Unit 5: Age of Jackson, 1828 - Unit 5: Age of Jackson, 1828 - 18481848

Democracy and the “Democracy and the “Common Common Man”Man”

Alexis de Tocqueville (French writer Alexis de Tocqueville (French writer and visitor to the US) and others and visitor to the US) and others from Europe were amazed by the from Europe were amazed by the informal manners, democratic informal manners, democratic attitudes, and “equality” they attitudes, and “equality” they witnessed in Americawitnessed in America

Godey’s Lady’s Godey’s Lady’s Book – “Vogue” Book – “Vogue” of it’s time for all of it’s time for all ladies to copy ladies to copy latest styleslatest styles

More equality, More equality, except…Who’s except…Who’s left out?left out?

Self-made man – Self-made man – was the hero of was the hero of the agethe age

Expansion of SuffrageExpansion of Suffrage

1824 – 1840 – no longer just the wealthy elite involved in politics – more lower and middle class voters than ever before

Universal male suffrageParty nominating conventionsPopular election of the president –

electors chosen by voters rather than legislature

Rise of Third-Parties

More elected More elected officesoffices

Popular Popular campaigningcampaigning

Two-Party System –national scale

Rotation of officeRotation of office

Spoils system – rewarding party Spoils system – rewarding party loyalty with government jobsloyalty with government jobs

Rotation in office – pros and Rotation in office – pros and cons?cons?

Both of the above affirmed the Both of the above affirmed the democratic ideal that one man democratic ideal that one man was as good as anotherwas as good as another

Revolution of 1828Revolution of 1828 Jackson elected after the “Corrupt Jackson elected after the “Corrupt

Bargain” and election of John Quincy Bargain” and election of John Quincy Adams in 1824Adams in 1824

Campaigns both included MUDSLINGING Campaigns both included MUDSLINGING and personal attacks on candidates and and personal attacks on candidates and their wivestheir wivesRachel and Andrew were living as husband Rachel and Andrew were living as husband and wife for two years before they found out and wife for two years before they found out that her first husband had actually never that her first husband had actually never completed the divorce. Meanwhile, Jackson completed the divorce. Meanwhile, Jackson supporters were by no means innocent. supporters were by no means innocent. Adams was accused of installing gambling Adams was accused of installing gambling tables in the White House at the public tables in the White House at the public expense, of padding his expense account, and expense, of padding his expense account, and even of pimping women for the Tsar of Russiaeven of pimping women for the Tsar of Russia

THREE TIMES THREE TIMES the number of the number of voters than voters than last electionlast election

Second Party SystemSecond Party System1. Democratic Party – favored local 1. Democratic Party – favored local

rule, limited government, free trade, rule, limited government, free trade, equal opportunities (White males)equal opportunities (White males)--opposed monopolies, national opposed monopolies, national

bank, high tariffs, and high land bank, high tariffs, and high land pricesprices

Supported by southerners, Supported by southerners, westerners, small farmers, urban westerners, small farmers, urban workersworkers

Jackson’s PartyJackson’s Party

2. Whig Party (Anti-Jackson) – favored 2. Whig Party (Anti-Jackson) – favored Clay’s American System, national Clay’s American System, national bank, federal funding for internal bank, federal funding for internal improvements, protective tariffimprovements, protective tariffOpposed immorality, crime, Opposed immorality, crime,

blamed immigrantsblamed immigrantsSupported by New Englanders, Supported by New Englanders,

mid-Atlantic, upper Middle-mid-Atlantic, upper Middle-West, Protestants, middle class West, Protestants, middle class urban professionalsurban professionals

Activity 1: Use the previous notes to Activity 1: Use the previous notes to answer the question below in paragraph answer the question below in paragraph form. You will then share your form. You will then share your paragraph with a neighborparagraph with a neighbor..

Analyze the extent to which electoral Analyze the extent to which electoral politics influenced the development politics influenced the development of democracy between 1820 and of democracy between 1820 and 18401840

Presidency of Andrew JacksonPresidency of Andrew Jackson

Common man? – extraordinary ordinary Common man? – extraordinary ordinary man – self-made manman – self-made man

Kitchen CabinetKitchen CabinetPeggy Eaton AffairPeggy Eaton AffairMore vetoes than all previous presidentsMore vetoes than all previous presidents Internal improvements and states’ Internal improvements and states’

rights: The Maysville Road veto – rights: The Maysville Road veto – Jackson vetoed rival Clay’s plan because Jackson vetoed rival Clay’s plan because it was wholly within one state (Kentucky)it was wholly within one state (Kentucky)

Indian Removal Act (1830)Indian Removal Act (1830)

Jackson Jackson convinced best convinced best solution for land-solution for land-hungry citizens hungry citizens

Native Americans Native Americans would move west would move west of the Mississippi of the Mississippi with “help” of with “help” of Bureau of Indian Bureau of Indian Affairs to Affairs to Oklahoma Oklahoma territoryterritory

Worcester v. Georgia (1832) – laws of Worcester v. Georgia (1832) – laws of Georgia had no force within the Georgia had no force within the boundaries of Cherokee territories – boundaries of Cherokee territories – Jackson sided with the states – “John Jackson sided with the states – “John Marshall has made his decision, now let Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”him enforce it.”

