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Unit 4: The Chinese Revolution. 中国革命. AOS 1: 1898-1949. 1898 – 1911: Q ing Dynasty 1911 - 1927: Era of the Warlords 1927 – 1949: Republic of China (Guomindang). AOS 1: 1898-1949. SECTION A: SHORT ANSWER QUESTION - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Unit 4: The Chinese Revolution
中国革命
AOS 1: 1898-1949
• 1898 – 1911: Qing Dynasty• 1911 - 1927: Era of the Warlords• 1927 – 1949: Republic of China (Guomindang)
AOS 1: 1898-1949
• SECTION A: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONCommon Questions: Sun Yat Sen, Boxer
Rebellion, Era of the Warlords, Jianxi, Long March and Yan’an or a timeframe
AOS 1: 1898-1949• Section B: Document Analysis
This slide has been modified and some imagesRemoved. Please download past exams from 2005 to2009 that have been included in past exams
Fall of the Qing: External
• H umilations (from various foreign powers):• O pium• M issionaries• E xtraterritoriality
• F engshui (the breaking of)• A nnexations• C oncessions• T reaty Ports• S pheres of Influence
Fall of the Qing: Internal
• 1898: Hundred Day Reforms• 1900: Boxer Rebellion• 1905: Formation of Tongmenghui• 1907: Death of Cixi & Guangxu• 1911: Railway Recovery Movement• 1911: Wuchang/Wuhan Uprising
Hundred Day Reforms
• 1898: Hundred Day Reforms– Japan used as model of reform (Meiji Restoration)– Kang Youwei as advocate for reform– Pushed through by Emperor Guangxu lasting 103 days
• B udgeting• E ducation • R ailways• P olitics• S implification of Laws
– Squashed by Cixi
Significance: Any last chance China had to reform had been lost
Boxer Rebellion
• 1900 (13/6): Boxer Rebellion– Instead Cixi throws her support Yihetuan (Righteous
& Harmonious Fists)• 1901 (7/9): Boxer Protocols– Further humiliation
“Cixi’s support of the Boxers had proved as unwise as it had been ineffective.”- Michael Lynch
Significance: Qing had very few supporters – drastic/hopeless attempt at gaining support by Cixi…
Cixi“On the whole, the Qing reforms fulfilled the
hopes of very few.” - Patricia Buckley Ebrey“Her ruthlessness was a proverbial as her
extravagance” John Robottom“This rule of an autocratic and reactionary
woman … was the main reason why no modernisation could be effected.” – C.P Fitzgerald
BUTSterling Seagrave reassessed how much
historians relied on in particular Kang Youwei & Edmund Backhouse. “… A very entertaining caricature, but its is completely phoney.”
Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-Sen)
• 1905: Forms the Tongmenghui (Common Alliance League)
• San Min Zhuyi (3 People’s Principles– Nationalism– Democracy– People’s Livelihood
• Tongmenghui funded a series of popular rebellions against the Qing between 1908-11: All failed, but it set a precedent.
• Significance: Gave China an alternative to the Qing dynasty
Wuchang Uprising
• 1907: Pu-yi becomes child emperor
• Significance: continued weak leadership
• By 1911 all it would take is a little spark to topple the Qing
• Wuchang/Wuhan Uprising• 1/1/1912: Sun Yixian declared
provisional president of the new republic
Yuan Shikai
• Given presidency by Sun to guarantee abdication of Puyi
• Quickly betrays the revolution– Effectively bans the GMD– 1915: 21 Demands to Japan
• Significance: continued rule of corruption
• Upon his death China splits into different regions ruled by warlords
May Fourth Movement
• Triggered by the Versailles Treaty in 1919• Part of the larger New Cultural Movement• More Patriotic movement compared to the 1911
Revolution which was anti-Manchu rather than Pro-China
• Use of ‘ideas’ as weapons.– Therefore big growth in study of new ideas including
western ideas– No coincidence: growth in GMD popularity and formation of
the CCP• Significance: helped produce the two parties that were
to fight for control of China (both with the aim of unity)
Formation of the CCP
• Li Dazhao (Beijing University) founded a Marxist study group in 1918. – Both Mao Zedong (his assistant)
and Chen Duxiu were converted.
