Unit IVUnit IVPart 2Part 2

By 1804By 1804

The Federalists:The Federalists:

Had no useful ideasHad no useful ideas

Had dwindling numbersHad dwindling numbers

Had only ¼ seats in Had only ¼ seats in CongressCongress

Had no intelligent leaders:Had no intelligent leaders:

Hamilton was deadHamilton was dead

Adams in retirementAdams in retirement

The Lack of OppositionThe Lack of Opposition

Weakened Republican DisciplineWeakened Republican Discipline Caused factionalism within the partyCaused factionalism within the party

Jefferson’s flexibility and his Jefferson’s flexibility and his willingness to use the best of what the willingness to use the best of what the Federalists ideas created enemies for Federalists ideas created enemies for him in the partyhim in the party

Note: The Republican Party is now Note: The Republican Party is now called the Democratic Republican Partycalled the Democratic Republican Party

The QuidsThe Quids

The most prominent critics within the The most prominent critics within the partyparty

Led by John Randolph (RI)Led by John Randolph (RI)

Clashed with Jefferson over the Yazoo Clashed with Jefferson over the Yazoo land strip fraudland strip fraud

Clashed with Jefferson over a bid to buy Clashed with Jefferson over a bid to buy FloridaFlorida

1804 Yazoo Land Fraud1804 Yazoo Land Fraud

When the U.S. acquired the Yazoo strip When the U.S. acquired the Yazoo strip from Spain in the Pinckney Treaty, the from Spain in the Pinckney Treaty, the U.S. gave the land to GeorgiaU.S. gave the land to Georgia

The corrupt state legislature in Florida The corrupt state legislature in Florida (Federalist) sold the land for a song to (Federalist) sold the land for a song to 4 New England land speculating 4 New England land speculating companies in exchange for bribes and companies in exchange for bribes and kickbackskickbacks

Yazoo FraudYazoo Fraud

In the 1800 state elections, the In the 1800 state elections, the Georgia state legislature was taken Georgia state legislature was taken by Republicans who learned about by Republicans who learned about the land dealsthe land deals

The new legislature tried to make it The new legislature tried to make it right. They cancelled the contracts right. They cancelled the contracts but some of the land in question had but some of the land in question had already been resold to homesteadersalready been resold to homesteaders

A compromise was reachedA compromise was reached The land companies, the state of Georgia, The land companies, the state of Georgia,

and the Federal government agreed that:and the Federal government agreed that: The U.S. would pay the state of The U.S. would pay the state of

Georgia$1,250,000 for most of the landGeorgia$1,250,000 for most of the land 500,000 acres (including the land that 500,000 acres (including the land that

had been resold) would remain in the had been resold) would remain in the hands of the Land Speculating Companieshands of the Land Speculating Companies

The Quids blocked the deal in congressThe Quids blocked the deal in congress They insisted that the Land Companies They insisted that the Land Companies

get nothingget nothing

It ended up in CourtIt ended up in Court

1810 1810 Fletcher v PeckFletcher v Peck: The Court : The Court ruled that Georgia was guilty of ruled that Georgia was guilty of breach of contract. All land went breach of contract. All land went back to the land speculating back to the land speculating companies. (Marshall was part-companies. (Marshall was part-owner of one of them)owner of one of them)

FloridaFlorida

Jefferson asked congress for $2,00,000 for Jefferson asked congress for $2,00,000 for FloridaFlorida

Randolph was curious…Spain had made it Randolph was curious…Spain had made it clear that she was not interested in sellingclear that she was not interested in selling

Randolph tricked Madison into spilling his Randolph tricked Madison into spilling his guts: Jefferson intended to offer the money guts: Jefferson intended to offer the money to Napoleon hoping that Napoleon would to Napoleon hoping that Napoleon would “convince Spain to hand it over to us.“convince Spain to hand it over to us.

Randolph told the world so the deal was off.Randolph told the world so the deal was off.

