UNIVERSITY OF MACEDONIA

MASTER IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Konstantinos G. Kouskouras

Thessaloniki, 11-02-2002

-02-2002

multicasting

multicast tree

multicastingIP Multicasting

IGMP

IP Multicasting -(intra-domain

- inter-domain

IP Multicasting ATM

multicasting.

Abstract

Multicasting provides an efficient way of disseminating data to a group of receivers. Instead of sending a separate copy of the data to each individual receiver, the sender just sends a single copy to all the receivers. A multicast tree is set up in the network with the receivers as leaf nodes. Data flows through the multicast tree, traversing each tree edge exactly once. This paper presents the basic technologies and protocols currently available for the support of multicasting. First the basic concepts of IP Multicasting are presenting, including the group concept and the IGMP, a protocol which hosts use to join or leave a group. Next, the various algorithms used to set up the multicast delivery trees are briefly presented, along with the most important IP Multicasting routing protocols on an intra-domain level. A reference to the inter-domain multicast routing protocols follows, for groups having members in different domains. Also, protocols ensuring reliable transport of multicast packets are examined. Then, the support of IP Multicasting over an ATM network is discussed. Finally, there is a brief reference to some future trends in multicasting and relevant protocols.

- Introduction ____________________________________________________________ 3

IP multicasting ________________________________ ________________________________ ____ 5

Internet Group Management Protocol – IGMP) 6

multicast – Multicast routing algorithms _________________________ 7

Flooding ________________________________ ________________________________ _______ 7

Reverse Path Forwarding Broadcasting (RPF-RPB) _______________________________ 7

Truncated Reverse Path Broadcasting (TRPB) _______________________________________ 8

Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM)__________________________________________________ 8

Core Based Trees (CBT)__________________________________________________________ 9

IP multicasting – IP multicasting routing protocols ______________ 11

Dense-mode – Dense Mode protocols ___________________________________ 11 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)________________________________ 11 Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF)________________________________________ 13 Protocol Independent Multicast – Dense Mode (PIM-DM) _____________________________ 14

Sparse-Mode – Sparse-Mode protocols _________________________________ 15 Core Based Tree (CBT) ________________________________________________________ 15 Protocol Independent Multicast – Sparse Mode ______________________________________ 16

Tunneling ________________________________________________________________ _____ 17

Inter-domain Multicast Routing ________________________________ _____________________ 18

MBGP/MSDP ________________________________________________________________ _ 19

MASC/BGMP ________________________________________________________________ _ 22

multicasting – Reliable multicast transport protocols _______ 25

Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol – RMTP _____________________________________ 26

Reliable Adaptive Multicast Protocol (R MP) ______________________________________ 27

Pretty Good (or Pragmatic General) Multicast (PGM)________________________________ 27

Reliable Multicast Framework Protocol (RMFP) ____________________________________ 28

Real-time Transport Protocol & Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTP & RTCP)____ 28

IP multicasting ATM – IP multicasting over ATM networks ______________________ 30

MARS-based ATM multicasting ________________________________ __________________ 30

multicast – New trends in multicast routing___________________ 34

Explicitly Requested Single Source (EXPRESS) Multicast_____________________________ 34

Simple Multicast _______________________________________________________________ 34

- Conclusions _______________________________________________________ 36

- – Bibliography-References _____________________________________ 37

- Introduction

Multicasting datagram connectionlesshosts

group

unicasting broadcasting

multicasting

multicast-enabled routers

multicasting

multicasting resource discovery

OSPF multicastingdatacasting

audio-cast, video-cast

multicastingmulticasting

Ethernet MACmulticasting multicast

IP MACmulticast filtering

(switchesmulticast

multicasting multicast

multicast- -

multicasting

IP multicasting

IP multicasting -Stephen Deering IP multicasting

IP datagram group hostsIP multicast datagram

(best-effort unicast datagrams

multicasting network layertransport layer

multicast

• • •

•

•

Multicast Group

(Internet Group Management Protocol – IGMP)

IP(v v Dbit

multicastLAN

joinmulticast multicast enabled router

IGMP IGMPv1) rfc

(internet standard).

