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Unit 5: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
By Mrs. Shaw
Unit 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Learning Goals
List the reactants and products in the reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Explain how the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration work and are essential to life on Earth.
Opening Assignment Day 1
1. In a chemical reaction what do the terms reactants and products mean?
2. Write the equation of photosynthesis using words. Remember to include the 3 reactants and the 2 products.
First one to answer both questions correctly gets a treat!
Day 1 Activities
Read Chapter 8 Lessons 1 and 2 and define vocabulary and write out key concepts. Then do workbook pages 116-121
This assignment is due Thursday 2/13.
Day 2 Opening Assignment
1.Differentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
2.Which type of organisms do photosynthesis?
3.What is the name of the basic energy source for all cells to function?
Day 3 Opening Assignment
1. What does ATP do?
2. How is ADP different from ATP?
Chemical Energy and ATP
Why is ATP useful to cells?
ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups. This characteristic of ATP makes it exceptionally useful as a basic energy source for all cells.
Chemical Energy and ATP Energy is the ability to do work. Your cells are busy using energy
to build new molecules, contract muscles, and carry out active transport.
Without the ability to obtain and use energy, life would cease to exist.
One of the most important compounds that cells use to store and release energy is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
ATP consists of adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups.
Storing Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) looks almost like ATP, except that it has two phosphate groups instead of three. ADP contains some energy, but not as much as ATP.
When a cell has energy available, it can store small amounts of it by adding phosphate groups to ADP, producing ATP.
ADP is like a rechargeable battery that powers the machinery of the cell.
Releasing Energy
Cells can release the energy stored in ATP by breaking the bonds between the second and third phosphate groups.
Because a cell can add or subtract these phosphate groups, it has an efficient way of storing and releasing energy as needed.
Using Biochemical Energy
One way cells use the energy provided by ATP is to carry out active transport.
Many cell membranes contain sodium-potassium pumps. ATP provides the energy that keeps these pumps working, maintaining a balance of ions on both sides of the cell membrane.
Using Biochemical Energy
ATP is not a good molecule for storing large amounts of energy over the long term.
It is more efficient for cells to keep only a small supply of ATP on hand.
Cells can regenerate ATP from ADP as needed by using the energy in foods like glucose.
Using Biochemical Energy Energy from ATP powers the synthesis of proteins
and responses to chemical signals at the cell surface.
• ATP powers movement, providing the energy for motor proteins that contract muscle and power the movement of cilia and flagella.
Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
Organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things are known as heterotrophs.
Some heterotrophs get their food by eating plants.
Other heterotrophs, such as this cheetah, obtain food from plants indirectly by feeding on plant-eating animals. Still other heterotrophs, such as mushrooms, obtain food by decomposing other organisms.
Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
Organisms that make their own food are called autotrophs.
Plants, algae, and some bacteria are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food. The process by which autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce high-energy carbohydrates that can be used for food is known as photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll and Chloroplasts
What role do pigments play in the process of photosynthesis?
Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight with pigments.
Lesson 8.2 An Overview of Photosynthesis
Light Energy from the sun travels to Earth in the form of light.
Sunlight is a mixture of different wavelengths, many of which are visible to our eyes and make up the visible spectrum.
Our eyes see the different wavelengths of the visible spectrum as different colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
Pigments
Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called pigments.
The plants’ principal pigment is chlorophyll.
Pigments The two types of chlorophyll found in plants, chlorophyll a
and chlorophyll b, absorb light very well in the blue-violet and red regions of the visible spectrum, but not in the green region, as shown in the graph.
Leaves reflect green light, which is why plants look green.
Plants also contain red and orange pigments such as carotene that absorb light in other regions of the spectrum
Most of the time, the green color of the chlorophyll overwhelms the other pigments, but as temperatures drop and chlorophyll molecules break down, the red and orange pigments may be seen.
Chloroplasts Photosynthesis takes place inside organelles
called chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts contain saclike photosynthetic membranes called thylakoids, which are interconnected and arranged in stacks known as grana.
Chloroplasts Pigments are located in the thylakoid
membranes.
The fluid portion outside of the thylakoids is known as the stroma.
Energy Collection
Because light is a form of energy, any compound that absorbs light absorbs energy. Chlorophyll absorbs visible light especially well.
When chlorophyll absorbs light, a large fraction of the light energy is transferred to electrons. These high-energy electrons make photosynthesis work.
High-Energy Electrons
What are electron carrier molecules?
An electron carrier is a compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule.
The high-energy electrons produced by chlorophyll are highly reactive and require a special “carrier.”
High-Energy Electrons
Think of a high-energy electron as being similar to a hot potato. If you wanted to move the potato from one place to another, you would use an oven mitt—a carrier—to transport it.
