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Urbanization As Seen Through Late 19c - Early 20c Architecture. With Help from Susan M. Pojer. Megalopolis. Mass Transit. Magnet for economic and social opportunities. Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner & outer core New frontier of opportunity for women. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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With Help from Susan M. PojerWith Help from Susan M. Pojer
Characteristics of Characteristics of UrbanizationUrbanization
During the Gilded AgeDuring the Gilded Age1.1. Megalopolis.Megalopolis.
2.2. Mass Transit.Mass Transit.
3.3. Magnet for economic and social Magnet for economic and social opportunities.opportunities.
4.4. Pronounced class distinctions.Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner & outer core - Inner & outer core
5.5. New frontier of opportunity for New frontier of opportunity for women.women.
6.6. Squalid living conditions for many.Squalid living conditions for many.
7.7. Political machines.Political machines.
8.8. Ethnic neighborhoods.Ethnic neighborhoods.
NewArchitectural
Style
NewArchitectural
Style
NewUse ofSpace
NewUse ofSpace
NewClass
Diversity
NewClass
Diversity
New EnergyNew Energy
New Culture(“Melting Pot”)
New Culture(“Melting Pot”)
New Form ofClassic “RuggedIndividualism”
New Form ofClassic “RuggedIndividualism”
New Levels of Crime,
Violence, &Corruption
New Levels of Crime,
Violence, &Corruption
Make a NewStart
Make a NewStart
NewSymbols ofChange &Progress
NewSymbols ofChange &Progress
The City as aNew “Frontier?”
The City as aNew “Frontier?”
William Le Baron William Le Baron JenneyJenney
1832 – 19071832 – 1907
““Father of Father of the Modernthe ModernSkyscraper”Skyscraper”
W. Le W. Le Baron Baron
Jenney: Jenney:
CentralCentralY.M.C.A., Y.M.C.A., Chicago, Chicago,
18911891
Louis SullivanLouis Sullivan 1856 – 19241856 – 1924
The ChicagoThe ChicagoSchool ofSchool ofArchitecturArchitecturee
Form Form followsfollowsfunction!function!
Louis Sullivan: Louis Sullivan: Bayard Bldg., Bayard Bldg., NYC, NYC, 1897 1897
Louis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Louis Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott Scott
Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899
Frank Lloyd WrightFrank Lloyd Wright 1869 – 19591869 – 1959
““Prairie Prairie House”House”School of School of ArchitectureArchitecture
““OrganicOrganicArchitectureArchitecture””
Function Function follows form!follows form!
Frank Lloyd Wright:Frank Lloyd Wright:Allen-Lamb House, 1915Allen-Lamb House, 1915
Frank Lloyd Wright:Frank Lloyd Wright:“Falling Waters”, 1936“Falling Waters”, 1936
F. L. Wright Glass ScreensF. L. Wright Glass Screens
Prairie wheat Prairie wheat patterns.patterns.
Frank Lloyd Wright:Frank Lloyd Wright:Guggenheim Museum, NYC Guggenheim Museum, NYC
- 1959- 1959
New York City New York City Architectural Style: Architectural Style:
11870s-1910s870s-1910s1.1. The style was less innovative thanThe style was less innovative thanin Chicago.in Chicago.
2.2. NYC was the source of the capital NYC was the source of the capital for Chicago.for Chicago.
3.3. Most major business firms had Most major business firms had their headquarters in NYC their headquarters in NYC their their bldgs. became “logos” for their bldgs. became “logos” for their companies.companies.
4.4. NYC buildings and skyscrapers NYC buildings and skyscrapers were taller than in Chicago.were taller than in Chicago.
Western Western
Union Union Bldg,. Bldg,. NYC - NYC - 18751875
ManhattaManhattann
LifeLifeInsurance Insurance
Bldg.Bldg.
NYC - NYC - 18931893
SingerSingerBuilding Building
NYC - NYC - 19021902
WoolwortWoolworth h
Bldg.Bldg.
NYC - NYC - 19111911
FlatironFlatironBuilding Building
NYC – NYC – 19021902
D. H. D. H. BurnhaBurnha
mm
Grand Central Grand Central Station, 1913Station, 1913
St. St. Patrick’s Patrick’s
CathedralCathedral
John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, The Brooklyn Bridge,
18831883
John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, The Brooklyn Bridge,
19131913
Statue of Liberty, 1876Statue of Liberty, 1876(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)
““Dumbell “ TenementDumbell “ Tenement
““Dumbell “ Dumbell “ Tenement, NYCTenement, NYC
Jacob Jacob Riis: Riis:
How the How the Other Half Other Half
LivedLived(1890)(1890)
Tenement Slum Tenement Slum LivingLiving
Lodgers Huddled Lodgers Huddled TogetherTogether
Tenement Slum Tenement Slum LivingLiving
Struggling Immigrant Struggling Immigrant FamiliesFamilies
Mulberry Street – Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”“Little Italy”
Hester Hester Street – Street – Jewish Jewish SectionSection
19001900RoshRosh
HashanaHashanahh
GreetingGreetingCardCard
Pell St. - Chinatown, Pell St. - Chinatown, NYCNYC
Urban Growth: 1870 - Urban Growth: 1870 - 19001900
Average Shirtwaist Worker’s Week
Average Shirtwaist Worker’s Week
51 hours or less 4,554 5%52-57 hours 65,033 79%58-63 hours 12,211 15%Over 63 hours 562 1%
Total employees, men and women 82,360
Womens’ Trade Union LeagueWomens’ Trade Union League
Women Voting for a Strike!Women Voting for a Strike!
Local 25 with Socialist Paper, The CallLocal 25 with Socialist Paper, The Call
Public Fear of Unions/Anarchists
Public Fear of Unions/Anarchists
Arresting the Girl Strikersfor Picketing
Arresting the Girl Strikersfor Picketing
Scabs HiredScabs Hired
“The Shirtwaist Kings”Max Blanck and Isaac Harris
“The Shirtwaist Kings”Max Blanck and Isaac Harris
Triangle Shirtwaist FactoryAsch Building, 8th and 10th Floors
Triangle Shirtwaist FactoryAsch Building, 8th and 10th Floors
Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
Inside the Building After the FireInside the Building After the Fire
Most Doors Were LockedMost Doors Were Locked
Crumpled Fire Escape, 26 DiedCrumpled Fire Escape, 26 Died
10th Floor After the Fire10th Floor After the Fire
Dead Bodies on the SidewalkDead Bodies on the Sidewalk
One of the “Lucky” Ones?One of the “Lucky” Ones?
Relatives Review Bodies145 Dead
Relatives Review Bodies145 Dead
Page of the
New York Journal
Page of the
New York Journal
One of the Many FuneralsOne of the Many Funerals
Labor Unions March as MournersLabor Unions March as Mourners
Women Workers Marchto City Hall
Women Workers Marchto City Hall
The InvestigationThe Investigation
Out of the AshesOut of the AshesÔ ILGWU membership surged.
Ô NYC created a Bureau of FirePrevention.
Ô New strict building codes werepassed.
Ô Tougher fire inspection ofsweatshops.
Ô Growing momentum of support for women’s suffrage.
Changes in Immigration Patterns
• The years between 1870 and 1920 saw one of the greatest surges of immigrants to America. Until 1890, most of these immigrants came from Northern and Western Europe, just like many of the original European immigrants to America.
Changes in Immigration Patterns
• On the west coast, immigrants from China began arriving for the Gold Rush in 1849, but many ended up working on the railroads or starting farms; after 1882 Congress limited Chinese immigration.
Changes in Immigration Patterns
• After 1890, the immigrating population changed to people coming from Southern and Eastern Europe, countries such as Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. During this time almost a million people also immigrated from Mexico and the West Indies.
Why the New Immigration?
• Rapidly growing population in the Old World
• Industrialization in Europe and the importation of American food disturbed the position of the peasant
• “America Fever”
• Persecutions of minorities in Europe
• Birds of Passage
Being a New Immigrant
• Discrimination at work
• Generation Gap
• Struggle to assimilate
• Bintel Brief
Taking Care of the New Immigrants
• Originally taken care of by city “bosses”
• “Christian Socialist” preachers
• Jane Addams and Hull House– Settlement Houses
• Florence Kelley – Socialism, Rights, and the Henry Street Settlement (founded by Lillian Wald)
Changes Brought by the New Immigration
• Women in the work force– Mostly single– Helped family and still had some pocket
money
• Brought more economic and social independence
Nativism
• Nativism: Preferential treatment towards native born Americans– Especially Anglo Saxon, Protestants
• The American Protective Association (1887)
• Organized labor fought new immigration because poor immigrants were willing to take lower wages
Government Sponsored Nativism
• 1882: Close gates to all paupers, criminals, and convicts + Chinese Exclusion Act
• 1885: Prohibited the importation of foreign workers under contract
• 1890’s: Expanded list of undesirables to include: insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, and people with contagious diseases
• 1917: Literacy Test