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DC (NS) 49553/1© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSGeneral Certificate of EducationAdvanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
*2576581240*
PSYCHOLOGY 9698/11
Paper 1 Core Studies 1 May/June 2012
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer all questions.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
2
9698/11/M/J/12© UCLES 2012
Section A (60 marks)
Answer all questions in this section.
1 Describe two behaviours recorded by observers from the videotapes of suspects in the study by Mann et al (lying). [4]
2 From the study by Loftus and Pickrell (false memories):
(a) Describe the results for the recall and clarity of true events. [2]
(b) Describe the results for the recall and clarity of false events. [2]
3 Baron-Cohen et al say that the Eyes Test only involves the first and not the second stage in the attribution of theory of mind. Describe both of these stages. [4]
4 Held and Hein (kitten carousel) used three main tests to assess visual-spatial discrimination. They also did several additional tests to check the status of peripheral receptors and responses. Describe two of these additional tests. [4]
5 In Milgram’s study on obedience he says that we learn in childhood that it is a ‘breach of moral conduct to hurt another person’.
(a) To what extent did Milgram’s participants follow this aspect of moral conduct they had learned? [2]
(b) What did Milgram conclude? [2]
6 The study by Haney, Banks and Zimbardo was stopped early because of the negative effects of pathological prisoner syndrome. Describe two factors contributing to pathological prisoner syndrome. [4]
7 From the study by Piliavin et al (subway Samaritans):
(a) Identify one independent variable that was manipulated by the experimenters. [2]
(b) Identify two dependent variables recorded by the observers. [2]
8 Freud used the case study method to investigate little Hans.
(a) Give two features of this investigation that make it a case study. [2]
(b) Give one disadvantage of the case study method as used in this investigation. [2]
9 Describe two features of the sample in study 1 from Langlois et al (infant facial preference). [4]
3
9698/11/M/J/12© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
10 Describe two factors affecting children’s moral judgments that were investigated by Nelson. [4]
11 Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreaming) looked at the relationship between dream content and eye movements.
(a) Describe the dream content of one participant. [2]
(b) What did Dement and Kleitman conclude about the relationship between dream content and eye movements? [2]
12 From the study by Rosenhan (sane in insane places):
(a) What did the pseudopatients do to gain admission to the mental hospitals? [2]
(b) Describe what the pseudopatients did after they had been admitted. [2]
13 From the study by Thigpen and Cleckley (multiple personality disorder):
(a) Identify two tests that were used. [2]
(b) Describe the results of one of these tests. [2]
14 From the study by Billington et al (empathising and systemising):
(a) What is meant by ‘empathising’? [2]
(b) Give one piece of evidence that suggests females are better empathisers than males. [2]
15 From the study by Veale and Riley about body dysmorphic disorder (mirror gazing):
(a) State the two ways in which the control participants and the body dysmorphic disorder participants were matched. [2]
(b) Give two differences in activities during long sessions spent in front of the mirror between the two groups. [2]
4
9698/11/M/J/12© UCLES 2012
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
Section B (20 marks)
Answer both questions in this section.
16 Discuss one of the studies listed below in terms of two weaknesses.
Loftus and Pickrell (false memories) Bandura et al (aggression) Maguire et al (taxi drivers) [10]
17 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the laboratory experiment using one of the studies listed below.
Tajfel (intergroup categorisation) Schachter and Singer (emotion) Demattè et al (smells and facial attractiveness) [10]
This document consists of 4 printed pages.
DC (KN) 56541© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSGeneral Certificate of EducationAdvanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
*3049694043*
PSYCHOLOGY 9698/13
Paper 1 Core Studies 1 May/June 2012
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer all questions.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
2
9698/13/M/J/12© UCLES 2012
Section A (60 marks)
Answer all questions in this section.
1 Describe two behaviours recorded by observers from the videotapes of suspects in the study by Mann et al (lying). [4]
2 From the study by Loftus and Pickrell (false memories):
(a) Describe the results for the recall and clarity of true events. [2]
(b) Describe the results for the recall and clarity of false events. [2]
3 Baron-Cohen et al say that the Eyes Test only involves the first and not the second stage in the attribution of theory of mind. Describe both of these stages. [4]
4 Held and Hein (kitten carousel) used three main tests to assess visual-spatial discrimination. They also did several additional tests to check the status of peripheral receptors and responses. Describe two of these additional tests. [4]
5 In Milgram’s study on obedience he says that we learn in childhood that it is a ‘breach of moral conduct to hurt another person’.