The IndiansThe Indians Jefferson wanted the Indians to Jefferson wanted the Indians to

assimilate or move west of the assimilate or move west of the MississippiMississippi

William Henry Harrison was the William Henry Harrison was the Governor of Indian TerritoryGovernor of Indian Territory

Beginning in 1809 (part of 2Beginning in 1809 (part of 2ndnd Great Great Awakening) a Shawnee Indian called The Awakening) a Shawnee Indian called The Prophet started to unite other tribes Prophet started to unite other tribes along the Mississippi in a religious along the Mississippi in a religious movementmovement

Battle of TippecanoeBattle of Tippecanoe

Tecumseh, the Prophet’s brother, began to Tecumseh, the Prophet’s brother, began to unite the Indians along the Mississippi unite the Indians along the Mississippi against the encroaching Americansagainst the encroaching Americans

Tecumseh was truly a gifted warrior and Tecumseh was truly a gifted warrior and Harrison knew itHarrison knew it

While Tecumseh was away from home While Tecumseh was away from home recruiting, Harrison attacked recruiting, Harrison attacked Prophetstown and burned it to the ground Prophetstown and burned it to the ground in the Battle of Tippecanoe (was indecisive)in the Battle of Tippecanoe (was indecisive)

Violence all along the Violence all along the frontierfrontier

The frontiersmen blamed the The frontiersmen blamed the English who were in Fort Malden English who were in Fort Malden (opposite Detroit) arming the (opposite Detroit) arming the IndiansIndians

Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs

Napoleonic Wars raged onNapoleonic Wars raged on Stalemate in 1805Stalemate in 1805

The Brits won the Battle of TrafalgarThe Brits won the Battle of Trafalgar Decisive naval battleDecisive naval battle

The French won the Battle of The French won the Battle of AusterlitzAusterlitz Decisive land battleDecisive land battle

They decided to starve each They decided to starve each other out…at the very same other out…at the very same

timetime Napoleon’s Continental System:Napoleon’s Continental System:

The Berlin DecreeThe Berlin Decree: (1806) Placed the : (1806) Placed the British Isles under a blockade and forbade British Isles under a blockade and forbade English ships from entering ports under English ships from entering ports under French controlFrench control

The Milan DecreeThe Milan Decree: (1807) any neutral : (1807) any neutral ships that had visited or was bound for a ships that had visited or was bound for a British port would be confiscated it caughtBritish port would be confiscated it caught

The British attempts to The British attempts to starve out the Frenchstarve out the French

The Orders in CouncilThe Orders in Council (both 1807) (both 1807)

#1 Forbade neutrals from trade #1 Forbade neutrals from trade between French portsbetween French ports

#2 Put all ports occupied by France #2 Put all ports occupied by France under blockadeunder blockade

Both countries violated U.S. Both countries violated U.S. NeutralityNeutrality

BUT in spite of some of our ships and cargo BUT in spite of some of our ships and cargo being captured, New England was making being captured, New England was making tons of $ with both British and French trade.tons of $ with both British and French trade.

By 1807 the French had captured 200+ shipsBy 1807 the French had captured 200+ ships By 1807 the British had captured 500+ shipsBy 1807 the British had captured 500+ ships

Worse, though, the Brits were still impressing Worse, though, the Brits were still impressing American sailorsAmerican sailors

British sailorsBritish sailors

Often jumped ship and found work Often jumped ship and found work on American trading vesselson American trading vessels

Naturalization papers were easy to Naturalization papers were easy to forgeforge

The Brits decreed: The Brits decreed: The Doctrine of The Doctrine of Indelible Allegiance : Indelible Allegiance : Once a Brit, Once a Brit, always a Brit always a Brit

18071807

The U.S. The U.S. ChesapeakeChesapeake refused to allow refused to allow the crew of the British ship the crew of the British ship The The LeopardLeopard aboard to search for English aboard to search for English seamenseamen

The LeopardThe Leopard attacked. attacked. Three were killedThree were killed Four were takenFour were taken One of the four WAS a BritOne of the four WAS a Brit

1807 The Embargo Act1807 The Embargo Act

Was the least successful and least Was the least successful and least popular of Jefferson’s policiespopular of Jefferson’s policies

