Unit 11THE COLD WAR

BEGINS

THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

How did the conferences at Dumbarton Oaks and Yalta attempt to shape the postwar world?

Why did the Potsdam Conference further increase tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union?

GUIDING QUESTIONS

CharterSatellite nations Iron CurtainLiberate

TERMS TO KNOW

The United Nations The Yalta Conference

• Delegates from 39 countries met at Dumbarton Oaks, D.C. in 1944

• Created the United Nations• UN would be composed of a General

Assembly (Members would have 1 vote) and a Security Council with 11 members(5 permanent members would have veto power (Britain, France, China, USSR, U.S.))

• April 25, 1945- 50 countries met in San Francisco to design the UN charter (constitution)

• General Assembly- vote on resolutions and choose non-permanent members of Security Council

• Security Council- responsible for international peace and security and ask members to use military force to uphold a UN resolution

• Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met in Yalta in Feb. 1945

• Agreed to recognize the Polish government set up by USSR as long as members of prewar Polish government were included and free elections were held

• Declaration of Liberated Europe- stated all people could choose form of government they wanted. Europeans could create democratic organizations and temporary governments and promised free elections and a government that represented the people

• Germany was split into 4 zones with Britain, France, U.S. and USSR controlling one zone; Berlin was split as well (Inside USSR zone)

• Germany forced to pay reparations

BUILDING A NEW WORLD

Soviets began breaking the agreements made at Yalta shortly after the meeting Pressured the Romanian king into creating a Communist

government Decided not to allow more than 3 non-Communist Poles to

serve in the 18-member Polish government Did not allow free elections in Poland

United States and Soviet Union became more hostile to each other after WWII leading to the Cold War Era of conflict and competition between the U.S. and Soviet

Union- Lasted from 1946-1990 No actual fighting took place

CONFLICT LEADS TO COLD WAR

Soviet Union United States United Nations Policy

• Wanted to keep Germany weak

• Wanted countries between them and Germany under Soviet control

• Wanted to spread communism

• Wary of capitalist nations

• Believed Depression was caused by decrease in trade

• Decrease in trade could also cause war

• Felt increase in trade was way to economic growth and would lead to peace

• Believed free enterprise system, focusing on private property and little government involvement in economy, was best route to prosperity

• Met in December 1946; Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

• Passed the first U.N. human rights treaty- made genocide punishable internationally

• Eleanor Roosevelt oversaw UN Commission on Human Rights in 1948

• Wrote the Universal Declaration of Human rights- stated rights every human being is born with

POST-WWII ISSUES

President Truman and Stalin met in Potsdam in July 1945Truman was convinced industry was key to Germany’s

survival Wanted economy to grow stronger so people did not turn to

communismAgreements:

Stalin and USSR could take reparations from their zone of Germany Machinery and equipment

Allows would allow industry to grow in other zones Offered Stalin a small amount of industrial equipment from other

zones USSR zone was mostly agricultural Soviets had to pay a portion with food shipments

Truman offered to accept the new German-Polish border the Soviets established

POTSDAM CONFERENCE

Soviet army presence in Eastern Europe aided in creation of pro-Communist governments Satellite nations- countries under the control of the Soviet

Union; Had to remain Communist and follow USSR policy Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia

Formation of the Iron Curtain Division of Europe between Communist Eastern Europe and

Democratic Western Europe Coined by Winston Churchill in a 1946 speech

THE IRON CURTAIN

In what way could Roosevelt and Churchill be said to have “given in” to Stalin?

How did the UN agreement against genocide address issues that had arisen in World War II?

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

EARLY COLD WAR YEARS

What was the policy of containment?Why was the Korean War a major turning point in the

Cold War?

GUIDING QUESTIONS

ContainmentLimited war

TERMS TO KNOW

Containment- Taking measures to prevent the spread and extension of communism in other countries

Truman believed that keeping communism within its present territory through either diplomatic, economic, or military actions would result in the downfall of communism

Iran Crisis Soviets did not withdraw troops from northern Iran after

WWII as promised U.S. told Soviets to withdraw and sent the USS Missouri into

eastern Mediterranean Sea Soviet forces withdrew

TRUMAN’S CONTAINMENT POLICY

Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan

• “ Must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”

• Promised to fight the spread of communism worldwide

• Sent $400 million in aid to Turkey and Greece to help prevent the spread of communism

• Offered American financial assistance to European countries to help rebuild their economies

• Offered to Soviet Union and satellite nations but was rejected

• Greatly aided in the recovery in economies of Western European nations, weakened people’s interest in communism, and opened new markets for trade

