Unit 3 Packet Carolyn student

Chapter 3 Part 1

TEST PREPARATION CHECKLIST Name: _________________________________ BIOLOGY: Date: __________________________________ Gather Information Subject of Test: _Cell Structure and Function (pt.1) ___________________ Date of Test: ______________ Chapters/Concepts to Study: Chapter 3 (3.1,3.3, 3.4, and 3.5) _______________________ Other Information covered (videos, handouts, labs, quizzes, assignments, etc.):

What types of questions will be on the test? Check all that will be on the test. ___True/False _35__Multiple Choice _Matching ___Short Answer

_____Labeling ____Fill-in-the-blank _____Essay _____Other

Total Number of Questions ____35_______ Total Number of Points Possible ____100______ Plan From the list below, check any study strategy that you believe will be of use to you in preparing for this test. Add any strategies you use that are not listed below. _____Compete the chapter reviews in Biology McDougal Littell for

the chapters covered on the test. _____Complete the online activities for the concepts covered on

test and answer the online activity questions. www.classzone.com

_____ Complete the practice test sheet. _____ Practice vocabulary by making flashcards _____ Complete the online chapter assessments for the chapters

covered on test. www.classzone.com _____ Review guided reading packets for each chapter covered

on test. _____ Record or take notes from test review session. _____ Reread lectures notes aloud. _____ Rewrite lecture notes. _____ Highlight lecture notes. _____ Summarize lecture notes (find and note main ideas) _____ Explain lecture notes to a friend or relative.

_____ Update lecture notes with a friend’s notes (especially if

you have been absent during the unit). _____ Update lecture notes with information from your textbook. _____ Reread textbook and paraphrase the material. _____ Define key terms from each concept covered on the test. _____ Outline textbook chapters. _____ Make a test including a variety of questions and types of

questions. _____ Teach material to someone else. _____ Draw a picture or diagram of what you are studying. _____ Make a timeline. _____ Study with a friend. _____ Meet with teacher before or after school to discuss

material for the test. _____ Utilize the Resource Room (RSP) to ask

questions and prepare for test.

Study Log When you study for a test, make sure you do something other than just read. For example, write, draw, read aloud, tape, talk, highlight, make flash cards, etc. Be creative. When you are actively involved in your study strategy, you will remember more of the material and understand it better. When did you study?

How long did you study?

How did you study? What did you do?

Analysis Complete this section after you have received your graded test back. Points Earned/Points Possible ______________ Percentage/Letter Grade on Test ______________ What worked well for you in preparing for this test? What will you do differently next time (besides “study more”)? Be specific.

ASSIGNMENT LOG CHAPTER 3 (Part 1)

You may find it helpful to keep up with your daily grade in this class by using the following sheet. Record the due date for the assignment. Each day an assignment is due the teacher or T.A. will go around and stamp workbooks. Workbooks will be collected and graded the week before grade checks or the day of your test. Before you turn in your workbook check whether you completed an assignment or not. When your workbook is returned record the points that you earned. Your average is determined by dividing the points you have earned by the points possible. Remember that assignments turned in late will not receive higher than an 80%. Incomplete assignments may receive no credit and is up to the discretion of the teacher. When you are out of school it is your responsibility to make up assignments and get them stamped the following day. If you do not understand an assignment it is your responsibility to ask for help. Copying workbooks is not allowed and is considered cheating. You must complete your own work. Lastly, cheating will result in a grade of zero for all those involved including the owner of the completed workbook.

GOOD LUCK! ASSIGNMENT DATE

DUE COMPLETED? POSSIBLE

POINTS POINTS EARNED

Starters 10

Test Prep Checklist:Plan 10

Study Log 10

Chapter 3 Pt 1 Vocabulary 20

3.1 Power Notes 15

3.1 Reading Questions 20

Cell Theory Mapping/Summary 25

3.3 Power Notes 15

3.3 Reading Questions 20

Cell Membrane Diagrams 15

Cell Membrane Mapping/Summary

25

3.4 Power Notes 15

3.5 Power Notes 15

Passive Vs. Active Venn Diagram and Summary

25

Transport Mapping/Summary 25

Practice Quiz 30

Chapter 3 (Part 1) Exam 100

Total 395

STARTERS

Date: Starter Date: Starter Date: Starter Date: Starter Date: Starter

CLOSERS Closer Closer

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Chapter 3 Key Vocabulary (Part 1)