(a) To what extent did Milgram’s participants follow this aspect of moral conduct they had learned? [2]
(b) What did Milgram conclude? [2]
6 The study by Haney, Banks and Zimbardo was stopped early because of the negative effects of pathological prisoner syndrome. Describe two factors contributing to pathological prisoner syndrome. [4]
7 From the study by Piliavin et al (subway Samaritans):
(a) Identify one independent variable that was manipulated by the experimenters. [2]
(b) Identify two dependent variables recorded by the observers. [2]
8 Freud used the case study method to investigate little Hans.
(a) Give two features of this investigation that make it a case study. [2]
(b) Give one disadvantage of the case study method as used in this investigation. [2]
9 Describe two features of the sample in study 1 from Langlois et al (infant facial preference). [4]
3
9698/13/M/J/12© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
10 Describe two factors affecting children’s moral judgments that were investigated by Nelson. [4]
11 Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreaming) looked at the relationship between dream content and eye movements.
(a) Describe the dream content of one participant. [2]
(b) What did Dement and Kleitman conclude about the relationship between dream content and eye movements? [2]
12 From the study by Rosenhan (sane in insane places):
(a) What did the pseudopatients do to gain admission to the mental hospitals? [2]
(b) Describe what the pseudopatients did after they had been admitted. [2]
13 From the study by Thigpen and Cleckley (multiple personality disorder):
(a) Identify two tests that were used. [2]
(b) Describe the results of one of these tests. [2]
14 From the study by Billington et al (empathising and systemising):
(a) What is meant by ‘empathising’? [2]
(b) Give one piece of evidence that suggests females are better empathisers than males. [2]
15 From the study by Veale and Riley about body dysmorphic disorder (mirror gazing):
(a) State the two ways in which the control participants and the body dysmorphic disorder participants were matched. [2]
(b) Give two differences in activities during long sessions spent in front of the mirror between the two groups. [2]
4
9698/13/M/J/12© UCLES 2012
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
Section B (20 marks)
Answer both questions in this section.
16 Discuss one of the studies listed below in terms of two weaknesses.
Loftus and Pickrell (false memories) Bandura et al (aggression) Maguire et al (taxi drivers) [10]
17 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the laboratory experiment using one of the studies listed below.
Tajfel (intergroup categorisation) Schachter and Singer (emotion) Demattè et al (smells and facial attractiveness) [10]
This document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page.
DC (NS) 49656/1© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSGeneral Certificate of EducationAdvanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
*2821288629*
PSYCHOLOGY 9698/21
Paper 2 Core Studies 2 May/June 2012
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer both questions in Section A.Answer one question in Section B.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
2
9698/21/M/J/12© UCLES 2012
Section A (50 marks)
Answer both questions in this section.
1 Baron-Cohen et al (eyes test) used a natural experiment to test for advanced theory of mind in adults with either high-functioning autism or Asperger syndrome. One way to improve the ecological validity of this study would be by using actors rather than photographs of eyes.
(a) Describe different types of validity in psychology. [5]
(b) Design an alternative study using actors rather than photographs and describe how it could be conducted. [10]
(c) Evaluate this alternative way of studying advanced theory of mind in practical and methodological terms. [10]
2 Thigpen and Cleckley (multiple personality disorder) investigated Eve through hours of therapy and testing to find out more about her symptoms and help to treat her disorder.
(a) What is meant by a psychometric test? [2]
(b) Describe the results of the psychometric tests used in Thigpen and Cleckley’s study. [3]
(c) Compare and contrast the psychometric testing approach as used by Thigpen and Cleckley with one other way of gathering data. [10]
(d) Discuss the extent to which individual and situational explanations of Eve’s behaviour are supported by Thigpen and Cleckley’s findings. [10]
3
9698/21/M/J/12© UCLES 2012
Section B (20 marks)
Answer one question from this section.
