UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKAeprints.utem.edu.my/15442/1/MINKOWSKI FRACTAL PATCH ANTENNA FOR Wi... · UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA MINKOWSKI FRACTAL PATCH ANTENNA FOR

UNIVERSJTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

MINKOWSKI FRACTAL PATCH ANTENNA

FOR Wi-Fi APPLICATION

This report submitted in accordance with the requirement of the Universiti

Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor's Degree in Electronics

Engineering Technology (Telecommunications) with Honours

by

AMIRA ELEZA BINTI AZEMI

B071110126

890830-04-5222

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

2015

© Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA

TAJ UK: Minkowski Fractal Patch Antenna for Wi-Fi Application

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2014/15Semester1

Saya Amira Eleza Binti Azemi

mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan

untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan

pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4 . **Sila tandakan ( ../)

D

D D

SULIT

TERHAD

TIDAK TERHAD

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

Di;{ Cop Rasmi:

Kubang Paya Pauh, 02600 Arau , NlrRlJ AL M Bi· HASS:r .

Perl is. dO,t<>r: fg~ '101ogi ·~'ddll' Pllt ro,1'-l " · , tn~ ~ •

<.i•ulr ~el(rtOl{)g• ~.epJr · ter,foo · ~~.-, . i fcr.i .. UM<o1J~,1<1 \:~J

Tarikh: :l.6 , 0 I · '2 G 15

** Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/ organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.


DECLARATION

I hereby, declared this report entitled "Minkowski Fractal Patch Antenna

For Wi-Fi Application" is the results of my own research except as cited in

references.

Signature ···········~································ · Author' s Name Amira Eleza Binti Azemi

Date 16 .01 . io\s


APPROVAL

This report is submitted to the Faculty of Engineering Technology of UTeM as a

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Electronic

Engineering Technology (Telecommunication) with Honours. The member of

the supervisory is as follow:

onJl ....... t).~~···················

(NURULHALIM BIN HASSIM)

ii


ABSTRACT

This report elaborated on the theories and techniques in the process of shrinking the

size of an antenna through the usage of fractals. The Minkowski fractal patch

antenna was investigated. The Minkowski fractal patch antenna was introduced in

order to reduce the size of antenna using miniaturization technique. This project

presented the design of fractal patch antenna based on the basic structure of square

antenna operating at 2.45GHz for Wi-Fi application. The fractal design was

introduced into the basic structure for the purpose of reducing the size of the

elements. Thus, an expectation would be set on the miniaturization to be achieved.

Simulations wave performed on several sets of the structures design using Computer

Simulation Technology Software . The simulation result showed that the fractal

iteration and the iteration factor had different effects on the reduction of the patch

antenna. From the experiment, the result showed that the 1st and znd iteration

Minkowski fractal patch antenna managed to reduce the antenna size, while

maintained the same resonant frequency as that of the normal square patch antenna.

Fractal antennas can obtain radiation pattern and input impedance_ similar to a longer

antenna, yet take less special area due to the many contours of the shape. Fractal

antenna is a fairly new research area and more likely to have a promising future

when used and designed into whole other applications.

iii


ABSTRAK

Laporan ini mengulas mengenai teori dan teknik dalam proses mengecilkan saiz

antena menggunakan pembahagian atau pecahan kepada bahagian-bahagian kecil

melalui fraktal . Di dalam laporan ini, antena Minkowski akan dikaji. Antena

Minkowski diperkenalkan bagi mengurangkan saiz dengan mengunakan teknik

pengecilan. Projek ini menunjukkan corak lakaran atau rekaan antena yang

mengandungi pembahagian kecil yang asalnya adalah antena segiempat sama yang

beroperasi pada frekuensi 2.45 GHz untuk aplikasi Wi-Fi. Corak pada fraktal ini

diperkenalkan kepada struktur asas untuk mengurangkan saiz pada elemen-elemen

tersebut. Oleh itu, pengecilan saiz antena akan dicapai. Lakaran struktur antena

dapat dilihat dengan menggunakan perisian CST (Computer Simulation

Technology). Keputusan simulasi menunjukkan pecahan kepada bahagian-bahagian

kecil dan faktor pembahagian memberi kesan yang berlainan kepada pengecilan saiz

antena. Daripada eksperimen yang telah dijalankan, keputusan menunjukkan pecahan

kepada bahagian kecil bagi peringkat pertama dan kedua akan mengurangkan saiz

antena disamping mengekalkan frekuensi resonan seperti anten~ segiempat sama.

