Urban Renewal Manchester

Urban Renewal Manchester 1967

This report has been digitised by Martin Dodge from

the Department of Geography, University of

Manchester. The digitisation was supported by the

Manchester Statistical Society’s Campion Fund.

Permission to digitise and release the report under

Creative Commons license was kindly granted by

Manchester Libraries, Information and Archives,

Manchester City Council.

(Email: archiveslocalstudies@manchester.gov.uk)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-

NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. 4 August 2014.

Contents

Foreword 2

City Region 3

Scale of Problem 4/ 5

Land Use Strategy 6/7

Renewal Precepts 8/9

Renewal Components 10/11

Renewal Substructure 12/13

Renewal Superstructure 14

Spur Form 15

Barrier Form 16/17

Route and Cluster Form 18/19

Ramp Form 20

Shopping Centre Form 21

Realisation of Superstructure 22

Renewal Implementation 23

Gibson Street, Longsight 24/27

Wellington Street, Beswick 28/31

Turkey Lane, Harpurhey 32/ 35

Credits 36

2 Foreword

The primary urban design task is to establish a vocabu lary of precepts capable of effecting meaningful environment in the renewal of extremely large entities of the city. The precepts and resultant architectural techn iques which are here described have been evolved by the Housing Development Group of the Housing Department with the Manchester Slum Clearance and Rehousing programme in mind but within the planning framework for the City for which the City Planning officer is responsible. However, the problems involved are not considered to differ from those of urban renewal elsewhere, and the solutions advanced may be applicable, in a similar context, throughout the country. In addition it is also hoped that the methods outlined will have further application in respect of urban plan ning and design generally. The objective has been to evolve a renewal strategy which will be primarily flexible and not tie down successive architects or planners implementing subsequent stages of redevelopment. The scale of activity in physical extent as well as in quantity is very considerable-at the beginning of 1967 there were 40,000 unfit dwellings st ill to be cleared and the redevelopment schemes will cover hundreds of acres. More specifically the opportunity of realising new design techniques has been generated by the grouping of individual clearance areas into larger entities-strategically defined by the City Planni ng Officer as areas of comprehensive redevelopment . The importance of this g roupi ng from the point of view both of advance planning and realisation as a construction process, cannot be too much stressed . The most immediately striking characteristic of the overall problem which has governed the design approach from the beginning is the scale of operation. Even omitting the parts of areas ~f c?mprehensive redevelopment, hot .m:i~ediately to be replaced,

t e 1r1 1t1al clearance sites contiguous within any one Area cover about 2/300 acres. This is'

ill ustrated in the sections here on the city region, scale of problem and land use strategy. Within this context the operational procedures may now be summarised. First, to define some objective values called renewal precepts and to analyse the set of parts called renewal components. The precepts and components in combination form the renewal substructure. Secondly, to formulate a vocabulary of dwelling types of both low and high rise and their grouping on the basis of the locational context, and particularly the function they have to fulfil within the total environment. The housing forms of all types and the renewal substructure in turn combine to form the renewal superstructure. Thirdly, to realise that the production of an effective superstructure will demand the application of a complementary technology. Finally, renewal implementation is illustrated by the inclusion of details of three schemes which are representative of medium/high rise development, and the net densities stated must be regarded in the context of the comprehensive plan for the whole of the areas concerned. Housing redevelopment in central areas of Manchester is being carried out in the context of an overall average density policy of about 100 habitable rooms per acre, a figure selected with the object of combining good family living conditions and economy in housing. Within the overall figure there is room for considerable flexibility, and the use of medium/high rise build ings, such as those illustrated, in strategic locations, permits of the use of a greater proportion of low rise housing in other parts of the areas concerned.

OPENSHAW

This map is intended to illustrate in broad outline only, the general background against which the proposals for the redevelopment of residential areas have been evolved.

It is not intended as a land use map and should not, therefore, be used for detailed reference to particular sites.

