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The quiz will cover everything we have learned so far in Unit 2: The Plantation Era. Study the slides on the class website and your notes. Topics: Reasons for immigration HSPA & Big Five Contract systems (Penal/Paternalistic, Plantation Disturbances, Perquisite System) Labor unions, strikes, ethnic tensions Unit 2: Plantation Era Quiz Study Guide

Unit 2: Plantation Era Quiz Study Guide

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“● The quiz will cover everything we have learned so far in Unit 2: The

Plantation Era. Study the slides on the class website and your notes.Topics:

● Reasons for immigration● HSPA & Big Five ● Contract systems (Penal/Paternalistic, Plantation Disturbances,● Perquisite System)● Labor unions, strikes, ethnic tensions

Unit 2: Plantation Era Quiz Study Guide

Reasons for immigration

→ Why did immigrants come to Hawai’i? Provide specific reasons from at least ONE immigrant group.

Source: Land of Opportunity

Land of Opportunity: why did they come? P. 97

ChinaMei-Ying

JapanToshio

KoreaYong-Su

PortugalAnna

PhilippinesBonipasyo

a) Main character

(5 lines)

b) Life in the village

(5 lines)

c) Images of Hawaii

(5 lines)

d) Reasons why the came

(5 lines)

Reflection (last 5 lines)

Each person must answer the following questions on their own paper. Be as detailed as you can!

a) Describe the main character in your story. Include name, age, gender, family members, how the family earned a living.

b) Describe the conditions in the main character’s home village. What country? What was life like for people in the village? Why? What was happening?

c) What did the main character hear about Hawaii? How was it described to him/her?

d) What were the main character’s reasons for coming? How long did he or she intend to stay?

Reflection: Imagine yourself in the place of these main characters. Think about the living conditions in their villages and the reasons they came to Hawaii. Why did they come? Would you have decided to come to Hawaii if you had been in their place? Why or why not? (7 sentences + )

Review: Reasons for Immigration (Push/Pull)- Higher pay- Other economic hardship (for example, taxes on farmers)- Political conflicts (for example, Japan colonizing Korea)- Environmental reasons (natural disasters, famines)- More opportunities

HSPA & Big Five

→ What is the HSPA and what did they achieve/do?Source: Textbook 172-173.

→ What is the Big Five and what did they all have in common?

Source: Textbook p. 161-162.

Review: Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association (HSPA)● Organization formed in 1882 for planters to cooperate and help each other

● Biggest concern: producing more sugar from limited land.

● Cooperated with scientists & engineers to improve all aspects of sugar production○ new machine○ GMOs to prevent disease○ better water systems○ Kill the leafhopper...○ Better irrigation systems

○ Better cane for more sugar (GMO)

● Bigger plantations were better with HSPA (sugar production = slow, complex, expensive) ○ Takes 2 yrs to profit after planting (18 months for cane to mature, mos. to refine)○ Requires lots of land, complex irrigation, massive machinery, so bigger plantations profit more. ○ Small planters couldn’t earn enough money, so they combined with large plantations or sold their lands. ○ →This leads to →

Oligopoly: a few companies control an industry (monopoly: ONE company controls an entire industry) = BOTH are unfair competition; not true capitalism

Review: The Big Five

BIG FIVE are 5 families that started the sugarcane corporations

(Oligarchy = small groups of people that control a govt or org) = not democracy = power concentrated in the hands of a few elites/rich people

1. Alexander and Baldwin (A&B) → fifth largest landowner in state2. American Factors (Amfac) → Owns part of West Maui3. C. Brewer & Company → liquidated in 20014. Castle and Cooke → owns large portions of Central Oahu5. Theo H. Davies → owned Pizza Hut and Taco Bell until 2004

→ intermarriages among Big Five families meant control and power in Hawaii was preserved among few members (oligarchy)→ Big Five families were rich and lived luxurious/fancy lives → Had a lot of power and influence in community and politics→ paid ethnic groups differently to cause tension on purpose

Hawaii’s Gov’t: Constitutional monarchy → temporary “Republic” → Oligarchy (not democracy) → Statehood = democracy

Review: The Big Five

BIG FIVE are 5 families that started the sugarcane corporations

These companies/owners/families are still very rich and powerful today.