Word Definition Picture

Cell Theory

Cytoplasm

Organelle

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell

Cell Membrane

Phospholipid

Fluid Mosaic Model

Selectively Permeable

Receptor

Passive Transport

Diffusion

Concentration Gradient

Osmosis

Isotonic

Hypertonic

Hypotonic

Facilitated Diffusion

Active Transport

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis

Exocytosis

72 Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Reading Essentials

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Read to Learn

7

section ● The Plasma Membrane2

Cellular Structure and Function

Before You ReadA window screen in your home allows air to pass through while keeping insects out. In this section, you will learn about a cell structure that has the same basic function. On the lines below, list some things you think would be allowed to pass into a cell and some things that would be kept out.

Function of the Plasma MembraneA cell’s survival depends on maintaining balance, called

homeostasis. The plasma membrane is the cell structure primarily responsible for homeostasis. It is the thin, fl exible boundary between the cell and its watery environment. Nutrients enter the cell and wastes leave the cell through the plasma membrane.

Selective permeability (pur mee uh BIH luh tee) of the plasma membrane allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out. The fi gure below shows selective permeability of the cell’s plasma membrane. The arrows show common substances that enter and leave the cell. The plasma membrane controls how, when, and how much of these substances enter and leave the cells.

Make Flash Cards Make a fl ash card for each question heading in this section. On the back of the fl ash card, write the answer to the question. Use the fl ash cards to review what you have learned.

Picture This 1. Highlight the items in

the fi gure that enter the cell through the plasma membrane. Circle the items that exit the cell.

A cell’s plasma membrane helps maintain homeostasis.

What You’ll Learn■ how the cell’s plasma membrane

functions■ the role of proteins,

carbohydrates, and cholesterol in the plasma membrane

Reading Essentials Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 73

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Structure of the Plasma MembraneYou have learned that lipids are large molecules made

up of glycerol and three fatty acids. A phospholipid(fahs foh LIH pid) is made up of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. The plasma membrane is made up of two layers of phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail in what is called a phospholipid bilayer. The phospholipid bilayer allows the plasma membrane to survive and function in its watery environment.

What is the structure of thephospholipid bilayer?

Each phospholipid has a polar head and two nonpolar tails. The phosphate group in the phospholipid makes it polar. The polar head is attracted to water because water is also polar. The nonpolar tails, made of the fatty acids, are repelled by water.

The phospholipid bilayer is arranged so that the polar heads can be closest to the water that is inside and outside the cell. Likewise, the nonpolar tails are farthest from the water because they are inside the phospholipid bilayer, as shown in the fi gure below. This bilayer structure is important for the formation and function of the plasma membrane.

2. Explain the purpose of the phospholipid bilayer.

Picture This3. Identify Circle one

phospholipid. Label itshead and tails.

How does the phospholipid bilayer function?The phospholipid bilayer forms a barrier that is polar on

the surface and nonpolar in the middle. Substances that can dissolve in water will not pass through the plasma membrane because they are stopped by the nonpolar middle. This allows the plasma membrane to separate the environment inside the cell from the environment outside the cell.

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What else is found in the plasma membrane?Cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates move among the

phospholipids in the plasma membrane. Proteins are found on both the inner surface and the outer surface of the plasma membrane. Proteins on the outer surface are called receptors because they send signals to the inside of the cell. Proteins on the inner surface anchor the plasma membrane to the cell’s internal support structure. These proteins give the cell its shape.

What are transport proteins?Proteins also create tunnels through the plasma membrane.

These proteins, known as transport proteins, move needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane. Transport proteins contribute to the selective permeability of the plasma membrane.

How does cholesterol help cells?Cholesterol molecules are nonpolar. They move among

the tails of the phospholipids. Cholesterol helps prevent the fatty-acid tails from sticking together, keeping the plasma membrane fl uid. Cholesterol also helps maintain homeostasis in a cell.