Plants use electron carriers to transport high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.
High-Energy Electrons
NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is a carrier molecule.
NADP+ accepts and holds two high-energy electrons, along with a hydrogen ion (H+). In this way, it is converted into NADPH.
The NADPH can then carry the high-energy electrons to chemical reactions elsewhere in the cell.
An Overview of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars and oxygen.
Opening Assignment Day 4
What is the name of the electron carrier molecule used in the process of photosynthesis?
What is the name of the pigment that captures light energy and where is it located inside the chloroplast?
An Overview of Photosynthesis
Plants use the sugars generated by photosynthesis to produce complex carbohydrates such as starches, and to provide energy for the synthesis of other compounds, including proteins and lipids.
Draw the chart below so we can fill it in together
Light dependent reactions
Happens 1st
Light independent reactionsAlso called the Calvin Cycle
Happens 2nd
Where does it happen inside the chloroplast?
What are the reactants?
What are the products?
ATP and NADPH
Light-Dependent Reactions
Photosynthesis involves two sets of reactions.
The first set of reactions is known as the light-dependent reactions because they require the direct involvement of light and light-absorbing pigments.
Light-Dependent Reactions
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH.
These reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
Light-Dependent Reactions
Water is required as a source of electrons and hydrogen ions. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.
Light-Independent Reactions
Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and complete the process of photosynthesis by producing sugars and other carbohydrates.
During light-independent reactions, ATP and NADPH molecules produced in the light-dependent reactions are used to produce high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide.
Light-Independent Reactions
No light is required to power the light-independent reactions.
The light-independent reactions take place outside the thylakoids, in the stroma.
Completed T-chart
Light dependent reactions
Happens 1st
Light independent reactions
Happens 2nd
Where does it happen inside the chloroplast?
in the thylakoid membrane
in the stroma
What are the reactants? Light and Water Carbon dioxide
What are the products? Oxygen Sugars (glucose)
ATP and NADPH Are produced during this reaction
are used during this reaction to make the sugars
Photosynthesis overview by Bozeman http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g78utcLQrJ4
Then we get to watch the Photosynthesis rap!! http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE82qtKSSH4 Or how about this one? http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GugfL45XHE
Opening Assignment Day 5Copy the terms down and match the correct definition on the next slide.
1. Reactant ______
2. Product ______
3. Light dependent reaction _____
4. ATP ______
5. ADP ______
6. Thylakoids ______
7. Chlorophyll _____
8. Stroma ______
9. Light independent reaction _____
10. NADPH _____
A. the electron carrier molecule that is used in the light independent reaction
B. the energy that is made in the light dependent reaction and used in the light independent reaction
C. the reaction that takes place first and creates the product O2
D. the things that go into a chemical reaction
E. the area in the chloroplast where the light independent reaction occurs
F. the things that come out of a chemical reaction.
G. the area in the chloroplast where the light dependent reaction occurs
H. a partially charged energy molecule
I. the reaction that takes place second and produces sugars
J. the pigment in a thylakoid that captures the light energy for photosynthesis.
Opening Assignment Day 5
Opening Assignment Day 5 ANSWERSCopy the terms down and match the correct definition on the next slide.
1. Reactant _ D_____
2. Product _F_____
3. Light dependent reaction _ C____
4. ATP _B_____
5. ADP _H_____
6. Thylakoids __G____
7. Chlorophyll __J___
8. Stroma __E____
9. Light independent reaction _I____
10. NADPH __A___
Now what do we have to do??!!
Copy each part of the photosynthesis equations on to a notecard.
Light + Water + Carbon Dioxide glucose + oxygen
Light + 6 H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6 O2
How do we play?
You will then shuffle the cards and turn them over to play a timed game.
The student who gets both equations correct in the shortest amount of time wins a treat!
Ready, set, . . . . GO!! http://www.online-stopwatch.com/
Opening Assignment Day 6
1. Write out BOTH the word and chemical equation for photosynthesis BY MEMORY
2. Copy the picture
Day 6 Activity Plant Leaf Anatomy Lab
Title a piece of notebook paper “Photosynthesis Lab”.
Read the directions on the lab form and follow them.
Opening Assignment Day 7
Label the diagram
1. ___________
2. ___________
3. ___________
4. ____________
5. ____________
6. ____________
7. ____________
The quiz tomorrow will include this drawing along with the matching terms that we did on Tuesdays opening assignment AND the two equations for photosynthesis.
2.
1. 5.
3.
4.
6.
7.
Rate of Photosynthesis Lab – Day 2
First we will watch the video short “Photosynthesis Lab Walkthrough” by Bozeman science then Mrs. Shaw will do a demonstration experiment to see if it works.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZnY9_wMZZWI
Then you will complete the reading and coloring activity on the anatomy of a leaf.
