UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

EZANEE BIN GIRES

FK 2013 6

EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATED PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A SMALL-SCALE GAS TURBINE ENGINE USING JET A-1 AND PALM OIL

BIODIESEL BLENDS

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATED PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A SMALL-SCALE GAS TURBINE ENGINE USING JET A-1 AND PALM OIL BIODIESEL BLENDS

EZANEE BIN GIRES

MASTER OF SCIENCEUNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

2013

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATED PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A SMALL-SCALE GAS TURBINE ENGINE USING JET A-1 AND PALM OIL

BIODIESEL BLENDS

By

EZANEE BIN GIRES

Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science

January 2013

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science

EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATED PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A SMALL-SCALE GAS TURBINE ENGINE USING JET A-1 AND PALM OIL

BIODIESEL BLENDS

By

EZANEE BIN GIRES

January 2013

Chair: Abd Rahim Abu Talib, PhD

Faculty: Engineering

The experimental and simulated performance of an Armfield CM4 turbojet engine

was investigated for conventional Jet A-1 fuel as well as its blends with palm oil

biodiesel (PME), a form of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The volumetric blends of

PME with Jet A-1 are 20, 50, 70 and 100% (B20, B50, B70 and B100). Fuel heating

values (FHV) of each fuel mixture were obtained by calometric analysis and were

used to estimate changes in CM4 performance which were verified experimentally.

The experimental tests included performance tests for Jet A-1 and B20, while the

performances of B50 to B100 were simulated using GasTurb 11 analytical software

after verification of simulated and experimental results for Jet A-1 and B20. Values of

thrust, fuel flow, temperature and pressure distribution along the engine and engine

speed were available from experimental measurements, whereas other values of merit

were calculated using parametric cycle analysis and one-dimensional flow

assumptions. In terms of maximum measured thrust, Jet A-1 yielded the highest

value of 216 N, decreasing by 0.77%, 4%, 8% and 12% with B20, B50, B70 and

ii

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

B100 based on experimental and simulated results. It was found that B20 produced

comparable results compared to the benchmark Jet A-1 tests, particularly with thrust

and thermal efficiency. Slight performance penalties occurred due to the lower

energy content of the biodiesel blend. The efficiency of the combustor improved with

the addition of biodiesel while the other component efficiencies remained

collectively consistent. The performance parameters of the CM4 engine were found

to deteriorate with increased PME content in the simulations, particularly for

volumetric blends of over 50% palm oil biodiesel. This research shows that for gas

turbines, PME is suitable for use as an additive to Jet A-1, but not as a complete

replacement fuel.

iii

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Sarjana Sains

KAJIAN PRESTASI EKSPERIMEN DAN SIMULASI ENJIN TURBIN GAS SKALA KECIL MENGGUNAKAN JET A-1 DAN CAMPURAN BIODIESEL

MINYAK SAWIT

Oleh

EZANEE BIN GIRES

Januari 2013

Pengerusi: Abd Rahim Abu Talib, PhD

Fakulti: Kejuruteraan

Prestasi sebuah enjin turbojet Armfield CM4 telah dikaji secara eksperimen dan

simulasi untuk bahan api pesawat udara konvensional Jet A-1 serta campurannya

dengan biodiesel minyak kelapa sawit (PME), sejenis metil ester asid lemak (FAME).

Isipadu campuran PME dengan Jet A-1 adalah dalam nisbah campuran isipadu 20,

50, 70 dan 100% (B20, B50, B70 dan B100). Kandungan tenaga bahan api (FHV)

bagi setiap campuran minyak telah diperolehi melalui analisis kalorimetrik dan

nilainya digunakan dalam anggaran perubahan prestasi CM4 yang telah disahkan

melalui eksperimen. Kajian eksperimental merangkumi ujian prestasi bagi minyak Jet