1. Alexander and Baldwin (A&B) → fifth largest landowner in state2. American Factors (Amfac) → Owns part of West Maui 3. C. Brewer & Company → liquidated in 20014. Castle and Cooke → owns large portions of Central Oahu

a. Merged with The Dole Food Company in 1991b. Castle & Cooke Also owned 95% of the island of Lanai until

2012 when it was bought by Oracle Corporation CEO Larry Ellison for $300 million

5. Theo H. Davies → owned Pizza Hut and Taco Bell franchises in Hawaii until 2004

Contract systems (Penal/Paternalistic, Plantation Disturbances,Perquisite System)

Evaluate how contract labor and perquisites were harmful and beneficial for plantation laborers.

→ What are some advantages and disadvantages for the laborer & master in a Penal contract?

→ What are some advantages and disadvantages for the laborer & master in a Perquisite contract?

Sugar Planters Need Labor● Needed (cheap) labor

● Hawaiians worked, but not enough

● Imported workers from around the world

● Masters & Servants Act of 1850 legalized recruitment

and immigration of workers from all over the world

through a CONTRACT

● Caused ethnic mixture in Hawaii

Vocabulary part i● Masters & Servants Act of 1850: law that gave govt approval to import foreigners (China, Japan,

Korea, Philippines, etc) as contract laborers/workers through a contract (paper agreement)

● Contract: legal agreement between 2 or more people

● Paternalism: actions that protect people and provide necessities (like a “father”), but allow little freedom or choice.

● Penal/Paternalistic Contract Labor Systems of 1800s → Management took care of laborers & laborers work on the plantations; paternalistic –

● “Paternal” masters, like fathers, provided necessities ie clothing and housing ● In return, servants had to work 5 yrs“faithfully and cheerfully”● If not, masters can punish workers and use “coercive force” (prison, fines, double contract years) for workers’ “own good”

Labor Contract of 1870 Read the contract on tp. 57 and tp. 53 - 54 #22-28 carefully with a partner and answer the following:

1. What are some advantages and disadvantages for the laborer in the contract? (at least 5 each)

2. What are some advantages and disadvantages for the master/employer in the contract? (at least 5 each)

3. Evaluate. Was it fair? Who was this fair for, and why?

Advantages for Laborer Disadvantages for Laborer-

Advantages for Master Disadvantages for Master

Was it fair? Who was this fair for and why? (5-7 sentences; use evidence)

Type of Work and Wages● Tasks: Irrigating, loading/carrying cane, cutting cane,

stripping cane, seeding/planting, weeding the fields

● Childcare: women tied babies to back; younger children left at home

● Men and women were paid differently for same work. Different ethnicities were paid differently. For example:

○ 1880 Portuguese labor wage: ■ $10/month male■ $6.50/month female

○ 1909 labor wage: ■ Japanese $18 ■ Puerto Rican $22.50 ■ Portuguese $22.50

Perquisite System of 1900s(yes, please write all of this)

Penal System 1800s

Penal = punishment

1850 Masters & Servants Act

Workers who broke contract were punished (beaten, arrested, jailed, fined, contract doubled in years)

Perquisite System 1900s

Plantation owners give perks or “benefits” hoping to stop disturbances & will make workers easier to control

Plantation owners hoped to stop disturbances through benefits: “happy people make happier workers”

Better houses, churches, clubhouses, recreational programs, libraries, medical, public baths, schools, gyms, festival gifts

Plantation DisturbancesIn 1900 = Hawaii becomes US territory

Penal System becomes ILLEGAL = Punishments illegal and unconstitutional as U.S. territory

Lots of *dissatisfied workers now have protection under U.S. territory

● *Reasons: overworked, underpaid, abused and mistreated, unsanitary camps and poor housing

Freedom → led to disturbances such as PROTESTS, STRIKES, and ASSAULTS

See textbook pages 187-186

Vocabulary part ii● Penal Contract Labor System: Management took care of

laborers & laborers work on the plantations; paternalistic – management can punish laborers for not working “faithfully & cheerfully”

● Reasons for Plantation Disturbances: Overworked, underpaid, mistreated/abused by lunas

● Perquisite System: management provided benefits to laborers in addition to wages i.e. libraries, schools, churches

Labor unions, strikes, ethnic tensions

→ What is the purpose of a union?

→ What was the difference between the 1909 and the 1920 strikes in Hawaii?

→ Do you think it’s important for workers to organize into unions and work together? Why or why not?

VocabularyEthnic tension: (1) refers to feelings and acts of prejudice and hostility towards an ethnic group in various degrees (2) Misunderstandings based on race that cause competition

Labor unions: an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

For example: ILWU (International Longshore and Warehouse Union)For example: Wage Association: first labor union (Japanese)

Strike of 1909: Japanese workers’ strike

Strike of 1920: Japanese and Filipino workers’ strike

Fought for higher minimum wages, benefits, weekends, 8 hour work days

Labor Union

•An organized association of workers formed to protect

and further their rights and interests

•Purpose: to improve working conditions

•Strength in numbers and solidarity/unity

“Divide and rule” → Wages

In order to “divide and rule” the workers, plantation owners paid workers according to race.

White > Portuguese > Japanese > Korean > Chinese > Samoan > Hawaiian > Filipino

Ethnic camps existed to keep the ethnic groups apart. Keeps workers from complaining about low wages. Keep them from joining unions and working together for better conditions.

“Divide and rule” → Housing

● To keep the ethnic groups away from each other, there were ethnic camps.● The browner you were, the worse your house looked like.● White and Japanese housing were uphill.● Filipino’s lived downhill.● No bathrooms, so the term “S*** (poop) rolls downhill” comes from Plantation Era!

Ineffective strikes

ethnic division = weakness

If one ethnic group went on strike, others would not care or join, since different camps meant different pay anyway.

“Solution” to strikes: strikebreakers → plantation owners would just hire more members of another ethnic group (strikebreakers) and pay them a little more. Strikes would end really quickly.

Eventually, each ethnicity created its own labor union → but ethnic division = weakness

Difficulties Organizing

1. Anti-union laws made by businessmen in government

2. Fired or not hire “undesirable” union workers

3. Management strategies to “divide & conquer”

–Encouraged mistrust and suspicion

–Ethnicities paid differently (competition)

–Strikebreaking

4. Lack of cooperation among ethnic groups (i.e. Filipino & Japanese)

–Each ethnicity created their own Labor Union.

–Needed cooperation to achieve REAL improvements working conditions

1909 Strike (7,000 Japanese workers)● Japanese workers went on strike for 3 months to

end racial pay → try to get the same wages and conditions as Portuguese and Puerto Rican workers who earned $26/month while they only earned $18/month.

● Strike was unsuccessful

○ NO union: workers were not organized, strike leaders eventually arrested

○ Strike breakers or “scabs” worked on the plantations for $1.50/day while Japanese workers were on strike

1920 Strike (8,300 Japanese and Filipino union members)

● Filipino Labor Union and Federation of Japanese Labor (unions) joined together & went on strike for seven months

● Demands: pay raises from $0.77 to $1.25 per day for men, $0.58 to $0.90 for women plus paid maternity leave; 8 hour work days

● Problems during strike: workers and their families were evicted from plantation housing. Filipinos were low on food and money reserves, so Japanese union helped them to survive. About 2500 workers died of Spanish Flu.

● Compromise reached: 50% pay raise and more benefits. 6 months passed before workers saw these changes, so some of them thought it was unsuccessful.

FILIPINO LABOR ORGANIZER PABLO MANLAPIT.

Jack Hall and HERA help unions thrive!HERA

● Hawaii Employment Relations Act

● 1945 - law passed by territorial legislature - gave agricultural workers legal protection to organize into large multi-ethnic unions

● Made it illegal to fire workers who organize

Jack Hall

● Labor leader from CA

● Arrives in 1935 to

strengthen Hawai'i’s unions

● Leadership helped Hawai'i’s

ethnic groups create

multi-ethnic unions → gets

groups to work together

● Ethnic barriers fell

● Unions = more powerful &

unified

Labor Unions

For Example: ILWU•International Longshoremen & Warehouse Union

–Longshoremen – workers load & unload ships

•By 1946 includes longshoremen, pineapple, and sugar workers

•Membership grew

–900 in 1944

–30,000 by 1947.

•Improve conditions for its members

•Still exists today

Examples of Unions Today