• Sent over $13 billion in aid to 16 countries in a 4 year period

CONTAINMENT POLICIES

In 1948, West Germany was formed (Federal Republic of Germany) U.S., Britain, and France merged zones (Also merged zones in Berlin) Allowed Germans to have their own government but could not have a

military Soviet zone was formed into the German Democratic Republic In June 1948, Soviets blockaded West Berlin

Convinced that they would not be able to get reparations Wanted to force the U.S. to rethink allowing the formation of West

Germany or give up West Berlin Berlin Airlift began in June 1948 and continued through Spring

of 1949 More than 2 million tons of supplies were flown into Berlin Stalin lifted the blockade on May 12, 1949 Showed how determined the U.S. was to contain communism

THE BERLIN AIRLIFT

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (April 1949)- mutual defense alliance between the United States and many western European countries Originally included 12 countries Agreed to come to the aid of any member country that was

attacked West Germany was allowed to rearm and was allowed to

join NATO in 1955Warsaw Pact- mutual military alliance between the

Soviet Union and Eastern European countries In response to formation of NATO

CREATION OF NATO AND THE WARSAW PACT

Chinese Revolution Japanese Policy

• Communist leader Mao Zedong led revolution against Nationalistic government ran by Chiang Kai-Shek

• U.S. government sent $2 billion of aid to Nationalistic government starting in the mid-1940s

• Communist had taken Beijing by 1949

• U.S. stopped sending aid to Chinese Nationalists, who then fled to Taiwan in August 1949

• Communist formed the People’s Republic of China in October 1949

• Early 1950’s, China and USSR signed an alliance treaty

• U.S. kept diplomatic relations only with Nationalist Chinese in Taiwan

• Kept Communist People’s Republic of China out of the U.N.

• Douglas MacArthur was in charge of occupied Japan

• Introduce democracy and keep Japan from threatening war

• Once China became Communist, U.S. adopted policies to encourage quick recovery of Japan’s industrial economy

• U.S. saw Japan as the key to defending Asia against communism

DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA

U.S. and Soviet troops had entered Korea to disarm the Japanese troops based there after the end of WWII

Korea was divided at the 38 t h parallel Soviets controlled the north

Formed a Communist government U.S. troops controlled the south

Formed a U.S.- backed government

On June 25, 1950 North Korean troops invaded the south and quickly pushed back South Korean forces Soviets had given military aid to North Koreans

Truman called on UN to act and ordered U.S. naval and air power to take action UN troops were pledged to help fighting General MacArthur was sent from Japan to Korea

On September 15, 1950, MacArthur ordered an attack at Inchon, behind enemy lines Were able to push the North Koreans back across the 38 th parallel MacArthur, under orders from Truman, pushed the North Koreans to the Yalu

River (The border of China)

THE KOREAN WAR

China saw the advancing U.S. troops as a threat Warned UN troops to stop advance

Chinese forces crossed Yalu River in November 1950 Drove the UN forces back across the 38 th parallel

MacArthur demanded approval to expand war against China Asked for a blockade of Chinese ports Use Chinese Nationalist forces Wanted to use atomic weapons against Chinese cities

CHINA ENTERS THE WAR

After Truman refused to expand the war, MacArthur began to publically criticize the president Said it was a mistake to keep the war limited Felt limited war was a form of appeasement which would

lead to a bigger warTruman fi red MacArthur in April 1951 for failing to

follow orders Had to show he was in charge of military

MacArthur remained very popular Came home to hero’s welcome and parades Many Americans criticized Truman

Congress and military leaders support Truman’s decision Policy of limited war- a war fought to achieve a limited

objective

MACARTHUR GETS FIRED

By mid-1951, UN forces had pushed Chinese and North Korean forces back across the 38 th parallel Small, expensive, and unpopular battles continued

Dwight Eisenhower became president in 1952 Hinted that the U.S. might use a nuclear attack in Korea

July 1953, armistice was signed ending the war Battle line between the two sides in Korea became the border

between North and South Korea Very similar to border before the war Separated by a Demilitarized zone

U.S. troops still based in Korea to help protect border No offi cial peace treaty has been signed ending the war More than 33,600 U.S. soldiers died in action

20,600 died from other accidents or disease

KOREAN WAR ENDS

Korean War showed that communism had spread outside of Europe into Asia

U.S. states began to build up its military and became more militarily involved in Asia

U.S. signed defense agreements with Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan

U.S. formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization in 1954

U.S. began sending aid to French forces fighting Communists in Vietnam

KOREAN WAR CHANGES POLICY

Why would Soviet leaders have distrusted American leaders after the war?

Why would Soviet leaders have wanted a buff er zone around the Western borders of the Soviet Union?

How did the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan address the spread of communism?

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

COLD WAR AND AMERICAN SOCIET

How did the post- World War II Red Scare compare and contrast with the one that followed World War I?

How did fears of nuclear war aff ect American society?Why did many Americans believe Senator McCarthy’s

accusations?