3 (a) Outline what is meant by the ‘social approach’ in psychology. [2]
Using the studies from the list below, answer the questions which follow.
Haney, Banks and Zimbardo (prison simulation) Milgram (obedience) Piliavin et al (subway Samaritans)
(b) Describe the social processes that were investigated in each of these studies. [9]
(c) What problems may psychologists have when they investigate the social approach? [9]
4 (a) Outline what is meant by ‘application of psychology to everyday life’. [2]
Using the studies from the list below, answer the questions which follow.
Billington et al (empathising and systemising) Rosenhan (sane in insane places) Maguire et al (taxi drivers)
(b) Describe how each of these studies is useful. [9]
(c) What problems may psychologists have when they try to create useful studies? [9]
4
9698/21/M/J/12© UCLES 2012
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
BLANK PAGE
This document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page.
DC (NS) 49658/1© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSGeneral Certificate of EducationAdvanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
*6239879480*
PSYCHOLOGY 9698/22
Paper 2 Core Studies 2 May/June 2012
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer both questions in Section A.Answer one question in Section B.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
2
9698/22/M/J/12© UCLES 2012
Section A (50 marks)
Answer both questions in this section.
1 Rosenhan (sane in insane places) used an observation to investigate staff behaviour towards patients in psychiatric hospitals. An alternative way to investigate this would be to design a self report study.
(a) Describe the self report as a research method. [5]
(b) Design an alternative study using a self report and describe how it could be conducted. [10]
(c) Evaluate this alternative way of studying staff behaviour towards patients in psychiatric hospitals in practical and ethical terms. [10]
2 The study by Maguire et al investigated the brain activity of taxi drivers using scientific equipment to conduct physiological tests.
(a) What is meant by a physiological test? [2]
(b) Describe one control in the physiological tests used in Maguire et al’s study. [3]
(c) Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the physiological approach as used in the study by Maguire et al. [10]
(d) Discuss the extent to which the findings of Maguire et al’s study can be usefully applied. [10]
3
9698/22/M/J/12© UCLES 2012
Section B (20 marks)
Answer one question from this section.
3 (a) Outline what is meant by the ‘developmental approach’ in psychology. [2]
Using the studies from the list below, answer the questions which follow.
Nelson (children’s morals) Langlois et al (infant facial preference) Bandura et al (aggression)
(b) Describe how data was collected from the children in each of these studies. [9]
(c) What are the advantages of using the developmental approach for psychologists? [9]
4 (a) Outline what is meant by the term ‘ethical guideline’. [2]
Using the studies from the list below, answer the questions which follow.
Haney, Banks and Zimbardo (prison simulation) Milgram (obedience) Veale and Riley (mirror gazing)
(b) Describe an ethical guideline raised in each of these studies. [9]
(c) What problems may psychologists have when they try to make their studies ethical? [9]
4
9698/22/M/J/12© UCLES 2012
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
BLANK PAGE
This document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page.
DC (SLM) 57482© UCLES 2012 [Turn over
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSGeneral Certificate of EducationAdvanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
*1983839790*
PSYCHOLOGY 9698/23
Paper 2 Core Studies 2 May/June 2012
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer both questions in Section A.Answer one question in Section B.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
2
9698/23/M/J/12© UCLES 2012
Section A (50 marks)
Answer both questions in this section.
1 Baron-Cohen et al (eyes test) used a natural experiment to test for advanced theory of mind in adults with either high-functioning autism or Asperger syndrome. One way to improve the ecological validity of this study would be by using actors rather than photographs of eyes.
(a) Describe different types of validity in psychology. [5]
(b) Design an alternative study using actors rather than photographs and describe how it could be conducted. [10]
(c) Evaluate this alternative way of studying advanced theory of mind in practical and methodological terms. [10]
2 Thigpen and Cleckley (multiple personality disorder) investigated Eve through hours of therapy and testing to find out more about her symptoms and help to treat her disorder.
(a) What is meant by a psychometric test? [2]
(b) Describe the results of the psychometric tests used in Thigpen and Cleckley’s study. [3]
(c) Compare and contrast the psychometric testing approach as used by Thigpen and Cleckley with one other way of gathering data. [10]
(d) Discuss the extent to which individual and situational explanations of Eve’s behaviour are supported by Thigpen and Cleckley’s findings. [10]
3
9698/23/M/J/12© UCLES 2012
Section B (20 marks)
Answer one question from this section.
