照

料，抚养，教育小孩2) To introduce into discussion, mention 把…引

进讨论，提及老师鼓励孩子们提出他们有疑惑的问题来Teachers encourage students to bring up the q

uestions they feel puzzled about.3) To vomit 呕吐 4) To cause to come to a sudden stop

3. Throw one’s mind back to : bring the memory to

4. Appearances are often deceptive: surface phenomena tend to be misleading

5. deceptive, delusive, delusory, misleadingMisleading, the least specific, applies to something

that inadvertently or deliberately guides one into an erroneous or wrong path 故意或无意的引入歧途或错误道路的事物

Deceptive causes one to believe what is not true or fails to believe what is true; the term may or may not imply intentional misrepresentation. 引起人们相信某事不是真实或不能相信某事是真实的

Delusive and delusory both connote deception, sham, or fallaciousness. 意味着欺骗，哄骗和谬误

6. Meet with triumph and disaster . And treat those two imposters just the same.

We must go through victory and failure. And deal with those two deceivers with no difference.

Synonyms: deceiver , pretender, cheat, faker, fraud

7. Sometimes imagination makes things out far worse than they are; yet without imagination not much can be done.

Sometimes what one imagines tends to be worse than reality; however, lacking imagination one cannot do many things.

8. Pray to be given …far-reaching imagination.

—— wish to be equipped with excessive courage to accomplish or realize this effective and influential blueprint.

Far-reaching: having a wide range, influence or effect.

far-reaching plans / far-reaching questions

9. Never give in—in nothing, great or small, large or petty… and good sense:

Never yield to, — to everything, be it great or small, large or tiny — never yield unless strong beliefs in honor and good judgment of duty and justice to tell us to.

conviction: a fixed or strong belief

cf. opinion, view, sentiment, feeling, belief, conviction, persuasion.

opinion 常用于法院判决，尤其指个人的判断 基于某种根据，但是这种根据不排除某种可能的争论。

View 强调个人的某些观点Sentiment 强调作为一种决定因素的情感作

用Belief 是一种观点，一种信念Conviction 是一种毋庸置疑的信念Persuasion 意味着坚信的观点，不一定处

于理性的考虑

1. 在觉得做手术之前再寻找另外一种手段是明智的。It is wise to seek a second medical opinion before

submitting to surgery.2. 我的观点是我们应该有言论自由My view is that we have freedom of speech.3. 感情用事可能会造成严重后果。Their sentiments on the matter may lead to seriou

s and alarming consequences. 4. 我们对自然规律怀有坚定的信心。We have belief in the natural law.5. 恶劣的形势也改变不了他对战争胜利的信心。The ill-favored situation can not change his convi

ction of winning the war.6. 他坚信来客曼是错的He had a strong persuasion that Likeman was wro

ng.

10. Never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy.

Never give in or surrender to the seemingly strong enemy.

Yield : to give in, to surrender, submit. 军队在受到进攻时投降了。The army yielded when it was attacked.Apparently: distinctly, evidently, manifestly, ob

viously, plainly.很明显她在尽力挽救她那重病的孩子。Apparently she was trying her best to save her

child from sever illness.

11. Our account was closed…: we were completely defeated by enemy troops…

account: 1. a narrative or record of events 2. a reason given for a particular action 3. a formal banking, brokerage, or busin

ess relationship established to provide for regular services, dealings and other financial transaction. 为提供定期服务，交易，和其他金融活动而建立的正式银行业务，经纪业或者商业关系。

4. money deposited for checking, savings, or brokerage use. 存款

5. a customer having a business or credit relationship with a firm.

6. profit or advantage 利润，优势

12. Were gone and finished and liquidated:

… were over and completed and settled.

Liquidate : 1. to settle the affairs of by determining the liabilities and applying the assets to their discharge. 清算 通过确实债务并对资产进行清偿来解决。

2. To put an end to

13. Very different is the mood today :How other nations view Britain and how the Britis

h people think and feel about the war is quite different today from ten months ago.

14. Britain … had drawn a sponge across her slate.

Britain was completely wiped out.

15. Our country stood in the gap: … our country shouldered the responsibility in isolation

Stand in the gap: stand out and fight backAt the critical moment of world economic recessi

on, a powerful government is needed to stand in the gap.

在世界经济萧条的关键时候，需要一个强有力的政府挺身而出。

15. There was no flinching and no thinking of giving in.

flinch: to start involuntarily, as from surprise or pain, something unpleasant or difficult

护士为琼斯清洗腿上的伤口时，毫不畏缩。Jones didn’t flinch once when the nurse

cleaned the cut in his leg.

16. We have only to persevere to conquer:

We have no choice but to hold on until victory comes.

Part III paragraph 6-8Part III paragraph 6-8 The following question could be asked:1. Why did Churchill replace the word “darker” with

“sterner”?Because he had a strong conviction of victory. The

word “darker” carries a pessimistic tone, for it indicates “a period of unpleasant and frightening time” and implies hopelessness in a difficult period. But the word “sterner”, although it has the identical referent, suggests the bright side of the situation and shows Churchill’s optimistic view. By changing the word, Churchill wanted to convey to the British people the message that although there were still difficulties ahead, Great Britain would prevail in the end.