Day 8 Opening Assignment
Study for your Photosynthesis Quiz TODAY!
What do I need to know Mrs. Shaw ………………………….The vocabulary we went overThe equations you made cards onThe diagram of the two reactions in the process
Now study
A. the electron carrier molecule that is used in the light independent reaction
B. the energy that is made in the light dependent reaction and used in the light independent reaction
C. the reaction that takes place first and creates the product O2
D. the things that go into a chemical reaction
E. the area in the chloroplast where the light independent reaction occurs
F. the things that come out of a chemical reaction.
G. the area in the chloroplast where the light dependent reaction occurs
H. a partially charged energy molecule
I. the reaction that takes place second and produces sugars
J. the pigment in a thylakoid that captures the light energy for photosynthesis.
Opening Assignment Day 9 REVIEW
Day 9 Activities
Read Lesson 9.1 and 9.2 define vocabulary and write out key concepts for both lessons pgs. 250-260
Then complete workbook pages 130-136
Day 10 Opening Assignment
What is the definition of a calorie?
Write both the word and chemical equations of the process of cellular respiration. Do you notice anything familiar?
Day 10 Activities
Finish reading Lesson 9.1 and 9.2 defining vocabulary and writing out key concepts for both lessons pgs. 250-260
Complete workbook pages 130-136 – this is due on Friday 2/28
Day 11 Opening Assignment
Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
What is the purpose of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Bozeman ROCKS!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IJMRsTcwcg
Day 12 Opening Assignment
Make sure you have completed your workbook, key concepts, and vocabulary. Please have it out and ready on your desk.
1. What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
2. Where does each stage happen in the cell?
Day 12 Opening Assignment Answers
1. What are the three stages of cellular respiration? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain
2. Where does each stage happen in the cell?
Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm of the cell. The Kreb’s Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain both happen in the Mitochondria of the cell.
Cellular Respiration OverviewChapter 9-1
Living things get most of the energy they need from glucose.Autrotrophs make glucose using
photosynthesisHeterotrophs get glucose from food they
eat Cellular Respiration
The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite processes.
The energy flows in opposite directions. Photosynthesis “deposits” energy, and cellular respiration “withdraws” energy.
The reactants of cellular respiration are the products of photosynthesis and vice versa.
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food.
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
The release of energy by cellular respiration takes place in plants, animals, fungi, protists, and most bacteria.
Energy capture by photosynthesis occurs only in plants, algae, and some bacteria.
Cellular Respiration Overview
Cellular Respiration Overall Equation
6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)
Three Stages
1. Glycolysis
2. Kreb’s Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain The Main form of Energy produced = ATP
Glucose
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Pyruvic acid
Electrons carried in NADH
Krebs Cycle
Electrons carried in NADH and
FADH2
Electron Transport
Chain
Mitochondrion
Figure 9–2
Cellular Respiration: An OverviewCopy the following diagram
Mitochondrion
Day 13 - Copy the chart below so we can fill it in togetherWhat happens in this stage? Where does
it happen?How much energy (ATP) is generated?
Stage 1 - Glycolysis
Stage 2 – The Krebs Cycle
Stage 3 - Electron Transport Chain
GlycolysisGlyco = Glucose lysis = BreakdownHappens: in the cytoplasm of the cellProcess: Molecules of GLUCOSE are broken
down into 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid.Cell must use (invest) 2 ATPProcess: Produces Energy Carrier Molecules
4 ATP – 2 ATP invested = 2 ATP net gain 2 NADH
The “Mighty” Mitochondria
The mitochondria is the organelle where the final stages of cellular respiration occurs. Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain
Cells that use a lot of energy have high numbers of mitochondria. Example: Muscle cells in the
heart!!
Kreb’s Cycle
Aerobic Process = Only if oxygen is present!!
Happens: in the MATRIX of the mitochondria
Process: Pyruvic Acid from Glycolysis enters to form2 ATP3 NADH1 FADH2
CO2 (which is released when we exhale!!)AKA….Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport ChainEnergy carrier molecules produced during
Glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle enter the ETCNADHFADH2
Happens: in the folds of the Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria (Cristae)
Process: The electrons are passed down a chain of proteins until they reach the final electron acceptor…..oxygen!So this step is aerobic (requires oxygen)
The ETC produces 32 ATP and H2O
Day 13 – Completed chartWhat happens in this stage? Where does
it happen?How much energy (ATP) is generated?