3 (a) Outline what is meant by the ‘social approach’ in psychology. [2]
Using the studies from the list below, answer the questions which follow.
Haney, Banks and Zimbardo (prison simulation) Milgram (obedience) Piliavin et al (subway Samaritans)
(b) Describe the social processes that were investigated in each of these studies. [9]
(c) What problems may psychologists have when they investigate the social approach? [9]
4 (a) Outline what is meant by ‘application of psychology to everyday life’. [2]
Using the studies from the list below, answer the questions which follow.
Billington et al (empathising and systemising) Rosenhan (sane in insane places) Maguire et al (taxi drivers)
(b) Describe how each of these studies is useful. [9]
(c) What problems may psychologists have when they try to create useful studies? [9]
4
9698/23/M/J/12© UCLES 2012
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
BLANK PAGE
This document consists of 4 printed pages.
DC (NH) 59535/2© UCLES 2013 [Turn over
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSGeneral Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
*8207549534*
PSYCHOLOGY 9698/11
Paper 1 Core Studies 1 May/June 2013
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer all questions.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
2
9698/11/M/J/13© UCLES 2013
Section A (60 marks)
Answer all questions in this section.
1 The experiment by Mann et al (lying) investigated whether the suspects were lying or telling the truth.
(a) Explain why this is an experiment. [2]
(b) Outline one advantage of laboratory experiments using Mann et al as an example. [2]
2 Loftus and Pickrell studied false memories.
(a) Describe the aim of the study. [2]
(b) Describe one piece of evidence which supports the aim. [2]
3 From the study by Baron-Cohen et al (eyes test):
(a) Describe how the Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism (AS/HFA) participants were selected. [2]
(b) Describe how the normal adult (control) participants were selected. [2]
4 From the study by Held and Hein (kitten carousel):
(a) Describe the visual cliff results for the active and passive kittens. [2]
(b) What did Held and Hein conclude from these results? [2]
5 Participants in the study by Haney, Banks and Zimbardo (prison simulation) went through an induction procedure. Describe two features of the induction procedure that were true to real life. [4]
6 The study by Piliavin et al (subway Samaritans) used several controls. Outline two of these controls. [4]
7 From the study by Tajfel on intergroup categorisation:
(a) Explain how the participants were allocated to groups in the first study and how they believed they were allocated to groups. [2]
(b) Why was it essential to the experiment that participants were deceived in this way? [2]
3
9698/11/M/J/13© UCLES 2013 [Turn over
8 From the study by Bandura et al (aggression):
(a) How is ‘imitative learning’ different from the effect of the presence of a model on immediate behaviour? [2]
(b) How did Bandura et al show that imitative learning involves the generalisation of imitative responses when the model is absent? [2]
9 From the study by Schachter and Singer (emotion), identify four of the categories used by observers to code the behaviour of the participants in the anger condition. [4]
10 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreaming):
(a) Describe two features of the sample. [2]
(b) Explain one disadvantage of this sample. [2]
11 In the study by Maguire et al (taxi drivers), ethical guidelines were followed. Identify two ethical guidelines and describe how they were followed in the study. [4]
12 In the study by Demattè et al, four odours (smells) were used.
(a) Describe how the odours were delivered to the participants. [2]
(b) Explain one advantage of delivering the odours in this way. [2]
13 The study by Thigpen and Cleckley (multiple personality disorder) used the Rorschach (ink blot) projective test.
(a) Describe the results of this test for Eve White and Eve Black. [2]
(b) Explain one weakness of this projective test. [2]
14 One self report measure used by Billington et al was the revised systemising questionnaire (SQ-R) which is an improved version of the original systemising questionnaire (SQ).
(a) Describe the original systemising questionnaire (SQ). [2]
(b) Explain how the revised systemising questionnaire (SQ-R) improved upon the original systemising questionnaire (SQ). [2]
15 The study by Veale and Riley (mirror gazing) used the self report method.
(a) Outline two pieces of qualitative data about behaviours from the body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) patients. [2]
(b) Suggest one advantage of collecting qualitative data in this study. [2]
4
9698/11/M/J/13© UCLES 2013
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
Section B (20 marks)
Answer both questions in this section.