Hurt the U.S. (especially New England) Hurt the U.S. (especially New England) more than the Brits or the Frenchmore than the Brits or the French

The U.S. forbade all exports.The U.S. forbade all exports. No trade with ANY foreign countryNo trade with ANY foreign country Jefferson had hoped that the lack of U.S. Jefferson had hoped that the lack of U.S.

trade would convince both the Brits and trade would convince both the Brits and the French to respect U.S. Neutralitythe French to respect U.S. Neutrality

Depression and Resentment Depression and Resentment in New Englandin New England

1807 U.S. Exports = $108 Million1807 U.S. Exports = $108 Million 18081808 down to $22 milliondown to $22 million

1807 U.S. imports = $138 million1807 U.S. imports = $138 million 1808 down to $22 million1808 down to $22 million

Unemployment, soaring prices, mob Unemployment, soaring prices, mob violenceviolence

Farmers suffered tooFarmers suffered too

Repeal of Embargo Act Repeal of Embargo Act prior to the 1808 electionprior to the 1808 election

Republicans Madison 122Republicans Madison 122 Federalists C. Pinckney (47)Federalists C. Pinckney (47) Independent Republicans George Independent Republicans George

Clinton (0)Clinton (0)

New England voted solidly New England voted solidly Federalist but way outnumberedFederalist but way outnumbered

MadisonMadison

5’4”5’4” 100 lbs.100 lbs. Nose scarred by frostbiteNose scarred by frostbite Married Dolly…famous hostessMarried Dolly…famous hostess

Sec. of State…MonroeSec. of State…Monroe

Still…violations of our neutrality soStill…violations of our neutrality so

Non-intercourse ActNon-intercourse Act

Reopened all trade except with Britain Reopened all trade except with Britain or Franceor France

Provided that if either one would Provided that if either one would agree to respect U.S. neutrality, we agree to respect U.S. neutrality, we would trade with them and not the would trade with them and not the otherother

The Brits responded firstThe Brits responded first

June 10, 1809June 10, 1809

600 American merchant vessels loaded 600 American merchant vessels loaded with goods left the U.S. to trade with with goods left the U.S. to trade with EnglandEngland

Then…England confiscated every one of Then…England confiscated every one of themthem

Much U.S. bitternessMuch U.S. bitterness Back to the drawing board…Back to the drawing board…

Macon’s Bill #2 (May Macon’s Bill #2 (May 1810)1810)

Lifted all trade restrictionsLifted all trade restrictions

Provided that if the Brits or the Provided that if the Brits or the French would agree to respect U.S. French would agree to respect U.S. neutrality, we would cut off trade neutrality, we would cut off trade with the otherwith the other

Napoleon responded firstNapoleon responded first

The Cadore Letter: said that France The Cadore Letter: said that France would drop its Continental System would drop its Continental System November 1, 1810 “it being November 1, 1810 “it being understood that the British would do understood that the British would do the same with the Orders in Council”the same with the Orders in Council”

It didn’t make any sense BUT we It didn’t make any sense BUT we stopped trade with England in 1811stopped trade with England in 1811

Timing is EverythingTiming is Everything In England much protest by the In England much protest by the

merchants over loss of American trademerchants over loss of American trade

Then an American ship Then an American ship The PresidentThe President attacked a British ship attacked a British ship The Little BeltThe Little Belt

Americans viewed this as revenge for Americans viewed this as revenge for TheThe ChesapeakeChesapeake incident incident

The Brits viewed it as unprovoked The Brits viewed it as unprovoked aggressionaggression

WarWar June 16, 1812 The British decided to June 16, 1812 The British decided to

repeal their Orders in Council. They did repeal their Orders in Council. They did not want a two-front war and were not want a two-front war and were worried that the Americans were getting worried that the Americans were getting seriousserious

June 18, 1812 The U.S. declared war on June 18, 1812 The U.S. declared war on the Brits. We did not know that they the Brits. We did not know that they had repealed their Orders in Council had repealed their Orders in Council because of poor communication.because of poor communication.

