Unit 1: Three Worlds Meet

Beginnings to 1763Pages 22-37

B.C.E. and C.E.

B.c.e. means, “before the common era,” and refers to time periods from the beginning up until 0. Also know as b.c.C.e. means the “common era,” and refers to time periods from 1 until present day. Also known as a.d.Do not be confused, write these down and everything will be ok!!

What Three Worlds???

This should have been your very first question. What is your second question??WHEN DOES THE BEGINNING START??? This is your second question. Remember to question what you read!!Answer to first question-- Europe, Africa, and America’s

Group Work

Divide into your groups and look at the timeline and picture on page 25. You are to speculate about what emotions the Native Americans felt as they watched the ship approach, and write them down.Next, as a group, construct three questions the Native Americans might want to ask the people on the ship. You have 10 minutes, then we will share our thoughts with the class

Effective Note Taking: A Reminder

What is the piece of writing about?

Read the introduction and headings.

Look at illustrations, charts and graphs and read the captions.

What are the main points or ideas

Read through carefully thinking about what the main points or ideas are.

Make your notes

In your own words, summarize the information. Do not copy information directly from the book or internet. If you include a quote that is written in

the book, use quotation marks.

Chapter 1: Section 1

Crossing to the AmericasP. 27-31

Vocabulary Words for Chapter 1: Section 1

Here is a list of words you are responsible for:ArchaeologistArtifactMigrateCultureDomesticationCivilizationIrrigationMound BuildersBeringiaKnow these words, you will see them again later!! (Hint :) ) These words can be found in your textbook, p. 27-31

Archaeologist

Artifact

Migrate

Culture

What can you tell about the culture, of these children, from these pictures?

Domestication

Civilization

What is a civilization??

What features do you need to have a civilization??

5 Features of a Civilization

1. Cities are center of trade2. Specialized jobs for different people3. Organized forms of gov’t and religion4. System of record keeping5. Advanced tools

What leads to civilization?

The five features, but what is the most important invention leading to the formation of civilizations?Irrigation, DomesticationIrrigation leads to agriculture, which leads to trade, which leads to villages, etc..

Irrigation

First People in America

Migrated using the land bridge called Beringia. Where did they migrate from and why?Where is/was Beringia located?When exactly is the beginning?

Artifacts date back as far as 30,000 years ago!!

First People in America

Beringia created during the Ice AgePeople believed to have migrated from AsiaMigrated in search of food

Early American Artifacts

Early Mesoamerican Civilizations

Mesoamerica???

Region that stretches from Central Mexico to present day Nicaragua1200 b.c.e.(before common era) Olmec’s: an advanced Native American civilization that inhabited this areaThey lasted for 800 years: set up trade routes, built earthen mounds shaped like pyramids, and constructed large cities-- La Venta400 b.c.e, they vanished. But they influenced cultures they traded with, namely, the Mayan’s

The Mayan’s

Located in Southern Mexico and GuatemalaBy 250 c.e. (common era) they had an advanced civilization where they built pyramids, and had an accurate yearly calendar1st people to create a number system and they used pictographs as their written language.By 900, they disappeared. Where did they go??Scientists do not know, but speculate that either disease, revolts, or drought led to their extinction

Mayan Pyramid of Kukulkan

The Four Corner Native American Tribes

4 Corner Tribes are found in these states:

We will focus on two of the 4 tribes

Anasazi: artifacts found in all 4 states (Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona)Hohokam: artifacts found mainly in Arizona

Location of these tribes

Map of 4 Corner Native Americans

Anasazi Tribe

Lived in the four corner states area from 100 c.e. to circa 1300 c.e. Were nomadic hunter-gatherers , who settled and became farmers

Cultivated maize (corn), squash, and beans

Actively traded with other culturesCreated roads to make trade easier

No writing system--instead used pictographs

Anasazi “spirals”

Anasazi pictographs

Lived on high mesas and in canyonsBuilt homes out of sun-dried, mud bricks, called PueblosBuilt homes up against overhanging walls: Why??Protection, and keep cool in summer and warm in winter

Lived in communal housesHouses shared by several families

Used kivas, a large, deep circle, for rituals

Anasazi cont…

KIVA

What is inside a kiva??