What substances help identifychemical signals?

Carbohydrates and proteins might stick out from the plasma membrane. They help the cell identify chemical signals from the environment. For example, carbohydrates in the plasma membrane might help disease-fi ghting cells identify and attack a potentially harmful cell.

What is the fl uid mosaic model?All the components of the plasma membrane are in

constant motion. Phospholipids can move sideways within the plasma membrane. Proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol molecules move among the phospholipids.

The phospholipid bilayer creates a sea in which all the other molecules fl oat. As the individual molecules move around, a pattern, or mosaic, is formed on the surface of the plasma membrane. This organization of the plasma membrane is called the fl uid mosaic model. It is fl uid because the molecules are moving and being rearranged. It is called a mosaic because scientists can observe clear patterns on the surface of the plasma membrane.

4. Defi ne the role of transport proteins.

5. Name three substances that move among the phospholipids of the plasma membrane.

biologygmh.com74 Cellular Structure and Function

Cellular Structure and Function

80 Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Reading Essentials

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section ● Cellular Transport4

7

Before You ReadDescribe on the lines below how you would move a large box that weighs more than you do. Then read the section to learn how large particles move in and out of cells.

Read to LearnDiffusion

Substances dissolved in water move constantly and randomly. Imagine you place a drop of red ink on the left side and a drop of blue ink on the right side of a dish of water. The ink moves randomly through the water and turns the water purple as the colors mix. The ink has diffused in the water. Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area where there are more particles of the substance to an area where there are fewer particles. Diffusion does not require additional energy because the particles are already in motion.

Concentration is the amount of a substance in an area.Diffusion continues until the concentrations are the same in all areas of the water. The dish of water has reached dynamicequilibrium, in which the particles continue to move randomly, but the overall concentration does not change.

What affects the rate of diffusion?Concentration, temperature, and pressure affect the

rate of diffusion. Diffusion occurs more quickly when the concentration, temperature, or pressure are high because the particles collide more often. The size and charge of a substance also affects the rate of diffusion.

Create a Quiz As you read this section, write quiz questions based on what you have learned. After you write the questions, answer them.

Cellular transport moves substances in and out of a cell.

What You’ll Learn■ the process of diffusion,

facilitated diffusion, and active transport

■ effect of hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic solutions on a cell

■ how large particles enter and exit a cell

Record Information Make a three-pocket Foldable from an 11 � 17 sheet of paper. As you read, record information about cellular transport on quarter sheets of notebook paper and store them in the appropriate pocket.

Diffusion PassiveTransport

ActiveTransport

Reading Essentials Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 81

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What is facilitated diffusion?Water can diffuse across the plasma membrane. However,

other ions and molecules that cells need to function cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane. Molecules such as sugars and chlorine need help to move from outside the cell’s environment to inside the cell. Facilitated diffusionuses transport proteins to help move some ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane. One type of facilitated diffusion is shown in the fi gure below.

Diffusion of water and facilitated diffusion of ions and small molecules occur without additional energy because the particles are already moving. When no energy is added, the transport is referred to as passive transport.

Osmosis: Diffusion of WaterWater passes in and out of the cell through the plasma

membrane. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis (ahs MOH sus). Osmosis helps the cell maintain homeostasis.

What is the result of osmosis?Most cells undergo osmosis because they are surrounded

by watery solutions. These solutions have different concentrations than the inside environment of the cell. Before osmosis, the concentration inside and outside the cell have not reached dynamic equilibrium. After osmosis, the concentrations are the same on both sides of the membrane, and dynamic equilibrium has been reached.

What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?A cell in an isotonic solution has the same concentration

in its cytoplasm as its surrounding watery environment. Water continues to move through the plasma membrane, but water enters and leaves the cell at the same rate. The cell is at equilibrium with its surrounding environment.

Picture This 1. Explain Use this fi gure to

explain facilitated diffusion to a partner.

2. Explain Why is the cell at equilibrium in an isotonic solution?

82 Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function

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3. Analyze Why does water move into a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

Picture This 4. Label the cell structure

through which substances pass as they leave the cell during exocytosis.

How do hypotonic solutions and hypertonic solutions differ?