The War of 1812The War of 1812

New England opposed the war. New England opposed the war. They had been suffering over lack of trade They had been suffering over lack of trade

since 1807since 1807

War Hawks: Henry Clay (Kentucky) and War Hawks: Henry Clay (Kentucky) and John C. Calhoun (SC)John C. Calhoun (SC)

Most support from the West and SouthMost support from the West and South Land Hunger the motive: Belief the U.S. Land Hunger the motive: Belief the U.S.

could take Spanish Florida and British could take Spanish Florida and British CanadaCanada

The War of 1812The War of 1812

Westerners believed that the British Westerners believed that the British violation of our neutrality was violation of our neutrality was responsible for their depression and responsible for their depression and high priceshigh prices

Actually, the Western economic Actually, the Western economic problem was due to the high cost of problem was due to the high cost of transportation of goods from the transportation of goods from the WestWest

The WestThe West

Continued to blame the Brits for arming the Continued to blame the Brits for arming the Indians Indians

AND there was a great deal of competition AND there was a great deal of competition between American and British fur tradersbetween American and British fur traders

The war did not suggest a U.S. alliance with The war did not suggest a U.S. alliance with France France

Jefferson called Napoleon “the Attila of the Jefferson called Napoleon “the Attila of the Age”Age”

The War of 1812The War of 1812

aka Mr. Madison’s Waraka Mr. Madison’s War War was declared without a 2/3 vote of War was declared without a 2/3 vote of

congress (only needed a majority vote)congress (only needed a majority vote) Widely believed that the U.S. would have Widely believed that the U.S. would have

no problem taking Canadano problem taking Canada U.S. Generals were incompetentU.S. Generals were incompetent At no time during the war did we have At no time during the war did we have

more than 35,000 men in the servicemore than 35,000 men in the service Our top commanders were veterans of the Our top commanders were veterans of the

Rev. WarRev. War

American difficultiesAmerican difficulties

U.S. troops lacked disciplineU.S. troops lacked discipline Often militia men refused to leave Often militia men refused to leave

their states to fighttheir states to fight The government depended on The government depended on

borrowing to pay for the war (war borrowing to pay for the war (war bonds) but the people who USUALLY bonds) but the people who USUALLY bought the bonds did not support the bought the bonds did not support the war (New Englanders)war (New Englanders)

Madison called for 50,000 volunteersMadison called for 50,000 volunteers Only got 5,000Only got 5,000

1812 Three failed attacks 1812 Three failed attacks on Canadaon Canada

From From Detroit:Detroit: William Hull crossed the Detroit River William Hull crossed the Detroit River

with his army of 1,500. with his army of 1,500. A small British detachment landed on the A small British detachment landed on the

western side of Lake Erie and cut Hull western side of Lake Erie and cut Hull off from his supply lines in Ohiooff from his supply lines in Ohio

Hull crossed the Detroit River again and Hull crossed the Detroit River again and then heard a rumor that Tecumseh had then heard a rumor that Tecumseh had joined the Brits and was at Fort Maldenjoined the Brits and was at Fort Malden

Hull surrendered Detroit without a shot Hull surrendered Detroit without a shot being firedbeing fired

Will later be court marshaled for thisWill later be court marshaled for this

Failed attack on Canada Failed attack on Canada #2#2

The Attack from NiagaraThe Attack from Niagara American troops under General American troops under General

Wool crossed the Niagara River and Wool crossed the Niagara River and successfully captured Queenstown successfully captured Queenstown

BUT NY militia men refused to BUT NY militia men refused to follow and occupy so American follow and occupy so American troops were forced to withdraw.troops were forced to withdraw.