Fraktal antena ini berjaya mendapatkan corak radiasi dan penentangan litaran

elektrik terhadap pengaliran kuasa elektrik yang sama dengan antena asal tetapi

mengambil kawasan yang kurang dengan bentuk kontur. Fraktal antena adalah

penyelidikan yang agak baru dan dijangka akan memberi masa depan yang cerah

untuk pelbagai aplikasi.

iv


DEDICATION

To my dearest mother, father and my family for

their continuous encouragement and support.

"You are my inspiration to strive for excellence"

v


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Let me start by giving my gratitude to the one and only AJlah the Almighty

who with His insight and blessing has been a beacon to guide me on my journey in

finishing this report.

My sincerest appreciation and heartfelt recognition towards my honorable

supervisor, Mr. Nurulhalim Bin Hassim for assisting me in understanding the

fundamental of antenna that inspired me to make this work a success, as well for his

valuable and priceless experiences and wisdom. I greatly appreciate his assistance

and support during the completion of this report. I would also like to extend my

gratitude to my co-supervisor Mr Abdul Halim Bin Dahalan for all the inputs and

aids in developing my practical skills as well as providing the overall concept for the

thesis.

I would like to show my gratefulness to the wannth and encouragement that I

was at pleasure of receiving from my beloved father, En. Azemi Bin Zakaria, my

beloved mother, Pn. Chik Binti Isa and also all my family members throughout the

duration of my project. Without their love and patience, I would not be able to go

through the tough times experience in the process of making this report. A special

mention also for my wonderful acquaintance, Hafiz Aizat Bin Hazli for his never

ending supports and the internal and external motivation that has been provided, as

well as his earnest efforts in ensuring this project to come to fruition. Finally, my

gratitude is directed towards my mentor Mr. Nornikman Bin Hassan for his

contribution of ideas that had been provided regarding the theories behind the

antenna and also for the meetings and sessions that were conducted. I simply would

not be able to proceed if not for his kind and compassionate tutoring. Last but not

least, I would also like to give my thanks to whoever has assisted me in the process

of completing this report.

vi


TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ITEM PAGE

PROJECT TITLE

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK iv

DEDICATION v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi

TABLE OF CONTENT vii

LIST OF TABLES xiii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATION xvii