IGMP network layerIGMP encapsulated IP datagram

IGMPmulticast

multicast

queryqueries

multicast

IGMPv

queriermulticast

IGMPvper-

source filtering).

multicast – Multicast routing algorithms

multicastunicast

IP multicastmulticast -

spanning tree multicast

Flooding

multicast

(scalingcongestion multicast

multicast Reverse Path Forwarding Broadcasting (RPF-RPB)

RPF -

multicast

Reverse Path Broadcasting (RPB)

(unicast

multicast

Truncated Reverse Path Broadcasting (TRPB)

RPB TRPB multicast

-

IGMP

(spanning tree -- -

Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM)

TRPB multicast traffic

TRPB multicast-

upstream) -

prune-

prune

flooding multicast

RPM

Core Based Trees (CBT)

- source-trees

dense)

sparse

unicast

unicast

core based trees. multicast -

shared tree core

source trees

(join request unicasting

o acknowledgment

join multicast datagrams unicasting

CBTscaling

unicast

-

-bottleneck

Source 1

Source 2

Receiver 1

B

E

A D F

C

Receiver 2

Receiver 1

B

E

A D (Shared Root)

F

C

Receiver 2

Source 2

Source 1

IP multicasting – IP multicasting routing protocols

IP multicast trafficnetwork unicast

multicast IP datagrams

IP multicast

IP multicasting

bandwidthdense-mode

flooding) -

- -

sparse)

floodingsparse-mode

-(shared-trees

IP multicast Dense-mode – Dense Mode protocols Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)

DVMRP IP multicasting. MBONE (Multicast backbone

multicasting

DVMRP rfc

Internet Draft DVMRPunicast Routing Information Protocol (RIP

RIP unicastnext-hop

DVMRPprevious-hop

DVMRP

TRPB multicast datagram

unicast

unicast

RPMgraft)

pruneprune

DVMRP flooding

DVMRPvMBONE DVMRPv

DVMRP

Source

local subnet

MR 3

MR 8

MR 7

MR 6

MR 5 MR 4 MR 2

MR 1

Group Member

Group Member

Group Member Group

Member

: 1 2 3 4

multicast router 1

DVMRP v3). -

prune pruneprune

Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF)

MOSPF OSPFmulticast IP datagrams OSPF unicast IP datagrams

link state routing

internetwork

(link state advertisement – LSA LSA(area utonomous System – AS

OSPF

Dijkstra

MOSPF OSPFLSAs [12].

IGMP

floodingLSA

LSA- - - Group Membership-LSA OSPF LSA.

multicast datagram

data-drivenmulticast MOSPF

Dijkstracaching

Sourcelocal subnet

MR 8

MR 5MR 4MR 2

MR 1

GroupMember

GroupMember

GroupMemberGroup

Member

mutlicastMOSPF Area Border Routers

LSA LSA Summary Membership LSA LSA - backbone area

backbonemulticast

MOSPFOSPF unicast

flooding multicastDVMRP Dijkstra

MR 5

MR 8

MR 2

MR 4

MR 1

MR 9

MR 6

MR 3

Source 1 2 3

MR 7

– IGMP

–

–

–

Protocol Independent Multicast – Dense Mode (PIM-DM)

Protocol Independent Multicast, Inter-Domain Multicast Routing Internet

Engineering Task Force. multicast Internet

unicast

PIM-DM PIM-SM (Sparce Mode

PIM-DM DVMRP

RPM PIM-DMflood

multicast

pruneDVMRP

unicastPIM-DM

unicastPIM-DM

pruningflooding

Sparse-Mode – Sparse-Mode protocols Core Based Tree (CBT)

CBTshared tree CBT

IP multicast multicast

corejoin

acknowledgmentjoin

acknowledgement. multicastunicast

M R

M RC oreM R

M R

M RM R

M RM R

M R

M R

M R

M R

M R

Join 1

Join 2

Protocol Independent Multicast – Sparse Mode

CBT PIM-SM receiver-initiated

PIM-SMmulticast Rendezvous Point (RP

core CBT PIM-SM

RP

RPdesignated router

join

prunelatency

inter-domain multicastPIM-SM IP multicast

(scaling).

MR

MR

RPt MR MR MR

MR

MR

MR

MR

2 1

1 2 3

Rendezvous Point join RPt Multicast Router

B join

Tunneling

multicasting

tunneling multicast encapsulated) IP datagram

Internet

multicastmulticasting.

Inter-domain Multicast Routing

tunneling multicastmulticasting

Internet

AS domain ASinterior gateway protocol

AS exterior) gatewayAS.