Anasazi Pueblo Cliff Dwelling

Anasazi Pueblo Cliff Dwelling

Anasazi Cave Dwelling

Anasazi cont..

By 1300 c.e., culture declined1600, all villages abandoned

Left all belongings in villages--Why?

Theories as to whyDrought, invaders (war), or a breakdown in their social structure

Hohokam Tribe

From 300 c.e. to 1500 c.e., they lived mainly in the Arizona area known as the Tucson Base “Desert Agriculturalists”--greatest of the desert farmers . Built villages close to streams so they could farmAdopted the “rancheria” style of living

People living in widely separated house groups within the village

Used pictographs as their writing style

Hohokam Pictographs

Hohokam “big” house

Hohokam cont…

They were master pottery makers: using the clay, earthen jars to store crops, maize, and waterDug ditches to water their crops

Also known as irrigation

They hunted and gathered, but farming was their main source of food

Hohokam irrigation canal

Hohokam irrigation canal

Hohokam cont…

By 1100 c.e., the Hohokam and the Mogollon tribes started integrating with each otherStarted living in large, apartment like adobe housesBy 1350, their cultures were dwindling: due to environmental factors (drought)1600, a completely new breed of tribes inhabited the area, and were encountered by the Spanish

Mound Builders

Lived in the Eastern part of the U.S.--mainly the Mississippi valley areaThree major groups:

AdenaHopewellMississippians

These groups built large, earthen structures--some in shapes of mounds, others serpent-like

Adena/Hopewell Map

Adena

Forced their way into their way into the Ohio Valley around 1000 b.c.e., and lasted until circa 100 c.e.Unusually tall people: archeologist found female bones 6’ tall, and found some males over 7’ tall

Adena cont..

Known for their agricultural practices, pottery, artistic works and extensive trading networkAcquired copper from the Great Lakes and sea shells from the Gulf coast due to tradeBuilt thousands of mounds (only some remain) ranging from 20-300 feet in diameter

Adena cont..

Purpose of the mounds:served as burial structures, ceremonial sites, historical markers and possibly gathering places

Adena culture seemed to end around 100 c.e.--Why?Theory: they assimilated into the Hopewell culture

Adena Mound

Great Serpent

Hopewell

Culture flourished from 200 b.c.e to around 400 c.e.Situated along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern U.S.Known for its’ burial ceremonies, diversified culture, and trade with other communities

Hopewell cont…

Exported and imported raw materials from across the country---This means they traded, and traded oftenRelied more on agriculture (farming) as opposed to being traditional hunter-gatherersChief crops included squash, maize, and sunflowers

Hopewell cont…

Used a variety of metal for tools and weapons.Obtained these metals via tradeCeased to exist between 200 and 400 c.e.Theories: society dissolved because of full-scale farming

Hopewell Mound

Hopewell Mound

Hopewell Mound

Mississippians

Lasted from around 700 to the 1700’s c.e.--Even encountered early EuropeansLived primarily in the Mississippi valley areaBuilt one of the first cities in North America called Cahokia, in IllinoisCahokia covered about 6 miles and had a population from 10,000 to 20,000 peopleBy 1400, the city was abandoned: Either disease or war with the Europeans

Artists Rendition of Cahokia

Ruins of Cahokia

Mississippians Cont…

Very sophisticatedPolitical systemsElaborate trade networks

Complex MoundsOver 100 of themSome have houses, some have clay pottery, some were never used

Mississippians Cont..

1200 c.e., they started to declineA shift in climate may have affected their crop growth

By 1400, the city was abandoned, and the culture gone

Mississippian Mound

Mississippian Mound

Group Work

With members of your group, create a graphic organizer for the different Native American tribes we learned aboutMake it on a separate sheet of paper in your notebook. Each student needs to have one

Example

Anasazi

Hopewell

Mississippians

Adena

Hohokam