LIST OF SYMBOLS xviii

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Brief Technical Overview 1

1.1.1 Wi-Fi Introduction

1.2 Objective 2

1.3 Problem Statement 2

1.3.1 Introduction 2

1.3.2 Solution Overview 3

1.4 Work Scopes 4

1.5 Project Methodology 5

1.5.1 Work Flow Description 6

1.6 Report Structure 7

vii


2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction to Wi-Fi 8

2.1.1 Wi-Fi standards 9

2.1.2 Frequency Range 12

2.1.3 Benefits ofWi-Fi 12

2.1.3.l Wireless Ethernet 12

2.1.3.2 Extended Reach 12

2.1.3 .3 Cost Reduction 13

2.1.3.4 Mobility 13

2.1.3 .5 Flexibility 13

2.1.4 Applications For Wi-Fi 13

2.1.4.1 Internet Sharing Devices 13

2.1.4.2 Wireless Printers or Scanners 14

2.1.4.3 Video Streaming 14

2.2 Introduction of Antenna 15

2.3 Antenna Theory 15

2.4 Types of Antennas 16

2.4.1 Antenna Characteristic 16

2.4.2 Parameters of Antenna 16

2.4.2. l Radiation Pattern 16

2.4.2.2 Return Loss 18

2.4.2.3 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 18

2.4.2.4 Bandwidth 19

2.4.2.5 Gain 20

2.4.2.6 Directivity 21

viii


2.4.2.7 Efficiency 22

2.4.2.8 Beamwidth 22

2.4.2.9 Polarization 23

2.5 Fractal Antenna 23

2.5.1 Introduction 23

2.5.2 Fractal Geometry 24

2.5.3 Fractal Advantages 24

2.6 Microstrip Antennas 25

2.6.1 Introduction ofMicrostrip Antennas 25

2.6.2 Basic of Microstrip Antennas 25

2.6.3 Advantages and disadvantages of Microstrip Antennas

2.7 Feeding Technique

2. 7.1 Microstrip Line Feed

2.7.2 Coaxial Feed

2.7.3 Aperture Couple Feed

2.7.4 Proximity Coupled Feed

2.7.5 Comparison of Feeding Methods

2.8 The Minkowski Fractal

2.8.1 Introduction

2.8.2 Design Consideration for Minkowski

27

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

37

Fractal Patch Antenna 39

2.8.2. l Substrate Selection 39

2.8.2.2 Element Width and Length 40

2.8.2.3 Design Consideration for

Minkowski Patch Geometry 42

ix


3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY

3.1 Project Methodology 43

3 .2 Theoretical Development 44

3.2.1 Performance Requirements 44

3.2.2 Fractal Antenna Patterns 45

3.2.3 Implementation Considerations 45

3.3 Design the Minkowski Fractal Patch antenna 46

3.3.1 Substrate Selection 46

3.3 2 Design the Minkowski Fractal Patch Antenna 46

3 .3 .2.1 Calculation on Square Patch Antenna 46

3.3.2.2 Calculation on 1st Iteration Minkowski


3 .3 2.3 Calculation on znd Iteration Minkowski


3.4 Design the Minkowski Fractal Patch Geometry 49

3.4 1 Design a rnicrostrip patch antenna with the

following parameters

3.4.2 Design Equations

3.4.3 Theoretical Formula

3.4.3.1 Square Patch Minkowski Fractal

Antenna (Calculation)

3.4.3.2 1st Iteration Minkowski Fractal

Antenna (Calculation)

x


49

49

49

49

50

3.4.3.3 znd Iteration Minkowski Fractal

Antenna (Calculation) 51

3.4.4 Optimization 52

3.4.4.l Square Patch Minkowski Fractal

Antenna (Optimized) 52

3 .4.4.2 1st Iteration Minkowski Fractal Antenna


3.4.4.3 znd Iteration Minkowski Fractal Antenna


3.5 Experimental Setup 55

3.5. l Simulation Process 55

3.5.2 Fabrication Method 55

3.5.3 Measurement Process 57

3.6 Experimental Testing 58

3.6.1 Antenna Resonance Testing 59

3. 7 Gantt Chart 60

4 RES UL TS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Simulation Result 61

4.1.l Square Microstrip Patch Antenna (Optimized) 61

4.1.2 1st Iteration Minkowski Fractal


xi


4.1.3 2nd Iteration Minkowski Fractal


4.2 Measurement Result 68

4.2.1 Square Microstrip Patch Antenna 68

4.2.2 1st Iteration Minkowski Fractal Antenna 69

4.2.3 2°d Iteration Minkowski Fractal Antenna 70

4.3 Discussion 71

5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Future Works

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A

APPENDIXB

APPENDIXC

APPENDIXD

xii


75

76

77

79

84

86

87

NO

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Table 2.4

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

LIST OF TABLES

TITLE PAGE

Summary of the various Wi-Fi offerings 11

Advantages and disadvantages of microstrip antenna 28

Comparison of feeding methods 36

Material properties 40

Calculation valu~ and optimization value 55

Parametric study of width and length of the antenna 56

Project planning for psm 1 60

Project planning for psm 2 60

Comparison between simulation and measurements

result

Comparison of gain and return loss between simulation

and measurements result

xiii


69

69

LIST OF FIGURES

NO TITLE PAGE

Figure 1.1 Methodology Flow Chart 6

Figure 2.1 Logo of Hardware devices certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance 9