- inter-domain multicast [13]. • Scaling

multicast Internet

• third-party independency).

domainsdomain domain

domain. To multicastunicast

• stability).

overhead

• - intra-domain) multicastdomain multicast

domaindomains

inter-domain multicast routing

PIM-SM intra-domain Multiprotocol Border Gateway Protocol (MBGP

AS Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDPAS

Multiple Address Set-Claim SC Border Gateway Multicast Protocol (BGMP). MBGP/MSDP

rder Gateway Protocol (BGP gatewayunicast Internet

- path-vectordistance- BGP

AS attributesBGP BGP peers

BGP session BGP TCP BGP peers

BGP sessionroutes

(update

multicastmulticast

unicast o multicast gateway

configuration

BGP

Multiprotocol Border Gateway Protocol BGP MBGPBGP-

IP. multicast

MBGP unicast multicast session

mutlicast

updatemulticast

MBGP

unicast multicast

MBGPRP

RP domainmulticast Multicast

Source Discovery Protocol (MSDPPIM-SM RP

- inter-domain RP

MSDP TCP oRP MSDP peers

register RP PIM-SM RP Source Active – SA

MSDP peers IP RP) multicast

peers MBGP

update RPPIM-SM join

RP

PIM-SM.

AS1 AS2

RP 1 RP 2

Receiver 1 Receiver 2

IGMP Join IGMP Join

Join (*, G)

Source

TCP controlconnection for

MSDP

multicast

AS1 AS2

RP 1 RP 2

Receiver 1 Receiver 2Source

TCP controlconnection for

MSDP

Data

Register (S, G)

(S, G) SAmessage

multicast

AS1 AS2

RP 1 RP 2

Receiver 1 Receiver 2Source

TCP controlconnection for

MSDP

Data

Register (S, G)

Join (S, G)

Join (S, G)

Join (S, G)

RP join inter-domain

To MSDP

multicasting

join latencyRP SA

joinbursty

MSDP peer cachingSA

(scaling flood SA

MASC/BGMP

-multicasting Border Gateway Multicast Protocol

Multicast Address Set Claim multicastMBGP multicast

BGMPMASC MASC

multicast internet

multicast IP

(administratively scoped

AS1 AS2

RP 1 RP 2

Receiver 1 Receiver 2Source

TCP controlconnection for

MSDP

DataDataData

DataData

Data

RP

AS.

Multicast Address Allocation Architecture (MALLOC ASC

domains Address Allocation Protocol (AAPMulticast Address Dynamic

Client Allocation Protocol (MADCAPMulticast Address Allocation Server

AS).

MASC MALLOC MASC -

MASC

listen and claim with collision detection- multicast

TCP MASCexchange

TCP MASCexchange

TCP MASC exchange

Multicast AAP

MASC router

MAAS server

MADCAPMADCAP MADCAP

MAAS client

MAAS server MAAS server

MAAS client MAAS client

MASC router MASC router

Allocation domain

MAASMAAS multicast

MAASAAP MBGP

MBGP group routes).

BGMPgroup routes -

multicastBGMP

-

MBGPBGMP

ASC multicastPIM-SM DVMRP

BGMP

BGMP.

multicasting – Reliable multicast transport protocols

multicast datagrams network multicast datagrams unicast

transport

unicasting TCP generic)

TCP multicasting,

TCPD

datagrams

acknowledgement

multicastn

multicasting

• •

•

•

•

multicast

RQ (Automatic Repeat request)

ACK

ACK

CK implosion)

NACK

FEC (Forward Error Correction)

parity

ARQ

(Hybrid) FEC

layered FECARQ transparency

FEC

FEC

multicasting

Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol – RMTP

RMTP

multicast

proximity– Time To Live (TTL datagram

globallocal

RMTPDesignated Receiver - DR

global multicast DRDR

global multicast unicasting DR

DR DRlocal multicast unicasting

ACK ACK implosion.

RMTPsequence number

DR unicasting DR

(cache

RMTP

caching TTL

Reliable Adaptive Multicast Protocol (R MP)

RAMP NACKunicast

TBONENACK

RAMP

NACK

NACK. Pretty Good (or Pragmatic General) Multicast (PGM)

PGM– Source Path Messages (SPM) –

SPM unpstream

unicast NACK

SPMmulticast

TTL NACK (NCFNCAK

CF

NACKNACK

Reliable Multicast Framework Protocol (RMFP)

RMFP

multicast

Application Level Framing (ALF

Real-time Transport Protocol & Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTP & RTCP)

TCP multicast

TCPRTP/RTCP

network layerunicasting multicasting IP multicast,

To RTP multicasting

transportend-to-end

- interactive) audio video unicast multicast

(shared whiteboard RTPRTP RTP

RTPtime

stamping RTCPRTP

RTP UDP/IPchecksum multiplexing

header RTP

session) RTP RTCPRTCP RTPRTCPRTP

feedback

RTCP

interarrival jitter RTCP RTP.