• Li and Chen establish the CCP and first meeting of 13 delegates held in Shanghai 1921.
• Nan Chen, Bei Li. (Southern Chen Northern Li)
First United Front• Sun-Joffe declaration 26 Jan
1923• CCP members would become
members under the GMD (only CCP 420 members in 1923)
• 3 Communists (out of 24) given seat in central executive
• Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) sent to Moscow for military training and later founding of Huangpu military academy
Northern Expedition
• By 1927: Communists have 57,000 members– Spurred out by events in major cities
• Death of Sun 11 March 1925• By 1926 Jiang had outmaneuvered main
opponents• In 1926 Jiang launches Northern
Expedition to unify China
Shanghai Massacre
• Jiang turns on the Communists in Shanghai 26 March 1927
• Significance: change in CCP organisation & leadership
• Jiang consolidates control over China
Jianxi Soviet
Jianxi Soviet
• Because of failed uprisings (spurred out by Stalin) CCP forced to establish Soviet bases in rural regions
• Zhu and Mao establish Jianxi Soviet (Jinggangshan then Ruijin)
• Land Reforms• 3 million peopleSignificance: provided a framework for future revolutionary work
Red Army
• Red Army Rules of Conduct– Prompt obedience to orders– No confiscation from poor
peasants– Return all borrowed articles– Replace damaged articles– Struggle to the death against
the enemy
Significance: Positive alternative to previous armies & governments
The Long March
The Long March
• Encirclement Campaigns• Zunyi• Propaganda & Luding Bri
dge (Dadu River)
• Snow Mountains & Eastern High Grasslands
• Arrival at Shaan-Gan-Ning Soviet (Shaanxi later renamed Yen’an)
Zunyi
• Was Mao undisputed leader?“The Zunyi meeting … inaugurated
a new central leaderhip with Comrade Mao Zedong at its head.” – Liu Po-cheng
“Mao was not made chief of either the Party or the army at Zunyi … he became a member of the Secretariat.” – Jon Halliday
Propaganda & Luding Bridge
• “When they saw the soldiers coming, they panicked and fled…” – Sun Shuyun
• “The best estimations give a figure of 15,000 dead and 30,000 unexplained … the majority almost certainly deserted.” – Sun Shuyun (on Xiang River)
Significance
• They survived• Mao = undisputed
leader• Propaganda victory• Yan’an as strategic base
Yan'an & WWII
• Yan'an Way– Mass Line– Red Army– Three Thirds– Continuous Revolution– On New Democracy
• Rectification CampaignSignificance: Mao further
develops his revolutionary ideas with relatively low resistance from Japanese
• Xi’an Incident & Second United Front
• Sino-Japanese War (WWII) 1937-1945
Significance: Chiang forced to deal with the bulk of Japanese military
Yan'an & WWII
• “Behind the Japanese lines the Communist-led guerillas remained virtually alone…” – Stuart Schram
• “The Japanese sought to take over the coastal cities … they had to defeat mainly Nationalist, not Communist forces…” – Jack Gray
Civil War
• Did Jiang lose the Civil War or did the CCP steal China away from him
• “The speed of the takeover was the result of the completeness of the demoralisation, disintegration and collapse of the Nationalist regime.” – Pichon Loh
AOS 2: (1949-1976)
• Early Reforms & the Korean War• Hundred Flowers Campaign• The Great Leap Forward• Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
AOS 2: 1949-1976
• SECTION A: DOCUMENT ANALYSIS- Mao on the GPCR- JD Spence on the launch of the GPCR- Nine Commentaries of the Communist Party (GLF)- Speech from Mao (100FC)- Lee Feigon on the Great Leap Forward
- SECTION B: Essay2009 SE: Jenner states that ‘almost everyone . . . had
learned to be afraid’. How had society been affected by the Revolution?
Use evidence to support your answer.