Figure 2.2 Radiation lobes and beam widths of antenna pattern 17

Figure 2.3 Linear plots of power pattern and its associated lobes and

beam width 17

Figure 2.4 Antenna bandwidth in respect to return loss measurement 20

Figure 2.5 Beamwidth pattern of an antenna 22

Figure 2.6 Shapes of microstrip patch antenna 26

Figure 2.7 Basic Structure of microstrip 27

Figure 2.8 Microstrip feed (line feed) 32

Figure 2.9 Probe fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (Coaxial Feed) 33

Figure 2.10 Aperture coupled feed 34

Figure 2.11 Proximity-coupled Feed 35

Figure 2.12 Zero, 1st and znd iteration Minkowski fractal microstrip

antennas 38

Figure 2.13 The Antennas Structures 42

xiv


Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Square Patch Antenna (Calculation)

1st Iteration Minkowski Fractal Antenna (Calculation)

znd Iteration Minkowski Fractal Antenna (Calculation)

Square Patch Antenna (Optimized)

1st Iteration Minkowski Fractal Antenna (Optimized)

znd Iteration Minkowski Fractal Antenna (Optimized)

The flow of fabrication process

Machine for fabrication process

Return Loss Measurement Setup

Gain Measurement Setup

Radiation Pattern Measurement Setup

Experimental setup for antenna return

loss measurements

Return loss of the square microstrip patch antenna

Bandwidth for square microstrip patch antenna

The S-Parameter Smith Chart of the square microstrip

patch antenna

3D Radiation Pattern of the square microstrip patch

2D Radiation Pattern of the square microstrip patch antenna

Return loss of the first Iteration Minkowski Fractal Antenna

(Optimized)

Bandwidth for first iteration Minkowski fractal patch antenna

3 D Radiation Pattern of the first Iteration Minkowski

Fractal Antenna (Optimized)

2D Radiation Pattern of the first Iteration

Minkowski Fractal Antenna (Optimized)

xv


49

50

51

52

53

54

56

56

57

57

58

59

61

62

62

63

63

64

64

65

65

Figure 4.10 Return loss of the second Iteration Minkowski Fractal Antenna

(Optimized) 66

Figure 4.11 Bandwidth for second iteration Minkowski fractal

patch antenna 66

Figure 4.12 3D Radiation Pattern of the second Iteration Mink:owski Fractal Antenna(Optimized) 67

Figure 4.13 2D Radiation Pattern of the second Iteration Minkowski Fractal Antenna (Optimized) 67