8 Renew al Precepts

MA PRECEPTS FOR RENEWAL

@ CITY LIVING IS DESIRABLE

• CITY PEOPLE PREFER TO LIVE IN C!TJES

• CITY COMPOSED OF ONE ECONOMIC GROUP IS UNDESIRABLE

• CITY ENVIRONMENT IS UNLIKE RURAL AND SUBURBAN

ENVIRONMENTS

• CITY ENVIRONMENT MEANS CONCENTRATION

• CITY ENVIRONMENT MEANS EXTENSIVE GROUND COVER

• MULTI-LEVEL LIVING IS NOW NECESSARY IN THE CITY

~ UPPER-LEVEL LIVING SHOULD BE AS ATTRACTIVE AS

GROUND LEVEL LIVING

• CITY ENVIRONMENT MEANS DIVERSE ACTIVITIES

o RIGID ZONING OF THE CITY IS UNDESIRABLE

• RESfDENTIAL AREAS NEEO INSULATING FROM MOTORWAYS

AND RAILWAYS

o RESIDENTIAL AREAS NEED TO BE COMPREHENSIBLE

• RESIDENTIAL AREAS NEED USEABLE PARKS NOT UNUSE­

ABLE GRASS

• CONTINUITY OF OPEN SPACE MUST BE OBTAl~EO

• RESIDENTIAL TRAFFIC DISTRIBUTION SHOULD BE RATIONAL -

ISED AND GRADED

• TRAFFIC AND DELIVERY ROUTES SHOULD BE SIMPLE .~NO

DIRECT

• PEDESTRIAN ROUTES CAN MEANDER

• HOUSES SCHOOLS SHOPS PUBS NURSERIES SURGERIES ARE

PART OF ONE CONTINUOUS URBAN FABRIC

I PRECEPTS: CWELLINGS

• THE SUBURBAN SEMI IS INADEQUATE FOR URBAN LIVING

• URBAN LIVING DEMANDS SPECfAL DWELLING TYPES

• DWELLING TYPES MUST BE DESIGNED FOR LOCATIONS

• EVERY DWELLING AT EVERY LEVEL MUST HAVE A

PRIVATE OPEN SPACE OF ROOM SIZE

• GARDENS IN THE CITY SHOULD BE BEHIND WALLS

• DWELLINGS MUST NOT BE PUT INTO 'OFFICE-BLOCK '

ARRANGEMENTS

• INDIVIDUAL DWELLING IDENTITY IS ESSENTIAL

• ROOM FLEXIBILITY SHOULD BE POSSIBLE

•'GRID' DfSCIPLINED LAYOU TS ARE DESIRABLE

• THE GRID MUST RELATE TO PREDETERMINED ELEMENTS

OF THE CITY

9

I •THE GRID MUST BE MANIPULATED TO GIVE VISUA L ROUTE ANO CLUSTER CETERMINANTS

CLARITY ANO VA~IETY BUILDINGS -7 SOCIAL FORM I, •BUILDING MATERIALS SHOULD BE FEW AND VANDAL • POPULATION • ECONOMY NODES •

PROOF LINKED SCHOOLS AND

• URBAN INTENSITY • CITY SCALE TOPOGRAPHY •

•THE ARCHITECTURE MUST ALLOW INDIVIDUAL PUBLIC OPEN SPACE --)

• COMMUNITY • GATEWAYS IDENTITY •

EXPRESSION o GROUPS • LANDMARKS TIME •

RESULTS OF PRECEPTS e HOME • CENTRE

EDGE BUILDINGS~ ~ ~ BALANCED JUNCTIONS ~ Jei • PRIVACY • PATHS o CHOICE • PARKLAND ~ · ~

rttrfP:n ~ · Bit g ti9 • LEISURE • BARRIERS ~

RAISED LEVEL OF GRID ANO PEDESTRIAN ,......- ) • UTILITY o SOCIAL STRUCTURE

~ • TIME • ORIENTATION

C IRCULATION~ ROUTES ~ B I'

10 Renewal Components

Base function. The existing and projected circumstantial conditions of the location, exposed as determinants of form .