IP multicasting ATM – IP multicasting over ATM networks

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force IP ATM

IP multicasting

ATM IP traffic) [23].

multicastingATM ATM

connection oriented IP multicasting IP multicasting ATM

ATM User Network Interface (UNIUNI

multipoint) [24]. MARS-based ATM multicasting

multicasting IP ATM. Multicast

Multicast Address Resolution Server – MARSmesh of point-to-

multipoint Virtual Circuitsmulticast

Multicast Server (MCS) [25].

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM connection oriented VC

unicast VCpoint to point

VC (point to multipoint

ATM multicastIP multicast

ATMMARSMARS IP multicast

MARScluster ATM

MARSIP IP

Logical IP Sublet – LISmulticast MARS

MARSVC Mesh MCS.

VC Mesh cluster

MARS MARSIP

LISRS ATM

point-to-multipoint VC

MARSVC VC

multicast enabled clustermulticastpoint-to-multipoint VC

MCS, o MCS proxyMCS

MCS point-to-point VC RS

MCS RS point-to-multipoint VC MCS cluster

cluster MCSMARS MCS

MARS multicast ATM

Point-to-multipoint VC

Point-to-multipoint VC

Point-to-point VC

MARS

MARS point-to-multipoint VC

MARS MCS multicast MCS

MCS point-to-point VC point-to-multipoint VC

MCS MARS point-to-multipoint VC

multicast MCSMARS

point-to-multipoint VC

VC MeshMCS

VC

UNI multicastingMCS IP multicasting ATM

IP multicastingMCS

MCS

Host 1 MARS

Host 2 MCS

Point-to-multipoint VC MARS

MCS

Point-to-point VC

MARS

Point-to-multipoint VC

Point-to-multipoint VC

VC

MCS

multicast – New trends in multicast routing

multicasting

multicasting- multicast

Explicitly Requested Single Source (EXPRESS) Multicast

Express -IP Multicasting

multicast channel datagramsS,E S

SS,E

S E S,E S’,E

multicastACK, NACK

Express

Internet TV

Simple Multicast

Simple Multicast Express.

multicast C,M), C- M multicast Simple Multicast

bytes(RP multicast D

Simple MulticastRP multicast

- multicasting

multicast

- Conclusions

multicasting

multicasting

Internet

multicastingInternet IP

multicasting

multicasting

- – Bibliography-References

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, , multicasting,

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Survey of Multicast Technologies, http://www-rp.lip6.fr/publications/files/sf

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IP Multicast Initiative forumIP multicast.

6. Stephen E. Deering, RFC 1112, Host Extensions for IP Multicasting, August 1989. Request For Comments RFCsmulticasting

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF http://www.ietf.org/

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Routing Protocol, http://www.ietf.org/ 11. T. Pusateri, draft-ietf-idmr-dvmrp-v3-10, Distance Vector Multicast Routing

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August 1994 13. Satish Kumar, Pavlin Radoslavov, Dave Thaler, Cengiz Alaetinoglu, The

MASC/BGMP Architecture for Inter-domain, Multicast Routing 14. An overview of Inter-domain Multicast Routing,

white papers multicasting site Microsoft, http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/docs/intrdomain.doc

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ftp://ftpeng.cisco.com/ipmulticsat/whitepapers/technology_overview/index.html 16. Thomas A. Maufer, Deploying IP Multicast in the Enterprise, Prentice Hall, 1998 17. Katia Obraczka, Mutlicast Transport Protocols: A Survey and Taxonomy, IEEE

Communications Magazine, January 1998

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site IP Multicast Initiative, http://www.ipmulticast.com/community/whitepapers/

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ForumsIP Multicast Initiative white paper

http://www.stardust.com/multicast/whitepapers/HigherProt_01.htm 23. Mark McCutchean, Mabo Roberto Ito, Gerald W. Neufeld, Video and Audio

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