Unit 4 1945-1967

Cold War- Recap

The Cold War

The world is polarized into two camps; Free Democratic Nations (USA) vs Communist (USSR)

NATO

Lessons Learned

Appeasement was an unsuccessful strategy; aggression will now be nipped in the bud

Soviet Aggression

Soviet troops stayed in many eastern European countries

1948 – Czech democratic movement was taken over

1953 – East German revolts against communist rule were put down

1956 – Hungarian revolution was stopped

Installed Moscow controlled communist governments in above states – creating a buffer zone of Soviet control

The Cold War beginnings The U. S. is the richest and most

powerful, the only nation capable of countering Soviets

The U.S.S.R. sets up communist governments, U.S. helped overthrow them (Korea, Vietnam)

World now divided (polarized) into communist vs democratic

Iron curtain descends (Churchill, 1946)

Berlin Divided

1945, 4 zones (Britain, France, US and USSR)

June 1948, Soviet block land and water access to West Berlin

U.S. airlifted supplies for 10 months

Stalin relents in May 1948, official start of the Cold War

1961- Skilled workers started crossing in huge numbers to West Berlin

East German economy was in danger of collapsing

Soviet response: built- the Berlin Wall. a barrier between East and West.

Berlin Wall

The Marshall Plan

June 1947, U.S plan to give direct aid to European nations

Rationale: fewer poor nations = fewer communist nations

Canada contributed $706 million out of $12.5 billion over 5 years

Example of containment

The United Nations 1945

An International organization (192 countries) works on issues of international law, international security, economic development, social progress, and human rights .

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1949 Canada & U.S.

plus 10 W. European countries joined together to defend the North Atlantic from Soviet aggression. Also bonds countries as trading partners

North Pole map

NORAD: North American Air Defense System 1957 Joined Canadian and

American fighter, missile and radar units under one command center – in a mountain in Colorado – to protect from a Soviet attack

DEW Line: Distant Early Warning Line, 1957 A line of long range

early warning radar stations that monitor the northern airspace between the USSR and Canada. Soviet missiles could be detected by NORAD’s command center.

Warsaw Pact

1955 Alliance between the USSR and Soviet satellite countries of Eastern Europe. Aimed at protecting the Soviet Eastern block if attacked by NATO

Igor Gouzenko

Born: When? 1919 Where? Russia

What did he do? He was A Russian KGB spy working in Canada as a cipher Clerk in 1943. In 1945 he defected to Canada and exposed an elaborate Soviet spy ring in Ottawa

The Diefenbunker

A massive underground bomb shelter built in 1959

4 stories deep (all underground)

Equipped to accommodate 300-500 people for 30 days

Was built to house and maintain the government and communication in case of a nuclear attack

The Avro Arrow The most advanced

supersonic jet , 10 years ahead of its time –

Canadian made, completed in 1957.

It could fly 2x the speed of sound.

The U. S. wanted to arm the Arrow with nuclear warheads

Diefenbaker refused. The Arrow project was cancelled in1959