A-1 dan B20, manakala prestasi bagi B50, B70 dan B100 disimulasi dengan

menggunakan perisian analisis GasTurb 11 selepas pengesahan keputusan simulasi

B20 dan Jet A-1 dengan keputusan daripada eksperimen. Nilai-nilai tujahan, aliran

bahan api, taburan suhu dan tekanan dalam enjin, serta pusingan per minit (rpm)

enjin diperolehi daripada pengukuran eksperimen, manakala nilai-nilai merit yang

lain dikira melalui analisis kitaran parametrik dan andaian aliran satu dimensi. Dari

segi tujahan maksimum, Jet A-1 menghasilkan nilai tertinggi iaitu 216 N, dengan

iv

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

nilai yang menurun sebanyak 0.77%, 4%, 8% dan 12% dengan B20, B50, B70 dan

B100 berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen dan simulasi. Didapati bahawa B20

menghasilkan keputusan setanding dengan keputusan kajian menggunakan Jet A-1,

terutamanya dalam tujahan dan kecekapan terma. Penalti prestasi yang kecil

diakibatkan oleh kandungan tenaga B20 yang lebih rendah daripada Jet A-1.

kecekapan seksyen pembakar enjin dipertingkatkan dengan pembakaran campuran

biodiesel, manakala kecekapan komponen yang lain kekal konsisten. Parameter

prestasi enjin CM4 didapati merosot dengan peningkatan kandungan PME dalam

simulasi, terutamanya bagi campuran isipadu lebih daripada 50% biodiesel minyak

sawit. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa bagi turbin gas, PME adalah sesuai untuk

digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan kepada Jet A-1, tetapi bukan sebagai bahan api

gantian yang lengkap.

v

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My first show of thanks and appreciation is to my main supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Abd Rahim Abu Talib. To this day, he has shown the same high level of support,

patience, encouragement and advice that he has given since the first time I set foot in

the Faculty of Engineering. Most importantly, I am grateful for the level of freedom

and autonomy that he has given since day one, allowing me to complete this project

successfully. In that same vein, I also extend my thanks to my co-supervisor, Assoc.

Prof. Lt. Col. (R) Mohamed Tarmizi Ahmad, whose presence in and around the

Propulsion Laboratory provided advice and conversation throughout my study

duration. I am also grateful for the backing of the Aerospace Engineering Department

of UPM for their support for this research project, especially in the early stages of

running the CM4 gas turbine.

This work was significantly supported by the Universiti Putra Malaysia Research

University Grant Scheme (RUGS) 05-01-09-0719RU, which also allowed me to

work as a research assistant for two years. The RUGS scheme also made it possible

for Mr. Zulfikar and Mr. Radin to repair the CM4 whenever it broke down, and for

whom I am highly indebted to. I am also extremely grateful for the friendships that

had formed since the project began. To list down all of them would take the whole

length of this thesis. However, special mention goes to Mr. Helmey Ramdhaney

Mohd. Saiah, whose guidance, patience and insight has been invaluable. Similarly, I

would like to thank Mr. Saffairus Saleh for his technical and moral support. I am also

grateful for the friends that I had retained since before this project began.

I feel that no acknowledgment would be complete without giving due to my beloved

family. Through all of the easy and hard times they have been there for me, and so I

thank my parents, Gires Usup and Asmat Ahmad, as well as my brother Adrian, his

wife and son Ainul and Alfie, and my sister Jasmine. I only hope that I can one day

fully repay their love and support beyond putting my thanks in writing.

vi

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 29 January 2013 to conduct the final examination of Ezanee bin Gires on his thesis entitled "Title of thesis" in accordance with the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The Committee recommends that the student be awarded the degree of Master of Science.

Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:

Harijono Djojodihardjo, PhDProfessor IrFaculty of EngineeringUniversiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman)

Kamarul Arifin Ahmad, PhDAssociate ProfessorFaculty of EngineeringUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Internal Examiner)

Surjatin Wiriadidjaja, PhDAssociate ProfessorFaculty of EngineeringUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Internal Examiner)

Mohammad Nazri Mohd Ja'afar, PhDProfessorFaculty of Mechanical EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi MalaysiaMalaysia(External Examiner)

SEOW HENG FONG, PhD Professor and Deputy Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia

Date: 21 March 2013

vii

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been

accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The

members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:

Abd Rahim Abu Talib, PhDAssociate ProfessorFaculty of EngineeringUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Chairman)

Mohamed Tarmizi AhmadAssociate Professor Lt. Col. (R)Faculty of EngineeringUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Member)

______________________________ BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD Professor and Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia

Date:

viii

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

DECLARATION

I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and is not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at any other institution.

________________________

EZANEE BIN GIRES

Date: 29 January 2013

ix

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACTABSTRAKACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAPPROVALDECLARATIONLIST OF TABLESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF SYMBOLS

iiiiiivv

viiixx

xiv

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Historical Context1.2 Scope of Study1.3 Aims, Significance and Hypothesis of Study1.4 Thesis Outline

11346

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE2.1 The Need for Alternatives to Fossil Fuels2.2 Alternative Fuels2.3 Test Flights and Aero-Engine Tests Using Biofuel2.4 Engine Tests Using Biofuels and Other Alternative Fuels 2.4.1 Gas Turbine Engine Tests 2.4.2 Diesel Engine Tests2.5 Summary and Discussion of Previous Research Findings 2.5.1 Effect of Alternative Fuels on Engine Performance 2.5.2 Effect of Alternative Fuels on Emissions

99111923

233035

38

40

3 METHODOLOGY3.1 Description of Apparatus3.2 Instrumentation3.3 Test Facility3.4 Test Fuels3.5 Experimental Procedure3.6 Jet Engine Cycle Analysis and Performance Parameters

42424853545765

4 ARMFIELD CM4 EXPERIMENTAL PERFORMANCE USING Jet A-1 AND A BIODIESEL BLEND4.1 Operational Observations

68

69

x

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

4.2 Temperature and Pressure Properties Across Engine Stations4.3 CM4 Measured Thrust Values for Jet A-1 and B204.4 Mass Flows Through CM4 Engine4.5 Performance Analysis of CM4 Turbojet4.6 CM4 Core Engine Efficiencies4.7 CM4 Turbojet Component Analysis 4.7.1 Inlet 4.7.2 Compressor 4.7.3 Burner 4.7.4 Turbine Performance and Mechanical Efficiency 4.7.5 CM4 Turbojet Efficiency Overview4.8 CM4 Thermodynamic Analysis4.9 Conclusions Regarding CM4 Performance on Jet A-14.10 Summary of Armfield CM4 B20 Performance

70

747678828787889193

98100103108

5 SIMULATION OF ARMFIELD CM4 PERFORMANCE FOR FURTHER BIODIESEL BLENDS5.1 Design of the Simulation Model5.2 Comparison of GasTurb and Experimental Results for Jet A-1 and B20 5.2.1 Temperature and Pressure Distribution 5.2.2 Thrust 5.2.3 Mass Flows and Initial Engine Performance Parameters 5.2.4 Engine and Component Efficiencies 5.2.5 Summary of Comparison of GasTurb Results to Experimental Results 5.3 GasTurb 11 Simulation Results for all PME Biodiesel Blends 5.3.1 Thrust 5.3.2 Mass Flows 5.3.3 Specific Thrust, Fuel-Air Ratio, and Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption 5.3.4 Engine Efficiencies 5.3.5 Component Efficiencies 5.4 Conclusions From GasTurb 11 Simulation

110

111115

115119121

126131

133

135136138

141143147

6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS6.1 Findings6.2 Limitations and Recommendations

149149153

REFERENCES 155

xi

© COPYRIG

HT UPM

APPENDICES

A Detailed Calculation Methodology for Jet Engine Cycle Analysis

160

B Verification of Load Cell Thrust Measurement 175

C Additional Notes Regarding the JFS100-13A Gas Turbine Engine

181

BIODATA OF STUDENTLIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS

184185

xii