1838 – Trail of Tears – 15,000 Cherokees 1838 – Trail of Tears – 15,000 Cherokees forced to leave, 4,000 died on journeyforced to leave, 4,000 died on journey

Other Native groups included: Other Native groups included: Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and SeminoleSeminole

The Nullification Crisis – right of The Nullification Crisis – right of states to declare a federal law states to declare a federal law null and voidnull and void

Webster-Hayne Debates (1830)Webster-Hayne Debates (1830)1. Tariff issue – Calhoun’s South Carolina 1. Tariff issue – Calhoun’s South Carolina

did not want to collect, Jackson and did not want to collect, Jackson and Congress passed Force Bill – take military Congress passed Force Bill – take military action if necessary – compromise – lower action if necessary – compromise – lower tariff and nullification postponedtariff and nullification postponed

2. The Union: Calhoun and Jackson – 2. The Union: Calhoun and Jackson – Jackson favored federal authority Jackson favored federal authority regarding nullification, but also regarding nullification, but also supported Southern slavery by stopping supported Southern slavery by stopping anti-slavery literature distributions in US anti-slavery literature distributions in US mailmail

The Bank War: Jackson and The Bank War: Jackson and BiddleBiddle

Biddle – managed bank effectively, Biddle – managed bank effectively, but some felt he catered to the but some felt he catered to the wealthywealthy

Jackson vetoed bank – believed it Jackson vetoed bank – believed it was unconstitutional, “hydra of was unconstitutional, “hydra of corruption”, expense of common corruption”, expense of common peoplepeople

Won re-election over Clay partly due Won re-election over Clay partly due to issue, ¾ of electoral voteto issue, ¾ of electoral vote

Martin Van BurenMartin Van Buren

VP to JacksonVP to JacksonPanic of 1837 Panic of 1837

partly due to partly due to veto of BUS veto of BUS and pet banks and pet banks – Democrats – Democrats and Van Buren and Van Buren blamedblamed

““Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign of 1840Campaign of 1840

Tippecanoe and Tyler Too – Whig’s Tippecanoe and Tyler Too – Whig’s candidate William Henry Harrison, candidate William Henry Harrison, popular war heropopular war hero

Campaigning – log cabins rolling Campaigning – log cabins rolling down streets, free drinks, buttons, down streets, free drinks, buttons, name-calling – “Martin Van Ruin”name-calling – “Martin Van Ruin”

78% of eligible voters turned out78% of eligible voters turned outFate of Harrison?Fate of Harrison?

Creating and American Creating and American CultureCulture

A. Cultural Nationalism – new A. Cultural Nationalism – new enthusiasm for reformenthusiasm for reform

B. Education reform/ professionalismB. Education reform/ professionalism1. Horace Mann – led tax-supported 1. Horace Mann – led tax-supported

public school movement, compulsory public school movement, compulsory attendance, longer school year, teacher attendance, longer school year, teacher trainingtraining

2. Moral education – McGuffey readers, 2. Moral education – McGuffey readers, hard work, punctual, soberhard work, punctual, sober

Higher education – result of 2Higher education – result of 2ndnd Great Great Awakening, Mt. Holyoke and Oberlin Awakening, Mt. Holyoke and Oberlin admitted womenadmitted women

Religion; revivalismReligion; revivalism 1. Second Great 1. Second Great

Awakening 1820s -Awakening 1820s -40s40s

2. Burned Over 2. Burned Over District and District and Western New York/ Western New York/ Charles G. FinneyCharles G. Finney

3. Baptists and 3. Baptists and Methodists in South Methodists in South – Peter Cartwright – Peter Cartwright led outdoor led outdoor revivals, camp revivals, camp meetingsmeetings

Utopian experimentsUtopian experiments

1. 1. MormonsMormons – founded by Joseph Smith – founded by Joseph SmithBook of Mormon – connection between Book of Mormon – connection between

lost tribes of Israel and Native lost tribes of Israel and Native Americans Americans

Smith gained followers and moved Smith gained followers and moved west, murdered in Illinoiswest, murdered in Illinois

Brigham Young led Mormons to Salt Brigham Young led Mormons to Salt Lake City, Utah – establish prosperous, Lake City, Utah – establish prosperous, cooperative religious communitycooperative religious community

PolygamyPolygamy

Oneida Community – founded by Oneida Community – founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 John Humphrey Noyes in 1848

cooperative livingcooperative living Committed to perfect Committed to perfect

social and economic social and economic equality, free-loveequality, free-love

Shared property and Shared property and marriage partnersmarriage partners

Planned reproduction, Planned reproduction, communal child communal child rearing, economic rearing, economic successsuccess

ShakersShakers

Founded by Mother Founded by Mother Ann Lee – believed Ann Lee – believed to be female to be female embodiment of embodiment of ChristChrist

Communal livingCommunal living Separation of the Separation of the

SexesSexes Opportunities for Opportunities for

womenwomen

Activity 2 – Answer the following Activity 2 – Answer the following in paragraph form.in paragraph form.