16 Discuss one of the studies listed below in terms of the extent to which it supports a situational explanation.
Milgram (obedience) Haney, Banks and Zimbardo (prison simulation) Rosenhan (sane in insane places) [10]
17 Discuss the use of children in psychological research using one of the studies listed below as an example.
Freud (little Hans) Langlois et al (infant facial preference) Nelson (children’s morals) [10]
This document consists of 4 printed pages.
DC (NH) 59536/2© UCLES 2013 [Turn over
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSGeneral Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
*7524217499*
PSYCHOLOGY 9698/12
Paper 1 Core Studies 1 May/June 2013
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer all questions.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
2
9698/12/M/J/13© UCLES 2013
Section A (60 marks)
Answer all questions in this section.
1 Describe two aims from the study by Mann et al (lying). [4]
2 From the study by Loftus and Pickrell (false memories):
(a) Describe how the sample was obtained. [2]
(b) Explain one disadvantage of sampling in this way. [2]
3 The study by Baron-Cohen et al (eyes test) compared Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism (AS/HFA) and control groups.
(a) A graph was used to show the spread of eyes test scores in the control groups. Describe the general shape of this graph. [2]
(b) Describe the difference in results on the eyes test between the AS/HFA group and any of the controls. [2]
4 Milgram investigated the effects of payment on obligation to obey using undergraduates who were not paid.
(a) What were the results of this investigation? [2]
(b) What do these results tell us about the sense of obligation for Milgram’s original participants? [2]
5 In the study by Haney, Banks and Zimbardo (prison simulation):
(a) The guards were given a uniform. Identify two items of the uniform. [2]
(b) Describe the effect the uniform had on the behaviour of the guards. [2]
6 The study by Piliavin et al (subway Samaritans) used two observers to collect quantitative data.
(a) Suggest one weakness with the way in which the observational data was collected. [2]
(b) Suggest one way to improve the collection of data in this study. [2]
7 From study 1 by Tajfel on intergroup categorisation, give four features of the sample. [4]
3
9698/12/M/J/13© UCLES 2013 [Turn over
8 Freud studied little Hans.
(a) Give one advantage of the case study method in this study. [2]
(b) Give one disadvantage of the case study method in this study. [2]
9 The study by Nelson on children’s morals was an experiment. One independent variable was ‘motive’. Explain the two levels of the ‘motive’ variable. [4]
10 From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreaming):
(a) Describe how eye movements were recorded. [2]
(b) Describe how brain waves were recorded. [2]
11 State four controls from the study by Maguire et al (taxi drivers). [4]
12 The study by Demattè et al (smells and facial attractiveness) was an experiment.
(a) The tests of ‘facial attractiveness’ and ‘odour pleasantness’ used the same experimental design. Identify and outline this experimental design. [2]
(b) Explain one advantage of this experimental design. [2]
13 The study by Rosenhan (sane in insane places) used pseudo-patients.
(a) Briefly describe the pseudo-patients. [2]
(b) Describe how the pseudo-patients gained access to the mental institutions. [2]
14 Billington et al (empathising and systemising) used self reports, such as the revised systemising questionnaire (SQ-R), to collect data.
(a) What is meant by the term ‘self report’? [2]
(b) What were the results of the SQ-R for males and females? [2]
15 Describe two conclusions from the study by Veale and Riley on mirror gazing. [4]
4
9698/12/M/J/13© UCLES 2013
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
Section B (20 marks)
Answer both questions in this section.
16 Evaluate one of the studies listed below in terms of two strengths.
Schachter and Singer (emotion) Maguire et al (taxi drivers) Thigpen and Cleckley (multiple personality disorder) [10]
17 Discuss the relative strengths of using animals versus human participants to investigate development. Use one of the studies listed below as an example.
Held and Hein (kitten carousel) Bandura et al (aggression) Langlois et al (infant facial preference) [10]
This document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page.