1. in my honor --

to pay honor to sb.

• Vocabulary exercises:• I. 1.encourage 2.situation, circumstances

3.threat 4.good 5.a sudden small movement because of pain or fear

6.dare to express at the risk of denial

II. 1.catastrophically 2.deceptive 3.convictions

4.apparently 5.perseverance 6.flinches

7.ventured 8.sterner

• III. 1.put---through 2.addressed himself to

• 3.was going through 4.Throwing our minds back to 5.yielded to 6.close an account 7.ups and downs 8.misfortunes

• IV. 1.current 2.shown 3.frequently

4.depressed 5.try harder 6.takes in

• Translation

1. I had arranged for them to meet each other at the pub but the young man never turned up.

2. You can not tell merely from appearance whether things will turn out unfavorable to us or not.

3. The soldier, who stood in the gap in every battle, gained the highest honors of the country.

4. The chairman spoke so forcefully that the rest of the committee yielded to his opinion.

5.They are well-to-do now, but along the way, they had their ups and downs.

6.There are two questions to which I will address myself in this lecture.

7.We are planning a big Christmas party in your honor.

8.Hearing that tune threw my mind back to my childhood

II. 他们告诉我们 我们很弱小，不能对付如此强大的敌人。但是我们什么时候才能强大一些呢？是下个星期吗？明年吗？是我们被完全接触武装之时吗？犹豫不决，无所作为就能使我们积蓄力量吗？难道只有仰面而卧，心存幻想，甚至让敌人捆住我们的手脚，我们才能找到有效抵御敌人的方法吗？先生们，只要我们适当运用造物主赋予我们的力量，我们就不弱小。我们拥有 300万争取神圣自由而武装起来的人们，我们拥有这样的国家，这是敌人可能派遣来的任何任何军队都无法战胜的。战争的胜利不仅属于强者，胜利还属于警觉的人，主动的人，无畏的人。先生们，我们已别无选择，即使我们卑躬屈膝，知网从战争中脱身，也为时已晚。出来屈服，沦为奴隶，我们没有退路！战争迫在眉睫——让他到来吧！先生们，请允许我重复一遍，让他到来吧！

• Additional exercises:

• 1.The suspect __ that he had not been in the neighborhood at the time of the crime.

• A advocated B alleged

• C addressed D announced

• 2.When construction can begin depends on how soon the __ of the route is completed.

• A conviction B identity

• C orientation D survey

• 3.The __ majority of citizens tend to believe that the death penalty will help decrease the crime rate.

• A overflowing B overwhelming

• C prevalent D premium

• 4.The bank is offering a __ to anyone who can give information about the robbery.

• A reward B bonus

• C prize D compliment

• 5.He said that ending the agreement would __ the future of small or family-run shops, lead to fewer books being published and increase prices of all but a few bestsellers.

• A venture B expose

• C jeopardize D legalize

• 6.Europe’s earlier industrial growth was __ by the availability of key resources, abundant and cheap labor, coal iron ore, etc.

• A constrained B remained

• C sustained D detained

• 7.A great amount of work has gone into __ the Cathedral to its previous splendour.

• A refreshing B restoring

• C renovating D renewing

• 8.She was deeply __ by the amount of criticism her play received.

• A deported B deprived

• C involved D frustrated

• 9.Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in __ and lack of unity in style.

• A conflict B confrontation

• C disturbance D disharmony

• 10.He tried to hide his __ patch by sweeping his hair over to one side.

• A barren B bare

• C bald D bleak

• BDBAC CBDDC

• Writing practice on P11• Sample for reference:• March 2,

2009

Dear Cathy,

How have you been? I haven’t heard from you and your sister for long. Yesterday I called her and got to know your news on the National College Entrance Examination. I am sorry to hear that you failed this time in this test, yet I am sure that you are going to make better preparations and to embrace a far more satisfactory result next time.

• As life is a mix of happiness and bitterness, we are to go through ups and downs all through our life. Just as a Chinese saying goes, we misfortune is a blessing in disguise. Generally, some “downs” in life enrich our experience and spur us to work harder, and they usually lead courageous ones to more benefits rather than more miseries. You have always been optimistic and courageous, so I am certain that this adversity, though, may have tormented you for a while, will finally be harnessed by you, turning to be your constant motive for further development.

• As we know, fortune always fails in hands of those who are fully prepared for it. Therefore, I’d like to offer some tips from my experience to get you ready for next challenge. First, it’s of prime importance to check out the reasons for the failure and try to avoid them next time. Then, it is practical to work out a feasible plan for your life and study and allocate your time properly, which is vital for you to learn effectively and efficiently . Next, it may help you comprehend every subject and grasp their essence better to review and revise your previous notes constantly as a habit. Last, but not least, do physical exercises regularly to stay healthy and energetic.

•

• Good luck and best regards to you and your family!

• Yours,

• May