Analyze the extent to which the Analyze the extent to which the Second Great Awakening influenced Second Great Awakening influenced the development of democracy the development of democracy between 1820 and 1840.between 1820 and 1840.

Transcendentalists Transcendentalists

Challenged materialism of American Challenged materialism of American societysociety

Individualism, emotion, and natureIndividualism, emotion, and natureRalph Waldo Emerson –self reliance, Ralph Waldo Emerson –self reliance,

independent thinkingindependent thinkingHenry David Thoreau – Essay on Civil Henry David Thoreau – Essay on Civil

Disobedience and WaldenDisobedience and WaldenBrook Farm – communal, combine Brook Farm – communal, combine

manual labor and intellectualsmanual labor and intellectuals

National literature, art, and National literature, art, and architecturearchitecture

Painting - Hudson River School – Painting - Hudson River School – expressed romantic age’s fascination expressed romantic age’s fascination with the natural worldwith the natural world

Architecture – Greek styles, democratic Architecture – Greek styles, democratic spiritspirit

Literature – American writers and Literature – American writers and American themes –Cooper’s Leather-American themes –Cooper’s Leather-stocking Tales and Last of the Mohicans, stocking Tales and Last of the Mohicans, Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter, and Melville’s Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter, and Melville’s Moby DickMoby Dick

Reform Crusades - Feminism; Reform Crusades - Feminism; roles of women in the 19roles of women in the 19thth century century

Cult of DomesticityCult of Domesticity Stemmed from women’s Stemmed from women’s

involvement in anti-slavery involvement in anti-slavery movementmovement

Grimke SistersGrimke Sisters Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth

Cady StantonCady Stanton Seneca Falls Convention Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) – Declaration of (1848) – Declaration of Sentiments – modeled after?Sentiments – modeled after?

AbolitionismAbolitionism American Colonization American Colonization

Society (1817) – Back to Society (1817) – Back to Africa – LiberiaAfrica – Liberia

American Anti-Slavery American Anti-Slavery Society (1831) – William Society (1831) – William Lloyd Garrison – Lloyd Garrison – immediate immediate emancipation, burned emancipation, burned ConstitutionConstitution

Black Abolitionists – Black Abolitionists – Frederick Douglass and Frederick Douglass and his North Star, Sojourner his North Star, Sojourner TruthTruth

Violent Abolitionists – Violent Abolitionists – David Walker, Nat David Walker, Nat TurnerTurner

Temperance Temperance Used moral arguments Used moral arguments

to protest excessive to protest excessive drinking and alcoholdrinking and alcohol

One of first reform One of first reform movements women movements women got involved ingot involved in

American Temperance American Temperance Society – by 1840s Society – by 1840s million membersmillion members

Women’s Christian Women’s Christian Temperance UnionTemperance Union

Supported by factory Supported by factory ownersowners

Opposed by German Opposed by German and Irish immigrantsand Irish immigrants

Criminals and insaneCriminals and insane

Mental Hospitals and Dorothea DixMental Hospitals and Dorothea Dix

Schools for Blind and DeafSchools for Blind and Deaf

Prisons –solitary confinement for Prisons –solitary confinement for reflection of sins, structure and reflection of sins, structure and discipline for moral reform, work discipline for moral reform, work programsprograms

Activity 3 – Work with a partner Activity 3 – Work with a partner on the following question.on the following question.

The Jacksonian Period (1824 – 1848) The Jacksonian Period (1824 – 1848) has been celebrated as the era of the has been celebrated as the era of the “common man”. To what extent did “common man”. To what extent did the period live up to its the period live up to its characterization? Consider the characterization? Consider the reform movements of the Jackson reform movements of the Jackson Age in your response.Age in your response.

Essay QuestionsEssay Questions

1. Analyze the extent to which TWO of 1. Analyze the extent to which TWO of the following influenced the the following influenced the development of democracy between development of democracy between 1820 and 18401820 and 1840

Jacksonian economic policyJacksonian economic policyChanges in electoral politicsChanges in electoral politicsSecond Great AwakeningSecond Great AwakeningWestward MovementWestward Movement

Essay QuestionEssay Question

The Jacksonian Period (1824 – 1848) has The Jacksonian Period (1824 – 1848) has been celebrated as the era of the been celebrated as the era of the “common man”. To what extent did the “common man”. To what extent did the period live up to its characterization? period live up to its characterization? Consider TWO of the following in your Consider TWO of the following in your response.response.

Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development PoliticsPolitics Reform MovementsReform Movements

Unit 5 “Quiz”Unit 5 “Quiz”1. What system was used during the 1. What system was used during the

Jackson age to reward loyal party Jackson age to reward loyal party members with jobs?members with jobs?

2. Who headed the National Bank 2. Who headed the National Bank during the Jackson Age?during the Jackson Age?

3. Who led the movement for public 3. Who led the movement for public education reform?education reform?

4. Who helped establish safe 4. Who helped establish safe institutions for the mentally insane?institutions for the mentally insane?

5. What religion did Joseph Smith 5. What religion did Joseph Smith begin after an angel visited him?begin after an angel visited him?