GUIDING QUESTIONS

SubversionLoyalty reviewPerjuryCensureFalloutMcCarthyismblacklist

TERMS TO KNOW

Fear that Communist were trying to take over the world

Soviet defector revealed documents that Soviets were trying to infi ltrate American and Canadian agencies Wanted information on the atomic bomb

Search for spies grew into general fear of Communist subversion Effort to weaken society and overthrow its governmnet

A NEW RED SCARE

Started in early 1947Checked, screened, the loyalty of all federal

employees in the U.S. governmentBetween 1947-1951, more than 6 million federal

employees were screened for loyaltyFederal Bureau of Investigation looked closely at

about 14,000 people Many people quit their jobs under pressure Others fired for “questionable loyalty”

TRUMAN LOYALTY REVIEW PROGRAM

Group formed in 1938 to look into activities that could be harmful to the United States

FBI director J. Edgar Hoover urged HUAC to hold public hearings to root out Communists, “Communist sympathizers”, and “fellow travelers”

HOUSE UNAMERICAN ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE

Hollywood on Trial Alger Hiss The Rosenbergs

• One of first trials focused on film industry

• Ronald Reagan testified that there were Communists in Hollywood

• “Hollywood 10”- 10 screenwriters used 5th Amendment rights to protect themselves from self incrimination

• Producers began to blacklist anyone who might possibly be a Communist and those who refused to cooperate with HUAC

• Magazine editor and former Communist Party member Whitaker Chamber named Alger Hiss as a spy

• Alger Hiss was a former diplomat who worked in the Roosevelt administration

• “Pumpkin papers”- Chambers provided secret papers and microfilm proving Hiss had lied to HUAC

• Hiss was convicted of perjury, lying under oath

• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were arrested and charged with being spies for the Soviets

• They were sentenced to death and executed in June 1953

• Many felt the Rosenbergs were victims caught in the wave of anti-Communism

• Venona documents gave strong evidence that Rosenbergs were guilty of stealing nuclear secrets for the Soviets

HUAC HEARINGS AND CASES

In February 1950, Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed to have a list of more than 200 Communists who were working inside the State Department Never shared his list

McCarthy gave out a booklet accusing Democratic Party leaders of corruption and protecting Communists Targeted Secretary of State Dean Acheson as being a tool of

Stalin Accused George C. Marshall, former army chief of staff and

secretary of state, of being disloyalMany Americans accepted McCarthy’s claims

Fears about communism

JOSEPH MCCARTHY

In 1950, Congress passed the Internal Security Act, or McCarran Act Made it illegal to try and set up a dictator-run government

in the United States Required all Communist-related organizations to publish

their records and register with the U.S. attorney general Restricted Communists from receiving passports Communists could be arrested and put in jail in cases of

national emergencyPresident Truman vetoed the bill, however Congress

easily overrode his veto Supreme Court cases have since limited the power of the

McCarran Act

MCCARRAN ACT

McCarthy became chairman of the Senate subcommittee on investigations in 1953 Forced government offi cials to testify about suspected Communist

influences Usually had very weak evidence

McCarthyism- McCarthy’s practice of harming reputations with vague or unfounded charges Made shocking claims that were not backed with evidence Questioned witnesses harshly and would not accept their answers People were afraid to challenge him

Support for McCarthy began to fall during televised hearings about Soviet spies in the U.S. Army Questioned and bullied offi cers Accused them of misconduct

In late 1954, the Senate passed a vote of censure, or formal disapproval, against McCarthy Lost all influence in Senate Died in 1957

MCCARTHYISM AND THE FALL OF MCCARTHY

Facing Atomic Weapons Popular Culture

• Americans shocked by Soviets successfully testing Hydrogen bomb in 1953

• Schools built bomb shelters and held bomb drills

• Some families built their own fallout shelters to protect them from nuclear fallout- radiation that stays after a nuclear blast

• Cold War themes appeared in films, plays, television, music, and popular fiction

• The Crucible criticized the Communist with hunts

• Tomorrow written by Philip Wylie described the horrific effects of nuclear war on an unprepared U.S. city

• Hiroshima gave six original descriptions of the bombing of Hiroshima, Japan

LIFE DURING THE EARLY COLD WAR

How did the atmosphere of fear contribute to Americans' initial support of McCarthy?

How did everyday Americans react to the tensions of the Cold War?

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

EISENHOWER’S COLD WAR POLICIES

How were the policies of massive retaliation and brinkmanship diff erent from previous military policies?

Why did President Eisenhower want to use covert operations to combat the spread of communism??