Wool lost his life hereWool lost his life here

Failed attack on Canada Failed attack on Canada #3#3

The Lake Champlain AttackThe Lake Champlain Attack

American Henry Dearborn delayed his American Henry Dearborn delayed his march north along Lake Champlain march north along Lake Champlain until Novemberuntil November

When he reached the Canadian When he reached the Canadian border, his troops refused to cross border, his troops refused to cross into Canada and he was forced to into Canada and he was forced to withdrawwithdraw

The War at SeaThe War at Sea The U.S. was outnumbered 20 to 1 at seaThe U.S. was outnumbered 20 to 1 at sea Had only 20 ships when the war beganHad only 20 ships when the war began At first, many victories at seaAt first, many victories at sea But just the opposite on landBut just the opposite on land August 1812 August 1812 The Constitution The Constitution v v The The

GuerriereGuerriere October 1812October 1812 The Wasp The Wasp v v the Frolicthe Frolic December 1812 December 1812 The Constitution The Constitution v v The The

JavaJava In the latest battle The Constitution earned In the latest battle The Constitution earned

the name “Old Ironsides” because cannon the name “Old Ironsides” because cannon balls bounced off of the hull (made of live balls bounced off of the hull (made of live oak)oak)

1813 Captain Perry 1813 Captain Perry captured Lake Eriecaptured Lake Erie

Was the most important event Was the most important event bringing the war to a closebringing the war to a close

By the summer of 1813 all U.S. ships By the summer of 1813 all U.S. ships except for the except for the ConstitutionConstitution had been had been chased into harborschased into harbors

In the meantime…In the meantime…

Napoleon had invaded Russia and Napoleon had invaded Russia and was stopped by the Russian winterwas stopped by the Russian winter

Now the Brits could concentrate on Now the Brits could concentrate on usus

The Capture of Ft. The Capture of Ft. MaldenMalden

Wm. Henry Harrison had replaced Hull Wm. Henry Harrison had replaced Hull in the western commandin the western command

After Perry had taken Lake Erie, After Perry had taken Lake Erie, Harrison and his troops ferried across Harrison and his troops ferried across to Canada and took Fort Maldento Canada and took Fort Malden

October 1813 The Battle of the October 1813 The Battle of the Thames: The Brits were defeated and Thames: The Brits were defeated and Tecumseh was killed (he was a General Tecumseh was killed (he was a General in the British army…he was that good)in the British army…he was that good)

Henry DearbornHenry Dearborn

Captured Toronto in 1813 but it was Captured Toronto in 1813 but it was abandoned as the Brits took control of abandoned as the Brits took control of Lake OntarioLake Ontario

In 1813 in Mississippi and Georgia the In 1813 in Mississippi and Georgia the Creek Indians went on the warpathCreek Indians went on the warpath

Were defeated by Were defeated by Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson and and his troops in the Battle of Horseshoe his troops in the Battle of Horseshoe BendBend

The British OffensiveThe British Offensive

1814 The Battle for Lake Champlain: 1814 The Battle for Lake Champlain: American Thomas McDonald defeated American Thomas McDonald defeated British forces and they retired to British forces and they retired to CanadaCanada

August 1814 Attack on Washington August 1814 Attack on Washington D.C.: English army landed on D.C.: English army landed on Chesapeake Bay near Washington D.C.Chesapeake Bay near Washington D.C.

British overpowered an American British overpowered an American force on the wayforce on the way

Washington D.C. Washington D.C. attacked!attacked!

The Brits burned government buildingsThe Brits burned government buildings Dolly saved a few items from the White Dolly saved a few items from the White

House as she fled (it was scorched but House as she fled (it was scorched but not burned to the ground)not burned to the ground)

British continued to advance upon British continued to advance upon Baltimore but were stoppedBaltimore but were stopped

Inspired Francis Scott Key to write Inspired Francis Scott Key to write The The Star Spangled BannerStar Spangled Banner

In Spite of the Attack on In Spite of the Attack on WashingtonWashington

Americans were most successful in Americans were most successful in resisting British invasionsresisting British invasions

The last BattleThe last Battle

The Battle of New Orleans (January The Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)1815)

Andrew Jackson with 4,500 troopsAndrew Jackson with 4,500 troops Sir Edward Packenham with 10,000Sir Edward Packenham with 10,000 British lost 2,000British lost 2,000 Americans lost 13Americans lost 13