If a cell is placed in a solution that has a lower concentration of dissolved substances, the cell is in a hypotonic solution.There is more water outside the cell than inside the cell. Osmosis moves water into the cell.

As water moves into an animal cell, the plasma membrane swells. If the solution is too hypotonic, pressure builds inside the cell, and it might burst.

In a plant cell, the cell wall keeps it from bursting. As the central vacuole fi lls with water, the plasma membrane pushes against the cell wall. The plant cell becomes fi rmer.

In a hypertonic solution, the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than inside. There is more water inside the cell. During osmosis, more water moves out of the cell than into it. Animal cells shrink in hypertonic solutions. The loss of water in plant cells causes wilting.

Active TransportSubstances might need to move from an area of lower

concentration to an area of higher concentration. Transport proteins help move substances across the plasma membrane against the normal fl ow. This movement against the normal fl ow requires energy and is called active transport.

Transport of Large ParticlesSome substances are too large to move by diffusion or

active transport. Endocytosis is the process by which a cell surrounds a substance in the outside environment with a portion of the plasma membrane, then pinches off the substance, leaving it inside the cell.

Exocytosis is the process by which large substances exit the cell. Both processes, as shown in the fi gure below, require energy. As with other forms of transport, endocytosis and exocytosis help cells maintain homeostasis.

SECTION

3.1CELL THEORY

Power Notes

All cells have:

This is a cell.

Scientists who contributed to the cell theory: The principles of cell theory:

The cell theory is:

Important technological advances:

1.

2.

3.

This is a cell.

Unit 2 Resource Book Power Notes 3McDougal Littell Biology

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CellStructureand

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Chapter 3 Reading Guide Questions 3.1 (pg 70-72) 1. How did the following scientists contribute to the cell theory: Hooke- Leeuwenhoek- Schleiden- Schwann- Virchow- 2. How did improvements with the microscope form the cell theory? 3. What are the 3 major principles of the cell theory? 4. What is cytoplasm? 5. What are organelles? 6. Cells can be divided into 2 categories. What are they and how do they differ? 7. What structural differences suggest that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells? 8. Suppose a certain poison kills human cells by blocking pores in the nuclear membrane. Explain why it would not kill bacteria?

SECTION

3.3CELL MEMBRANE

Power Notes

Functions: Phospholipids:

Fluid mosaic model:

Sketch a semipermeable membrane.

Other molecules:

•

•

•

Selective permeability:

•

•

•

•

Cell Membrane

Receptors:

• Intracellular

• Membrane


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Chapter 3 Reading Guide Questions 3.3 (pg 81-84) 1. What is the function of the cell membrane? 2. What is a phospholipid? 3. The structure of a phospholipids causes them to organize into a bilayer in the presence of water. Explain. 4. What part of the membrane is nonpolar? 5. Why do scientists describe the arrangement of molecules that make up a cell membrane a fluid mosaic model? 6. What is selective permeability in your own words. 7. Describe a selectively permeable membrane that you see in everyday life. 8. How do molecules cross membranes and how is it based on size? 9. How do receptors transmit messages across cell membranes? 10. How do intracellular membrane receptors differ from membrane receptors? 11. If proteins were rigid why would the make poor receptors?

SECTION

3.4DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS

Power Notes

How do different solutions affect cells?

Facilitated diffusion:

Passive transport:Sketch molecules diffusing into a cell.

Sketch molecules entering a cell by facilitateddiffusion.

Label the type of solution each red blood cell is in.Draw arrows on each cell to show the direction of osmosis.

Diffusion: Osmosis:

outside inside

outside inside

1.

1. 3. 5.

3.

1. 3.

2.

2.

2.

4. 6.


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SECTION

3.5ACTIVE TRANSPORT, ENDOCYTOSIS, AND EXOCYTOSIS

Power Notes

Sketch molecules entering a cell by active transport.

Endocytosis:

Active transport:

1. 2. 3.

Exocytosis:

1. 2. 3.

1. outside inside3.

4.

2.


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Topic / Concept: Active Transport Vs. Passive Transport

Venn Diagram

Summary Paragraph . . .

Documents

Unit 3 Packet Carolyn student