Space function. Housing, together with ancillary uses, forming as continuous a network as possible, constitutes the dominant and concentrated la use element within the redevelopment fabric; contrasting, in form and spatial terms, the subordinate land use elements and influences of larg e scale linked public and school open space, transportation co rridors, district nodes, paths and landmarks.

Mass function . Density of habitation is a resultant; accordingly it may be manipulated to express nodes of social pressure; reflect the influence of physical features ; afford the determination of housing form and scale in response to location need ; and reinforce economy of land utilisation .

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Order function . The renewal of large residential areas of the city presents problems in establishing an adequate system of ordering th e area because of the large time span involved. It is impracticable to formulate a finite plan of an architectural nature for an area where renewal will take place over a period of ten to fifteen years . The aim initially should be to evolve an order system, unrelated to architectural imagery, which establishes guide lines that will accommodate possible changes in building techniques and criteria for dwel ling types. In searching for a means of establishing an order system fo r res idential areas a study has been made of the geometrical elements of the city, and the function they ful fil in indentifying, unifying, and making comprehensible the total urban fabric. The form of the city is manifested through two geometric elements. First the structu re: This is formed by t he primary paths of move­ment within the city and has proved to have the most persistent geometric configuration , for even today new road proposals are generally quantitative expansions of old paths. Secondly, the grain : This is the ordering of space between the structural elements of the city formed by the major paths. There are two aspects which determine the nature and ch aracter of grain. The pitch or gauge of the grain resul t ing from t he intensity of use, and the directional quality of the g rain generated from the shape of an area and the elements of city struct ure (major roads etc.) bou nd ing or passing through it. Inva ri ably during the redevelopment of the residential areas of cities th e exist ing grain is being destroyed. While at the same ti me the geometrica l impliccitions of the structural el ements of the urban pattern are being intensified by the creation of a hierarchical

road network which tends to compartmentalise the city. The grain of the city can be re-established by the use of orthogonal grids generated directionally from the stru ctural elements of the urban pattern which impinge on an area. By this method the edges are positive determinants for the way in which an area is ordered, ensuring not only that adjacent areas across an element of city structure are ordered in a com ­plementary manner, but also that t he feathered spaces generally occurring at the periphery, now occur inside the area where they can be employed as the pedestrian routes or bled into the open space provision of the development. The orthogonal grid provides a geometry at once read ily under­stood; and the changing configuration of the generating structure results in a particular mosaic of grains for an area, offering a discipline which articulates extremely large areas into comprehensible segments ; within this discipline a system of paths, spaces and places can be readily established and architectural variety is intrinsic, due to the differing orientations of the grain mosaic and the dete rmi nation of dwelling types by locati onal context.

? -

Form. The renewal substructu re represents the sum of the components and precepts expressed in such a manner so as to evoke a constant state of change : Only w hen combin ed with the appropriate superstructure, complementary technology and effective socia l administration, is it capable of yiel ding a meaningful collective environment.

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14 Renewal Superstructure Housing Form Function . When considering mass housing the locational context into which dwellings must fit has been almost completely ignored during the process of formulating a vocabulary of dwelling types and their grouping. The question of locational context becomes even more critical when industrialised building techniques are considered, as there are strong pressures to produce a universal solution, unrelated to the role a particular building can play in the environment. There can be no universal solution but certain repetitive situations can be predicted in the urban environment and this should be the starting point in the development of type plans, their group arrangement and the method by which they are made. Examples of some of the more critical locations determining dwelling type form can be predicted as:-

Adjacent to Motorways­Barrier buildings functioning as a shield to the interior of the site from traffic noise. Two formations of barrier building will be necessary. One for the South, East and West side of motorways. The other for the North side.

Ground level housing associated with high rise housing- Problems of privacy in the dwelling and the open space associated with it occurs with most tradit ional forms of two storey house when adjacent to high building .

Cul-de-sac buildings-In a vehicular/pedestrian segregated environment the maximisation of traffic routes is essential and special building formations result from this realisation . Other locations determining form to some degree are listed alongside. According ly the diverse locations obtaining in any given segment of redevel opment will readily confer variety in housing form as an inherent by-product of the application of the design precepts. Henceforth route, spur, gatew~y and ramp formations etc., will undoubtedly contribute tow~rds the comprehensible configuration of the environment.

TYPE: LOCATION •MOTORWAY • DISTRIBUTOR RD • CUL-DE-SAC-SPUR • GATEWAYS • BARRIERS • PARKLAND • SHOPPING • SCHOOL • CHURCH • PLAY • PUB • LEVELS • SOCIAL GROUPING • RAMPS

TYPE: FORMS • RECTANGULAR • T SHAPE • L SHAPE • NARROW FRONTAGE • WIDE FRONTAGE • DECK ACCESS ·STAIRCASE ACCESS • SINGLE ASPECT • DUAL ASPECT • FLAT • MAISONETTE • HOUSE •TERRACED • SEMI-DETACHED • DETACHED • INTERLOCKED • THROUGHWAYS • CULS-DE-SAC • STREETS • SQUARES

HOME : DETERMINANTS • ROOM USE • PRIVATE OPEN SPACE • ENTRANCE • CIRCULATION •STORAGE • FIXTURES • SAFETY • REFUSE DISPOSAL • BUILDING REGS AND Fl RE INSULATION • LAUNDRY • DELIVERY •ORIENTATION

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Technology function . Technology is concerned with­how-the manner of execution. In order to realise the appropriate superstructure and integrated environment, the role of technology must be to synthesise with-what- the renewal substructure and superstructure forms demand.

OPENSHAW

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24 Gibson Street The Gibson Street Clearance Area is the first stage in the implementation of propoals for the Longsight C .R.A. (430 acres) and introduces the first example of a particular housing formation determined by the interaction of the social and form determinants listed.

Social Determinants (a) Private open room size space

for every dwelling (b) Rational integration of all

sizes and types of accommodation ;

( c) Alternative choice of direction and movement at every level ;

(d) Individual dwelling identity ; (e) Dwelling group identity ; (f) Play areas on upper levels ; (g) A range of deck situations

(cul-de-sac deck, throughway decks etc.) ;

Form Determinants (a) Location of the site adjacent

to an urban transportation corridor;

(b) Proximity of proposed neighbourhood centre;

( c) Position of existing school and open space;

( d) Orientation generated by northern edge of site;

(e) Stipulated use for majority of dwellings of deck access maisonette types already available, within the framework of a proprietary system.

Solution. The scheme consists of a continuous arrangement of six storey maisonette groups located so as to insulate the remainder of the site from traffic noise. Result: Continuity of upper level horizontal communication withi n the barrier building which is extended by similar buildings forming routes to nearby centres of attraction-neig hbou rhood centre to the South West and the proposed Town Park to the South East. Considerat ion is then given to the vertical connections of the ground to the higher levels. Escape stairs must be provided approximately at 180 ft. centres and this requi rement is utilised to define the smallest unit of the subsequent. hierarchy- a group of 10 dwellings. Li fts in pairs ar~ pl~ced every 360 ft. and are coincidental with the junction of

three of the basic groups; thus each pair of lifts serves 30 dwellings per landing. These threeway group junctions are of two types-(a) one cul-de-sac group plus two throughway groups and (b) three throughway groups ; the latter being the major junction and always associated with a local distributor road at ground level. Each junction is visually articulated according to its significance; in plan by off-setting the basic group, and vertically by developing towers over junctions which have lifts, the highest towers occurring over the major junctions and have the most direct connection to ground level communications. Within the primary network of six storey route buildings, ground access low rise dwellings are placed in tight clusters connected by ramps to the upper level system. The environment produced by the integration of ground and deck access dwellings will be completely hard-surfaced and distinctly urban. In contrast the linked broad, soft, open spaces will be clearly articulated and contained within the definitive urban environment. The pedestrian system is a multi-directional, multi - level network with major routes defined and determined by shopping centres, recreational facilities and adjacent segments of development. Along these routes will be placed local shopping, pubs, surgeries etc. The traffic system is reduced to culs-de-sac off a main distributor road ; garaging is integral with the dwellings and casual parking is arranged in a series of parking compounds located in suitable areas convenient to lifts and staircases. Rehousing and demolition is now complete and civil engineering works will commence in 1967. Outline approval granted April/May 1966 and negotiations with Concrete Northern Ltd began in May 1966. Accommodation provided :-573 dwellings on a nett housing area of 15·5 acres giving a nett density in persons per acre of 143·6 with car parking provision for 800 cars. Addit ional facil ities provided- one welfare home, two public houses and two corner shops.

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28 Wellington Street The Wellington Street Clearance Area is the first stage in the implementation of proposals for the Beswick C. R.A. (300 acres) and contains further examples of particular housing formations determined by the interaction of the social and form determinants listed. Social Determinants (a) Private open room size space

for every dwelling; (b) Rational integration of all

sizes and types of accommodation ;

( c) Alternative choice of direction and movement at every level ;

(d) Upper living levels to be provided with amenity and play space and range of social facilities at that level ;

(e) Individual dwelling identity; (f) Dwelling group identity ; (g) Further integration of the

motor car;

Form Determinants (a) Location of site at junction

of urban transportation corridors;

(b) Location within site of neighbourhood centre requiring integration of housing and other uses ;

( c) Orientation generated by the southern and easterly edges of the site;

( d) Position of new school; (e) Stipulated use for majority

of dwellings of deck access maisonette types already available within the framework of a proprietary system.

Solution. The scheme consists of a mixed development of six and four storey deck access maisonettes and clusters of low rise ground access housing. The types of dwelling used have been developed for their locations and also to fulfil particular functions within the environment. The deck access maisonettes are arranged in a continuous manner to provide continuity of segregated pedestrian movement around the site, as well as maximisation of mechanica l means of vertical mov~ment. The form taken by this continuous route element on the site i~ primarily determi ned by the locations of th e neighbourhood centre to the east, town park to t~e west and the position of ve~icular culs-de-sac off the penr:'eter distributor road, and provides for pedestri an connection

at each living level to these nodal points. Articulation of the maisonette blocks arises from the following: (a) Expressing the individual

living unit. (b) Respecting the requirement

for fire escape stairs at every 180 ft. expressing a grouping of 10 dwellings.

(c) Expressing and maximising the strategic location of lifts by developing a hierarchy of towers rising above the basic six storey route element.

(d) Developing a spur build ing formation in association with vehicular culs-de-sac to canalise traffic and facilitate pedestrian/vehicular separation by decki ng across the road to an extent that is economically feasible at this stage.

The presence of a projected urban motorway to the south of the site results in the need for development of a barrier building formation in order to insulate the general area from traffic noise. Since the blocks are located on the north side of the motorway, the individual dwellings will have to be developed in a manner so as to facilitate the introduction of sunlight from east and west. Within the skeletal framework of six and four storey buildings, ground access dwellings are planned in tight clusters to be connected by ramps to the upper level system. The environment produced by integration of ground and deck access dwellings will be completely hard surfaced and distinctly urban, contrasting with the broad grassed spaces of linked school and public open space which are envisaged for the comprehensive entity. Rehousing and demolition is almost complete, and civil engineering works will commence in 1967. Outline approvals granted May/ J une 1966 and negotiation wi th a 'system' sponsor has commenced. Accommodation provided-844 dwellings on a nett housing area of 22.6 acres g iv ing a nett density in persons per acre of 157, w ith car parking provision for 1, 1 50 cars. Additional facilities provided-school, aged person 's home, day nursery, assembly hall, churches, libra ry, four pubs and thirty shops.

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32 Turkey Lane The Turkey Lane Clearance Area is the first stage in the implementation of proposals for the Harpurhey C.R.A. (1,000 acres) and contains additional examples of particular housing formations determined by the interaction of the social and form determinants listed.