Andrew Jackson a heroAndrew Jackson a hero

UnhappilyUnhappily

The Battle of New Orleans was The Battle of New Orleans was fought two weeks after the war had fought two weeks after the war had ended with the Treaty of Ghent…ended with the Treaty of Ghent…Again poor communicationAgain poor communication

No one knew that the war was overNo one knew that the war was over

Opposition to the war at Opposition to the war at homehome

New England Federalists were New England Federalists were opposed to the war from the startopposed to the war from the start

Hurt shippingHurt shipping Didn’t like fighting on the same side Didn’t like fighting on the same side

as Napoleonas Napoleon

Hurt farmers too. Prices on farm Hurt farmers too. Prices on farm products fell to new levelsproducts fell to new levels

The Hartford ConventionThe Hartford Convention

Dec 1814 New England Federalists met Dec 1814 New England Federalists met at Hartford, Conn and threatened to at Hartford, Conn and threatened to succeed unless their demands were metsucceed unless their demands were met

Spokesman was Daniel WebsterSpokesman was Daniel Webster

Followed the pattern of Virginia and Followed the pattern of Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions’ Doctrine of Kentucky Resolutions’ Doctrine of States RightsStates Rights

To Be FairTo Be Fair

The New England Federalists did The New England Federalists did suffer hardship as a result of the suffer hardship as a result of the Embargo Act, the Non-intercourse Act, Embargo Act, the Non-intercourse Act, Macon’s Bill #2, and the War itselfMacon’s Bill #2, and the War itself

The NE Feds said they would leave the The NE Feds said they would leave the union unless certain amendments union unless certain amendments were added to the Constitution to were added to the Constitution to protect their rights…protect their rights…

The Proposed The Proposed AmendmentsAmendments

To protect the rights of New EnglandTo protect the rights of New England 2/3 vote for navigation acts2/3 vote for navigation acts 2/3 vote to admit new states2/3 vote to admit new states 2/3 vote to declare war2/3 vote to declare war End to the 3/5 CompromiseEnd to the 3/5 Compromise President limited to one termPresident limited to one term Successive presidents not to come Successive presidents not to come

from the same statefrom the same state

Timing is everythingTiming is everything

When the Federalists published their When the Federalists published their demandsdemands

News of the victory of New OrleansNews of the victory of New Orleans Then News of the end of the WarThen News of the end of the War

The Federalists appeared to be unpatriotic The Federalists appeared to be unpatriotic and will finally fade away.and will finally fade away.

Back to one political party: The Back to one political party: The Democratic- RepublicansDemocratic- Republicans

The Treaty of GhentThe Treaty of Ghent Russian Czar Alexander I needed the Russian Czar Alexander I needed the

Brits to focus on Napoleon who had Brits to focus on Napoleon who had invaded Russiainvaded Russia

Invited representatives from England Invited representatives from England and U.S. to meet at Ghent, Belgium to and U.S. to meet at Ghent, Belgium to make a treaty to end the War.make a treaty to end the War.

The treaty simply restored relations to The treaty simply restored relations to what they had been before the war. The what they had been before the war. The issues that led to war were not issues that led to war were not addressedaddressed

The Treaty of GhentThe Treaty of Ghent

American Representatives: J.Q. Adams, American Representatives: J.Q. Adams, Henry Clay, Al GallatinHenry Clay, Al Gallatin

No money or land changed hands but, No money or land changed hands but, as always, the Americans felt that we as always, the Americans felt that we had won.had won.

So…a new feeling of nationalismSo…a new feeling of nationalism Increased zeal for internal Increased zeal for internal

improvements (economic nationalism)improvements (economic nationalism)

Results of the WarResults of the War

The War caused a tremendous growth of The War caused a tremendous growth of American manufacturing because we American manufacturing because we could not get finished good from the Brits could not get finished good from the Brits AND because it was not profitable to AND because it was not profitable to invest in anything else: invest in anything else:

not agriculture because farm prices were not agriculture because farm prices were falling, falling,

not shipping because there was not any not shipping because there was not any going on during the wargoing on during the war