Stage 1 - Glycolysis
Molecules of GLUCOSE are broken down into 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid.Produces Energy Carrier Molecules
Cytoplasm 2 ATP net gain
Stage 2 – The Krebs Cycle
Pyruvic Acid from Glycolysis enters to form: 2 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, CO2 (which is released when we exhale!!)
in the MATRIX of the mitochondria
2 ATP
Stage 3 - Electron Transport Chain
The electrons are passed down a chain of proteins until they reach the final electron acceptor…..oxygen!
in the folds of the Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria (Cristae)
32 ATP and H2O
Cellular Respiration Flowchart
Copy the following flowchart
Section 9-2
Glucose(C6H1206)
+Oxygen
(02)
GlycolysisKrebsCycle
ElectronTransport
Chain
Carbon Dioxide(CO2)
+Water(H2O)
Bozeman Review of Cellular Respiration
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh2P5CmCC0M
What happens if
NO OXYGEN
is available??
The Kreb’s Cycle and Electron Transport Chain can’t function!!
These are anaerobic conditions!!
Fermentation – Anaerobic process
The cell can use Fermentation instead!! Occurs in the Cytoplasm
Just like glycolysis!! Fermentation
A series of reactions that convert NADH (from glycolysis) back into NAD allowing glycolysis to keep producing a small amount of ATP
2 Types of Fermentation
Alcoholic FermentationYeasts use this process to form ethyl alcohol
and carbon dioxide as waste products.This causes bread dough to riseThis is how some alcoholic beverages are
made
Pyruvic Acid + NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
Day 14 – Opening AssignmentCopy terms and match to definition
1. Glycolysis ______
2. Cellular Respiration ______
3. ATP ________
4. NADH & FADH _________
5. Electron Transport Chain _______
6. Cytoplasm ________
7. Matrix of Mitochondria _______
8. Cristae of Mitochondria _______
9. Kreb’s cycle ________
10. Glucose and Oxygen _______
11. Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP ______
12. Pyruvic acid ______
A. The products of cellular respiration
B. The process where oxygen and glucose are broken down and used to make energy for cells
C. Glycolysis happens here
D. The energy cells use to function
E. The 2nd stage of cellular respiration
F. This stage produces 32 ATP
G. The reactants of cellular respiration
H. The ETC happens here
I. This comes out of the glycolysis stage and is used in the Krebs cycle
J. Means to break down glucose
K. Energy (electron) transport molecules
L. The Kreb’s cycle happens here
Day 14 – Opening AssignmentCopy terms and match to definition
1. Glycolysis _J_____
2. Cellular Respiration _ B_____
3. ATP ___D_____
4. NADH & FADH __K_______
5. Electron Transport Chain ____F___
6. Cytoplasm ____C____
7. Matrix of Mitochondria ___L____
8. Cristae of Mitochondria ___H____
9. Kreb’s cycle ___E_____
10. Glucose and Oxygen ____G___
11. Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP __A____
12. Pyruvic acid __I____
A. The products of cellular respiration
B. The process where oxygen and glucose are broken down and used to make energy for cells
C. Glycolysis happens here
D. The energy cells use to function
E. The 2nd stage of cellular respiration
F. This stage produces 32 ATP
G. The reactants of cellular respiration
H. The ETC happens here
I. This comes out of the glycolysis stage and is used in the Krebs cycle
J. Means to break down glucose
K. Energy (electron) transport molecules
L. The Kreb’s cycle happens here
Word Bank
Pyruvic acid
32 ATP
Cytoplasm
Electrons carried by NADH
2 ATP
Mitochondria
Kreb’s Cycle
Glycolysis
Electron Transport Chain
1. _________
2. _________
3. _________
4. _________
5. _____
6. _____
7. _____
8. _____
9. _____
Electrons carried in NADH and
FADH2
10. ___________
Number your paper 1-10 and write the structure that matches the area.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Occurs in bacteria (unicellular organisms)This is how cheese, yogurt, and pickles are
made.Occurs in muscles during rapid exercise
When your body runs out of oxygen your muscle cells must produce some ATP using fermentation and glycolysis
Lactic Acid build-up causes muscle soreness or burning after intense activity.
Pyruvic Acid + NADH lactic acid + NAD+
Copy the concept map of content
Respiration – breaking down
glucose to make energy (ATP)
AnaerobicNo oxygen available or
used
Lactic Acid Fermentatio
n
Produces alcohol
Alcoholic Fermentatio
n
Occurs in muscles
and bacteria
AerobicOxygen
used
Cellular Respiration
Produces the MOST
ATP36 ATP
Fill in the Cellular Respiration Flowchart
react
an
ts
1st s
tag
e
2nd s
tag
e
3rd s
tag
e
pro
du
cts
Quiz is TOMORROW!
Study and bring your notes . . . All key concept checks, vocabulary, notes from the powerpoint, charts, etc.