DC (NH) 59994/2© UCLES 2013 [Turn over
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSGeneral Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
*6118221489*
PSYCHOLOGY 9698/21
Paper 2 Core Studies 2 May/June 2013
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer both questions in Section A.Answer one question in Section B.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
2
9698/21/M/J/13© UCLES 2013
Section A (50 marks)
Answer both questions in this section.
1 Milgram (obedience) conducted a controlled observation in a laboratory to investigate obedience to an authority figure. An alternative way to investigate this would be to conduct an observation in the natural environment.
(a) Describe different types of experiments in psychology. [5]
(b) Design an alternative study to the Milgram study using an observation in the natural environment and describe how it could be conducted. [10]
(c) Evaluate this alternative way of studying obedience to authority in ethical and methodological terms. [10]
2 Veale and Riley conducted a self report study that investigated mirror gazing beliefs and behaviours in patients with body dysmorphic disorder.
(a) What is meant by ‘application of psychology to everyday life’? [2]
(b) Explain why Veale and Riley’s study is an example of the individual differences approach. [3]
(c) Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the individual differences approach as used in the study by Veale and Riley. [10]
(d) Discuss the extent to which the findings of Veale and Riley’s study can be applied to everyday life. [10]
3
9698/21/M/J/13© UCLES 2013
Section B (20 marks)
Answer one question from this section.
3 (a) Outline what is meant by the ‘cognitive approach’ in psychology. [2]
Using the studies from the list below, answer the questions which follow.
Baron-Cohen et al (eyes test) Held and Hein (kitten carousel) Mann et al (lying)
(b) Describe the cognitive processes that were investigated in each of these studies. [9]
(c) What are the advantages of using the cognitive approach for psychologists? [9]
4 (a) Outline what is meant by ‘qualitative data’. [2]
Using the studies from the list below, answer the questions which follow.
Haney, Banks and Zimbardo (prison simulation) Freud (little Hans) Rosenhan (sane in insane places)
(b) Describe the qualitative data and how they were collected in each of these studies. [9]
(c) What problems may psychologists have when they collect qualitative data? [9]
4
9698/21/M/J/13© UCLES 2013
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
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This document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page.
DC (NH) 59996/2© UCLES 2013 [Turn over
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONSGeneral Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
*8812944671*
PSYCHOLOGY 9698/23
Paper 2 Core Studies 2 May/June 2013
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer both questions in Section A.Answer one question in Section B.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
2
9698/23/M/J/13© UCLES 2013
Section A (50 marks)
Answer both questions in this section.
1 Nelson (children’s morals) did a laboratory experiment to test the use of motives and outcomes when children make moral judgements. An alternative way to investigate morals is to do a field experiment, for example, in a playground.
(a) Describe the laboratory experiment method and outline how it was used by Nelson. [5]
(b) Design an alternative study to the Nelson study as a field experiment and describe how it could be conducted. [10]
(c) Evaluate this alternative way of studying morals in ethical and methodological terms. [10]
2 Held and Hein carried out a laboratory experiment on kittens to investigate depth perception.
(a) What is meant by the term ‘ethical guideline’? [2]
(b) Describe how Held and Hein addressed one ethical guideline in their study. [3]
(c) Discuss the reliability and validity of the results from the study by Held and Hein. [10]
(d) To what extent are human ethical issues relevant to research using animals? Use Held and Hein’s study as an example in your discussion. [10]
3
9698/23/M/J/13© UCLES 2013
Section B (20 marks)
Answer one question from this section.
3 (a) Outline what is meant by the term ‘generalisations’ in psychology. [2]
Using the studies from the list below, answer the questions which follow.
Baron-Cohen et al (eyes test) Maguire et al (taxi drivers) Rosenhan (sane in insane places)
(b) Describe a generalisation that can be made from each of these studies. [9]
(c) What problems may psychologists have when they make generalisations from psychological research? [9]
4 (a) Outline what is meant by the term ‘ethnocentric bias’ in psychology. [2]
Using the studies from the list below, answer the questions which follow.
Mann et al (lying) Billington et al (empathising and systemising) Loftus and Pickrell (false memories)
(b) Describe how the data were collected in each of these studies. [9]
(c) What problems may psychologists have when they try to avoid ethnocentric bias in their research? [9]
4
9698/23/M/J/13© UCLES 2013
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
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