Early Reforms
• Political: New Party and Government Structures – 3 tier process: PRC, CCP & PLA– Mao as chairman of both PRC & CCP - Liu Shaoqi as Vice Chairman, Zhou Enlai as Premier, Deng Xiaoping as
Secretary-General of the Secretariat and Peng Dehuai as head of PLA • Economic:
– Curbed inflation rates– Land redistribution (fanshen & Speak Bitterness)“Between 2 and 5 million landlords may have been executed.” Jasper
Becker– First Five Year Plan
• Social:– Marriage Laws 1 May 1950. Also Cleanliness and Public Health Drives
Early Reforms
• Korean War– Mao: “China has stood up!”– Made China more reliant on USSR for assistance
“The Korean War was a mistake, 100% wrong” – Mao
Early Reforms• Internal Impact
– San Fan (3 Antis Campaign) 1951• Graft, Waste and Bureaucracy (anyone with Western ties, unsuitable backgrounds
and resistance to change)
– Wu Fan (5 Antis Campaign) 1952• Bribery, Tax evasion, Theft of State Property, Cheating on Government Contracts
(excessive profits) and Industrial Espionage)
** Extension of Mao’s rectification campaign: ruined many lives! For Tens of Thousands it meant Mass Struggle and Self-Criticism, for more it meant quick trials and execution.
“The Campaign to suppress counter-revolutionaries burned white-hot.” – Philip Short
“Many capitalists simply turned red when the heat went on…” Ross Terrill
Early Reforms
• “The new regime was authoritarian and often repressive.” – Maurice Meisner
• “Once the state was secure, Mao began the systematic terrorization of the population.” – Jon Halliday
BUT• “For most [of the population] it was a better
world.” J.W Esherick
100 Flowers Campaign
• Jack Gray: “China would be inoculated with a benign form of the Hungarian distemper, and so saved from the real disease.”
• Campaign Relaunch: March 1957• Anti-Rightist Movement: May 1957
Great Leap Forward
• Mao’s drive for more improvements after the first five year plan
• Typified by:– Backyard Steel Production– Agricultural Experimentation & Failure (Lysenkoism,
close planting & deep ploughing)– Four Pests Campaign– Large Scale (Peoples) Communes (inc. kitchens &
entertainment)– Large scale projects– Result: Famine! 30 million deaths estimated
Great Leap Forward
“The Great Leap Forward was an epoch-making success.” – Wilfred Burchett
“Heavy Losses” – Edgar Snow“China was starving.” Harrison Salisbury“An all-time first-class manmade famine … The
GLF had played itself out as a Mao-made catastrophe.” – John Fairbank
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1961-1976
• Mao’s attempt to regain power after Wuhan Plenum of 1958• Bombard the Headquarters: Beginning of Mao’s turn on the
party• Red Guard – “to rebel is justified”
– Uni students, high school students and later workers. – Lin Biao’s attack on the four olds.
• CHIC: Customs, Habits, Ideas, Cultures
– Little red book– Rallies at Tiananmen square
• Resulted in factional fighting • Targeting of teachers and principals and anyone who represented “old ways”
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1961-1976
• Soon turned onto any of Mao’s opposition• The Gang of Four
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1961-1976
• No.1 and No.2 capitalist roaders (Lin & Deng) • Use of the Red Guard to remove any
opposition to Mao!
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1961-1976
• Once Mao again in full power again turns on those who supported him: students– Students sent out to countryside to learn from the
grassroots of socialism (peasants)
• Fall of Lin Biao: Failed coup & dies 13/9/1971 • 1976 (year of the dragon); Zhou 1/8; Zhu 6/6; Mao 9/9
• Gang of Four arrested October 6
Historiography
• Maoist View: Mao, Edgar Snow• Marxist View: will not really need in the exam –
interesting for period between 1921 & 1936)• Western Liberal View: Michael Lynch, Stuart
Schram, Immanuel Hsu, C.P Fitzgerald• Revisionist View: typified by authors such as
Harrison Salisbury, Sun Shuyun, Jon Halliday (with his wife Jung Chang), Jack Gray and Philip Short