Figure 4.14 Return loss of the square microstrip patch antenna 68

Figure 4.15 Radiation Pattern of the square microstrip patch antenna 68

Figure 4.16 Return loss of the 1 strteration microstrip patch antenna 69

Figure 4.17 Radiation Pattern of the 1st Iteration microstrip

patch antenna 69

Figure 4.18 Return loss of the zndlteration microstrip

patch antenna 70

Figure 4.19 Radiation Pattern of the znd Iteration microstrip

patch antenna 70

Figure 4.20 Construction of Minkowski Fractal

Patch Antenna 71

Figure 4.21 Simulation and measurement return loss of

Minkowski fractal patch antenna 73

Figure 4.22 Radiation pattern for the second iteration

minkowski patch antenna in 3D 74

xvi


LIST OF ABBREVIATION

ABBREVIATION

CST

IEEE

FR4

SMA

VSWR

BW

HPBW

OFDM

HT

MIMO

FEC

RL

RF

20

30

WLAN

Wi-Fi

DESCRIPTION

Computer Simulation Technology

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Flame Retardant 4

SubMiniature version A

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

Bandwidth

Half Power Beam width

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

High Throughput

Multiple input/multiple output

Forward error correction

Return Loss

Radio Frequency

2 Dimensional

3 Dimensional

Wireless Local Area Network

Wireless Fidelity

xvii


SYMBOL

f

fr

G

f.eff

e

r

w

L

LIST OF SYMBOLS

DESCRIPTION

Frequency

Frequency resonant

Antenna Gain

Total radiated power

Total input power

Characteristics impedance

Load impedance

Input impedance

Upper frequency

Lower frequency

Center Frequency

Directivity

Substrate height

Dielectric constant

Effective dielectric constant

Antenna efficiency

Reflection coefficient

Width

Length

Reflected voltage

Incident voltage

Thickness

xviii


p Iteration factor

D.i Patch Length Extension

Le Effective Patch Length

WP Patch Width

Lp Patch Length

xix


CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Brief Technical Overview

The goal of this project is to design a Minkowski fractal patch antenna for Wi-Fi

application. The antenna will have properties that benefit the modern wireless

communication.

A new development of fractal antenna engineering research is driven due to

significant improvement of speed in computing, which is required for the design.

Several attributes of fractal antenna deemed as advantages over conservative antenna

types include how it radiate electromagnetic energy. This can be used to improve the

functionality of latest wireless communication receivers.

1.1.1 Wi-Fi Introduction

"Wi-Fi" is a type of wireless networking protocol that allows devices to

communicate without cords or cables. Wi-Fi is technically an industry term that

represents a type of wireless local area network (LAN) protocol based on the 802.11

IEEE network standard (Chen, 2009). It is the most popular means of communicating

data wirelessly, within a fixed location, today.

1


The IEEE established 802.11 b in 1999 is to improve the data rate of the original

802.11 standard. IEEE 802.11 b wireless Ethernet also operates on the 2.4GHz band

(Chou, 2010). There are many good reasons to use IEEE 802.11 b wireless Ethernet.

One of which is due to reduced cost in fabrication because of the FR 4 and

exceptional signal range. ln order to satisfy the demand for precision and reliability,

a high performance Wi-Fi antenna must be able to operate at 2.45GHz frequency.

1.2 Objectives

a) To design a miniaturized antenna using Minkowski fractal.

b) To investigate the behavior of the Minkowski fractal patch antenna properties.

c) To make a comparison between the hardware measurement and simulation.

1.3 Problem Statements

1.3.1 Introduction

Common designs are sensitive to only a narrow range of frequencies and thus, cause

it to be less efficient. One of the ways to improve antenna performance is to use array

antenna but this technique requires larger antenna size and increased weight. Fractal

antenna designs can overcome some of these problems. Another common design

problem is antenna sensitivity to the narrow range of frequencies whith creates

inefficiency. It is a known problem for small and portable antennas. Experiments

have shown that antennas built with only a small number of iterations of a fractal

process can exhibit sensitivity at frequency.

2


1.3.2 Solution Overview

Fractals can be used to enhance antenna designs. The method is in the design of

miniaturized antenna elements. These can lead to antenna elements which are more

discrete for the end user. Minkowski fractal patch antenna is proposed since it can

reduce the size with miniaturization technique· The Minkowski fractal design is

introduced into the basic structure intended to reduce the frequency of operation.

Hence, miniaturization can be achieved.

Since using fractals as an approach to antenna design is a relatively new development

in the field of antenna research, the Minkowski microstrip antenna is selected for this

project. This antenna is simple to design and its radiation properties are far better

documented in research literature than other types of antennas.

Fractals have been used in computer graphics and coding, non-linear chaotic circuits and more. Generally, by using fractals in antennas, the following properties can be achieved.

a) Reduction of physical radiator size, degree of reduction depends on type of fractal used

b) Multiband behavior is result of self-similarity

c) Radiation patterns in frequency also is self-similar

d) Non-integral ratio of following resonant frequencies

e) Opportunity of realization in planar technique

3


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UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKAeprints.utem.edu.my/15442/1/MINKOWSKI FRACTAL PATCH ANTENNA FOR Wi... · UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA MINKOWSKI FRACTAL PATCH ANTENNA FOR