GUIDING QUESTIONS

Massive retaliationBrinkmanshipCovertMilitary-industrial complex

TERMS TO KNOW

Many Americans wanted a change in leadership by the end of 1952 Felt that Truman’s foreign policy was not working

Soviets had tested an atomic bomb China was a Communist nation Korean War

Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson Truman did not run for reelection Stevenson was governor of Illinois

Republicans nominated Dwight D. Eisenhower National hero who had helped win World War II Eisenhower won the election in landslide

ELECTION OF 1952

Eisenhower believed nuclear weapons provided better value for the money than keeping a large and expensive army

Believed in a policy of massive retaliation Threatening to use nuclear weapons in order to avoid wars

altogetherEisenhower was able to cut military spending from

around $50 billion to about $34 billion Decreased size of army Increased the nuclear arsenal from about 1,000 to about

18,000 bombs between 1953-1961Many critics were worried about President

Eisenhower’s willingness to threaten nuclear war to maintain peace Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to the brink of war to

force the other side to back down

EISENHOWER’S FOREIGN POLICY

Taiwan Crisis Suez Crisis

• In fall 1954, China threatened to take over two islands off the China’s coast controlled by the Chinese Nationalists

• Eisenhower saw Taiwan as an anti-Communist barrier in Asia

• China began bombing islands and announced Taiwan would be freed

• Eisenhower asked Congress to authorize use of force to defend Taiwan

• Eisenhower warned Chinese that U.S. naval forces would fight aby attack on Taiwan

• Hinted that nuclear weapons would be used to stop an invasion

• China backed down

• Eisenhower did not want Arab nations to side with Soviet Union, so Secretary of State Dulles offered to help Egypt pay for a dam on the Nile River

• Congress would not approve the deal because Egypt had bought weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia

• Egyptians took control of the Suez Canal from the Anglo-French company that controlled it

• British and French troops invaded Egypt in Oct. 1956

• Soviet Union threatened rocket attacks on Britain and France and offered to send troops to help Egypt

• Eisenhower put U.S. nuclear forces on alert

• British and French called off invasion under pressure from U.S.

EARLY CRISES FOR EISENHOWER

Eisenhower used the Central Intelligence Agency to carry out covert, hidden, operations throughout the world

Many CIA operations took place in developing nations, nations with mainly farming economies Blamed European imperialism and U.S. capitalism for their

problems Leaders looked to the Soviet Union as a model of how to

industrialize their nations Threatened to nationalize foreign businesses operating in

their countriesCIA covert operations aimed to replace anti-American

leaders with pro-American leaders

EISENHOWER AND COVERT OPERATIONS

Iran Guatemala Eastern Europe

• In 1952, Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and was posed to make a deal with Soviet Union

• Pro-U.S. shah of Iran tried to force Mossadegh out of power but failed and fled into exile

• CIA quickly sent in agents to organize riots and to arrange a coup

• Mossadegh was removed from power and the shah returned to Iran

• Communist Jacobo Arbenz Guzman took office in 1951

• Land reform program took over large areas of land, including land owned and run by the American-owned United Fruit Company

• Communist Czechoslovakia delievered arms to Guatemala in 1954

• CIA gave weapons to the opposition and trained them at secret camps in Nicaragua and Honduras

• CIA trained forces invaded Guatemala and Arbenz Guzman left office

• Nikita Khrushchev took power in Soviet Union in 1956 after death of Stalin (1953)

• CIA got a copy of a secret speech given by Khrushchev attacking Stalin’s policies and distributed it throughout Eastern Europe

• Riots began occurring throughout Eastern Europe

• Khrushchev sent tanks and the army in to defeat a rebellion in Hungary

COVERT OPERATIONS

Policy which authorized the use of military force if the president felt it was necessary to help Middle Eastern nations resist communism Extension of the Truman Doctrine and the policy of

containment to the Middle East In July 1958, the president of Lebanon asked for help

from U.S. to prevent spread of communism there Rebels backed by Egyptian president and Soviets took

power in Iraq Eisenhower ordered 5,000 marines to go to Lebanese

capital Forces withdrew after Lebanese government was safe

EISENHOWER DOCTRINE

In 1960, Eisenhower and Khruschev were expected to hold a summit in Paris

Shortly before the summit began, the Soviet Union shot down a U.S. U-2 spy plane Eisenhower claimed the aircraft was a weather plane Khrushchev produced the pilot, Francis Gary Powers Eisenhower would not apologize Khrushchev broke up the summit

Eisenhower prepared to leave presidency Warned about the military-industrial complex

Relationship between the military and the defense industry Left presidency disappointed and saddened

Communist took hold in Cuba (Castro) Military advisors sent to help South Vietnamese Lasting peace was not in sight

THE U-2 INCIDENT

How might the rise and spread of communism infl uence American foreign policy?

What is one possible strength of Eisenhower’s foreign policy?

What is one possible weakness of Eisenhower’s foreign policy?

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS