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Plane MirrorsThe image formed by a plane mirror is upright, identical in size to the object, and as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
Spherical MirrorsA concave mirror (left) focuses incoming parallel rays at the focal point. A convex mirror bends incoming parallel rays outward, as though they came from a focal point behind the mirror.
Spherical MirrorsImages formed by spherical mirrors may be found by using the parallel, chief, and focal rays.
Spherical Mirrors
For a concave mirror, the type of image formed depends on the position of the object.
Spherical Mirrors
The spherical-mirror equation is valid for any object position:
Sign conventions for spherical mirrors are given on the next slide.
Spherical Mirrors
Spherical aberration occurs because rays far from the mirror axis do not go through the focal point.
Lenses
The type of image formed by a converging lens depends on the position of the object. For a distant object:
23.4 The Lens Maker’s Equation
This is the lens maker’s equation for a thin lens in air:
The power of a lens may be described using diopters:
Lens AberrationsSpherical aberration occurs when rays far from the axis do not focus at the focal point.
Lens AberrationsChromatic aberration occurs because the index of refraction depends slightly on wavelength, so light of different wavelengths focuses at different points.
Review
• Plane mirrors form virtual, upright, and unmagnified images.
• The object distance is equal to the image distance.
• The lateral magnification factor for all mirrors and lenses is:
• Focal length of a spherical mirror: