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26.01.2012
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18.01.10 1
815.340 Lecture Series: Water, Soil & AtmospherePart: „Urban Water“
Thomas Ertl
Universität für Bodenkultur WienDepartment für Wasser-Atmosphäre-Umwelt
Universität für Bodenkultur WienDepartment für Wasser-Atmosphäre-Umwelt
Content: Introduction into Urban Water (30 min. ;-) 04.11.2011
• Mass flows & Processes in Urban Water Management• Mass flow concepts
• Water flow, sediment & pollutant transport, management
• Physical Processes: • Example: Hydraulics: stormwater runoff, open channel flow
• Chemical and Biological (Bio-chemical) Processes• Processes in water bodies
• Self cleaning, impacts (spatial and time scales)
• Treatment in technical plants
• Water Quality and index class / Classification
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Content: Urban Water - Part I (20.1.12) and II (27.1.12)
• Monitoring (Measuring) the Mass flows to understand the Processes in Urban Water Management• Basics of mass flow and balance study
• Physical Processes:
• Hydraulics: open channel flow and pipe flow measurements
• Chemical and Biological (Bio-chemical) Processes
• Treatment in technical plants: • Monitoring in WWTP
• Processes in water bodies• Monitoring technologies for Water quality
• Water Quality and index class / Classification
Questions to be answered - Outcome• What are the relevant components of Urban Water Systems? (Intro)
• Which mass flows are relevant in Urban Water Management? (Intro)
• Which types of processes are relevant in Urban Water Management? (Intro)
• Mass flow and balance study (Ertl: part I)
• Which parameters are measured to understand hydraulic processes in urban water systems? (Ertl: part I+II, surface waters: see part of Holzmann)
• Which parameters are measured to understand the bio-chemical processes in surface waters, in urban water systems? (Ertl: part II)
• Which parameters are measured to describe the ecological status of surface waters? (Ertl: part II)
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(Schmitt & Huber, 2005, adopted from Gujer, 1999)
SWT
Subsystems & components in the urban watersystem
Water Cycle
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Research areas/topics
Water Quality Monitoring and Modelling
Environmental and water chemistry, aquatic microbiology, on-line monitoring networks, modelling in sanitation engineering
Water technologies Drinking water treatment and supply, wastewater treatment, urban drainage and appropriate technologies
Water managementDevelopment cooperation, Sustainable use of water resources, decision support systems, risk assessment and integrated assessment, actors networks in water supply and sanitation, and management and planning methods and performance evaluation
Universität für Bodenkultur WienDepartment für Wasser-Atmosphäre-Umwelt
Schmitt & Huber (2005)
Mass flow between urban water components
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Different Views on Mass Flows & Processes in Urban Water Systems
Mass Flows& Processes
Types of wastewater: Sanitary, storm and „parasite“
waterProcesses:
Physical, Chemical, Biological Processes
Hydraulics: Runoff generation, -transport,
infiltration, …
Contents: Nutrients, „Pollutants“,
Mikroorganisms, …
Sanitary wastewater: Yellow, black, brown and grey
water
… etc.
… etc.
Basics of mass balance
„Mass Balance“ :
– method of data check
– a mathematically based extension of a plausibility check
– „Load-based control of measured values“
11.10.10
(Spindler, 2011)
• not plausible data are not compulsory wrong
• plausible data are not compulsory right
• an uneven balance contains obligatory at least 1 error
• an equated balance is necessary for correctness of data (but not sufficient)
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Classification
Plausibility check:
– first assumption
– gross errors
– realtime decisions
– if mass balance study cannotbe done
Mass balance study:
– redundant control
– systematic errors
– application on time series (quality of datasets)
– Plausibility check as prerequisite
(Spindler, 2011)
Monitoring-Concept
Plausibility check
Mass balance
Data check
Measurement
plausible Not plausible wrong
right Important information
Good data basisacceptableNot acceptable
Data flow chart / classification
Requirements and Methods
Methods
• Identification of balance-ability and calculability of mass flows
• „Balancing averages“
• Balancing daily data through application of control cards (CUSUM)
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(Spindler, 2011)
Balance-ability
measurednot measured
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Probenahmestellen / WWTP Monitoring sites
Methods
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(Spindler, 2011)
Balance-ability and calculability
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Universität für Bodenkultur WienDepartment für Wasser-Atmosphäre-Umwelt
greywater
urinefaeces
AGRICULTURE
WATERSOURCE
Water
Nutrients
foodnutrition
(drinking) water
rainwater
GroundwaterSurface Water
solid waste
goods &other material
other materialPRODUCTION
settlement
Analysis-cycle
Universität für Bodenkultur WienDepartment für Wasser-Atmosphäre-Umwelt
Sampling & Flow measurements
sampling of drinking water, river water, surface water, waste water
measurement of insitu-parameters like pH, conductivity, ORP, T, O2, flow-rate,
spot sampling, 24-hour sampling with modern equipment,…
0
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flo
w r
ate
infl
ow
(m
³/h
)
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Sample takingAt Inlet and Outlet of WWTP (Vacuum-system)
(www.lineg.de)
Sampling concepts
(KROISS, 2007)
Volume-proportional
Time-proportional
Flow-proportional
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Sample taking
Vacuum-technique / flexible-tube pump
www.ecotech-bonn.dewww.gimat.de
Sample taking
Flexible-tube pump systems
www.maxx-gmbh.de
www.ecotech-bonn.de
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Flow measurements at WWTPs
Stationary measurement: • Venturi-Channel• Electromagnetic Flow Meter• Measuring Weir: for treated wastewater• Radar flow Meter• Ultrasonic (US) Transit Time Technique (mobile as
„Clamp-On“)Comparative measurement:
• Basin Measurement (using tanks or reservoirs)• US-Doppler Measurement resp. US-Cross-correlation
Venturi-Channel
Landesumweltamt Nordrhein-Westfalen –Merkblätter Band 47 (2004)
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Venturi-Channel at WWTPs
(ERTL, 2008)
Triangle-Notched-Weir
Overflow edge
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Triangle-Notched-Weir
h
10,00870,565Ce
25
h2gtan Ce15
8 Q
Impoundage ... h [m]Flow …. Q[m³/s]
h[mm] =60° =90° =120°5 0,002 0,003 0,00510 0,009 0,015 0,02715 0,024 0,041 0,07220 0,048 0,084 0,14525 0,084 0,145 0,25130 0,131 0,227 0,39235 0,191 0,331 0,57340 0,266 0,460 0,79745 0,355 0,615 1,06550 0,460 0,798 1,38155 0,583 1,009 1,74860 0,722 1,251 2,16765 0,880 1,525 2,64170 1,057 1,831 3,17275 1,254 2,172 3,76280 1,471 2,548 4,41385 1,709 2,960 5,12790 1,969 3,410 5,90695 2,251 3,898 6,752
100 2,556 4,426 7,667105 2,884 4,995 8,652110 3,236 5,605 9,708115 3,613 6,258 10,839120 4,015 6,954 12,045125 4,442 7,695 13,327130 4,896 8,480 14,689135 5,377 9,312 16,130140 5,884 10,191 17,652145 6,419 11,118 19,257150 6,982 12,094 20,947
Q [Liter/s]
EFM – Measuring section with inverted syphon
(GRAHLOW, 2010)
EFM Scheme (TEUFEL, 2006)
EFM at Main WWTP Vienna (TIPPE, 2010)
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Ultrasonic – Time Transit Technique (1)
Finding the right position of the combined sender and receiver sensors needs lot of experience.
Wall-thickness and material has to be known exactly.Incrustations inside the pipe-wall deliver additional measuring uncertainties.
Incrustation in sewage sludge pipe
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Ultrasonic – Time Transit Technique (2) „Clamp-On“
Quelle: www.rshydro.co.uk
46
Ultrasonic DopplerMeasurement of water level through US-Water and
separately with US-Air (Echo) (Source: www.nivus.de)
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Ultrasonic-Correlation method
Ultrasonic signal reflected by particles
Multiple measuring windows
Medium velocity over the total depth
Quelle: www.nivus.de
Radar flow meter
with integrated ultrasonic level meter (KAINZ & GRUBER)
deposits
reflected
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Comparative measurement - mobile EFM
www.axel-zangenberg.de
Sealing balloon
inflow
outflow
Mass flow concept of Austrian CSO Guideline
(811.360)
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Combined Sewer Overflow Friedensbrücke
Entlastungsereignis am 2.6.2010 in den Donaukanal (?? mm NS/24h)
Foto: Ertl, June 2010
© Google maps
55
Measuring water levels at CSO weir
Weir edge
- Nivellement
Measuring technique
- Ultrasonic Air (Echo sounder)
- Ultrasonic water
- Bubbler (compressed air)
- Piezometer (water pressure meter)
- Radar
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Emission & Quality Standards Combined ApproachExample for different system boundaries of mass balances
Erbe (2004)
CSO WWTP
Sources and processes regarding nutrients in water bodies
(VENOHR et al. 2009, cited in „STOBIMO“ - BMLFUW, 2011)
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Receiving WaterImpacts (811.360)
Time and spatial scales for processes in receiving water (Butler & Davies, 2000)
811357 Biology, Chemistry and Microbiology for Civil Engineering
11.10.10
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811357 Biology, Chemistry and Microbiology for Civil Engineering
Universität für Bodenkultur WienDepartment für Wasser-Atmosphäre-Umwelt
65
Co-ordination of objectives – good status for all waters by a set deadline (WFD, 2000)
Key objectives:
general protection of the aquatic ecology specific protection of unique and valuable habitats protection of drinking water resources protection of bathing water
All these objectives must be integrated for each river basin.
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Universität für Bodenkultur WienDepartment für Wasser-Atmosphäre-Umwelt
Waterbody quality (WFD, 2000)
The Waterbody quality is an evaluating parameter, influenced mainly by all kinds of (wastewater) dischargesand infiltration of non-point pollutants as well as the condition of the riverbed including the riverbanks and the community of organism living in this water (biocoenosis).
Parameters for the description of the Waterbody quality are:
• Morphological aspects (shape of the water)
• Physical aspects (light intensity, temperature etc.)
• Chemical aspects (Oxygen saturation, nutrients, toxic substances)
• Biological properties (species of animals and plants, saprobic index = Indication of the level of organic pollution)
811357 Biology, Chemistry and Microbiology for Civil Engineering
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Online monitoring
Online parameter:
-Turbidity
-SAK
-DOC/TOC
-pH
-ORP
-Conductivity
-Chlorine
-Phosphate
-Nitrate
-Nitrite
-Potassium
-Ammonium
-Heavy metals (in development)
-Flow rate (level and velocity)
Universität für Bodenkultur WienDepartment für Wasser-Atmosphäre-Umwelt
..
.. ...
. ..
..
..
INTEGRATED MODELLING APPROACHES OF A WATERBODY ON BASIS OF CONTINUOUS AND VALIDATED LONG-TERM MEASUREMENTS
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811.357
11.10.10
811.357
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Biomonitoring in Austrian freshwaters(extracted from Stubauer, 812.346)
with credit to Otto Moog, Franz Wagner, Karin Deutsch, Gisela Ofenböck
Content of Lecture:
Monitoring in Austrian Rivers till 2006
Approach, methods, results
Monitoring „new“ for WFD implementation Approach in Austria
Design of monitoring networks
Overview on Austrian methods for BQE
Ecological status maps
Examples of rivers with old/new classification
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S. Birk et al. (2012) Three hundred ways to assess Europe’s surface waters: An almost complete overview of biological methods to implement the Water Framework Directive. J. Ecol. Indicators
BIRK et al. (2012) Fig. 3. Share of sample sizes and sampling seasons among biological quality elements.
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You should be able to answer the following questions:• What are the relevant components of Urban Water Systems? (Intro)
• Please draw a scheme of subsystems + components in the urban water system• Which mass flows are relevant in Urban Water Management? (Intro)• Which type of processes are relevant in Urban Water Management? (Intro: sufficient?)
• Describe the "combined approach" regarding urban water systems effects on receiving waters
• Describe self cleaning processes of flowing waters and their influence on wastewater treatment technologies
• Which parameters are measured to understand hydraulic processes in surface waters, in water supply networks, sewer systems, WWTPs? (surface waters: see Holzmann; Ertl: part I)• Describe the methods of flow measurement in open channel and in pipes
• Which parameters are measured to understand the bio-chemical processes in surfacewaters, in water supply networks, sewer systems, WWTPs? (Ertl: part II)• Sampling methods for chemical parameters in open channels and pipes• Which methods are used to describe the ecological status of surface waters?
List of Abbreviations
BMPs Best Management PractiseBOD Biochemical Oxygen DemandC Coefficient (C*I*A)C-Elimination Carbon-EliminationCOD Chemical Oxygen DemandCSO Combined Sewer OverflowDO Dissolved OxygenetaR Efficiency of (comb.) sewer system
discharging storm runoff to the WWTPFFST First Flush Stormwater TankI Intensity (C*I*A)N NitrogenNeff Excess Rainfall
O2 OxygenORP Oxidation-Reduction-PotentialP PhosphorousPO4 PhosphateQDWF Dry Weather FlowQI/I Infiltration/Inflow (Parasite Flow)RB19 ÖWAV Guideline 19 (CSO Concept)SRQ Surface Runoff QualitySWT StormWater TankVNeff Volume of runoff from NeffWQ Water QualityWWTP WasteWater Treatment Plant
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ReferencesBMLFUW (Ed., 2011) Stoffbilanzmodellierung für Nährstoffe auf Einzugsgebietsebene (STOBIMO-Nährstoffe)
als Grundlage für Bewirtschaftungspläne und Maßnahmenprogramme – Endbericht. Butler, David and John Davies: Urban Drainage, Spon Press, 2010Erbe V. (2004) Integrierte Modellierung. Presentation (in german) at the “Hochschulgruppe” Meeting in
Luxemburg.Grahlow, S. (2010) Durchflussmesstechnik aus einer Hand. wwt 7-8Gujer, Willi : Siedlungswasserwirtschaft, Springer, 2007Kainz, H., Gruber, G. (2010): Abwasserbehandlung – Messtechnik, URL:
http://portal.tugraz.at/portal/page/portal/Files/i2150/download/Lehre/Wasser-%20und%20Abfallbehandlung/WABE_02_Messtechnik.pdf (abgerufen am 29.09.2010)
Kroiss, H. (Hrsg., 2007): Betrieb von Kläranlagen – Grundkurs. Wiener Mitteilungen Band 202, Technische Universität Wien.
Ministry of Life (2011) Facts and Figures. www.lebensministerium.atSchmitt, Theo and W. C. Huber (2005) The scope of integrated modeling - system boundaries, sub-systems,
scales and disciplines. Proceedings of the 10th ICUD. CopenhagenSpindler, A. (2011) Bilanzierung von Kläranlagendaten. Methoden und Anwendung. Folienhandout zu ÖWAV-
Infoveranstaltung Monitoring auf Kläranlagen. Wien, 2.-3.3.2011Teufel, M. (2006): Durchflussmessung mit Kreuzkorrelation, KA-Abwasser, Abfall.Tippe, H. (2010) Verifikation von Durchflussmessgeräten. Journal Abwasser Special. www.atp-online.deWFD (2000) EU Water Framework Directive..
Priv-Doz. Dr. Thomas Ertl
Universität für Bodenkultur Wien
Department für Wasser-Atmosphäre-UmweltInstitut für Siedlungswasserbau, Industriewasserwirtschaft und Gewässerschutz
Muthgasse 18, A-1190 WienTel.: +43 1 47654-5812, Fax: +43 1 36 89 [email protected] , www.boku.ac.at