Social Determinants (a) Private open room size space

for every dwel Ii ng ; (b) Rational integration of all

sizes and types of accommodation;

( c) Alternative choice of direction and movement at every level;

(d) Individual dwelling identity; (e) Dwelling group identity; (f) Play areas at upper levels ; (g) Further integration of the

motor-car.

Form Determinants (a) Location of site at the

junction of urban transportation corridors;

(b) Location of site in the path of desired large scale open space strategy link;

(c) Location along one edge of site of a monorail route;

( d) Orientation generated by two adjacent segments of future development;

( e) Location of a large ravine and railway cutting;

(f) Influential topographical and geological features including liability to mining subsidence.

(g) Stipulated use for majority of the dwellings of deck access maisonette types within the framework of a proprietary system.

Solution. The scheme consists mainly of linked six storey deck access maisonettes providing thereby the desired large scale open space link extending over the least structurally inviting section of the site whilst simultaneously afford ing the programmed density. Result: the development is envisaged as forming physical extensions and edges of adjacent segments of development, to the north and south east. The blocks of maisonettes are planned to foll ow the line of an improved existi ng distributor road located along the north east ~ounda~y of th~ site. At

ppropnate ma1or ju nctions where

lifts and stairs will be located, cul-de-sac blocks will be coupled on to form quadrangular salients cascading southwards into the parkland. Beneath these quadrangles will be located additional garaging facilities. To the south, but linked across the Maston Brook by a viaduct housing formation, is planned a similar grouping of dwellings which will follow the line of an east-west spur service road off the main loop distributor. Considerable variety in form will be obtained, by off-setting dwelling-groups in plan, and vertically by developing towers over those junctions which have lifts; furthermore the overall character, form and identity will be considerably influenced and diversified through the integral manipulation of the site contours, and the interpenetration of the open landscape adjacent. In addition the site will feature the first examples of ramp formations on the north side of the distributor road in the vicinity of the school as well as the introduction of 'one deck' split level maisonettes. The traffic system is reduced to culs-de-sac off the main distributor road and garaging is integral beneath the dwellings or under-ground. Car parking for visitors is arranged in a series of parking compounds located in suitable areas convenient to stairs and lifts. Separation of vehicular and pedestrian circulation is implemented through use of the upper level circulation system and adjacent parkways, connecting with routes leading to the proposed district centre to the north, local shops, and schools linked into the overall open space strategy. Rehousing and demolition is proceeding. Civil engineering works will commence in 1967. Outline approvals granted August/September 1966 and negotiation with a 'system' sponsor has commenced. Accommodation provided- 7 45 dwellings on a nett housing area of 15·5 acres giving a nett density in persons per acre of 198, with car parking provision for 1,000 cars. Other facilities to be provided-school, church, rectory, aged persons' home and club, three public houses, social club, eight shops, and monorail station .

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36 Credits The renewal theories and proposals outlined in this brochure have been developed by the Housing Development Group of the Housing Department, Manchester. Director of Housing J. Austen Bent, Dip.T.P., A.R.l.B.A., A.M.T.P.I.

In the development of the schemes illustrated assistance was received from other departments of the Corporation involved with Slum Clearance and Rehousing Progress, and their co-operation is acknowledged.

Housing Development Group

Robert Stones Wolf Pearlman Terry Kennedy David Millard Charles Zadziuk

Brochure prepared and designed by the Housing Development Group. Photographs by: John Mills Ltd. Hunting Surveys Ltd., Manchester Corporation City Engineer and Surveyor's Department, Photographic Section.

Maps based on Ordnance Survey maps with the sanction of the Controller of H.M .S.O. Crown copyright reserved. Drawing on Page 22 reproduced by kind permission of Dennis Crompton, copyright 1964.

Printed for Manchester Corporation Stationery Department by The William Morris Press Ltd ., Wythenshawe, M anchester 22.

Published by Manchester Corporation Housing Committee, Town Hall, Manchester 2. 1967. Price 12/6 including Postage.