U.S. Enters War

-Peace without Victory

-idealistic peace plan: Wilson wants to create a “league for peace”

-Submarine warfare continues Germans will sink all ships in British waters

-Zimmerman Note intercepted

-Wilson calls for War

“War to make world safe for democracy”

“democracies v. monarchies”

-Russian Revolution takes them out of the war Russia had previously kept the US from joining

Military Operations

**US not prepared for war**

-Selective Service Act

drafted over 3 million troops, random selection

-recruits trained for 9 months (partly in US, partly in Europe)

-transportation problems: how to get troops overseas

gov’t control of industry: in order to produce needed goods efficiently

use of convoy system: heavy guard ships to escort merchant ships

Military Operations

-”Over There”: war is far away from home

-”Dough Boys”: nickname for American Infantry Men

-General John Pershing: led the American Expeditionary Force: widely separated parts of the country brought together

-Argonne Forest Campaign

-Alvin York-American Hero-killed 32 Germans and captured 132

-Armistice Nov. 1918

no battles fought in Germany leads to the end of war

“Over There”Johnnie, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,Take it on the run,On the run, on the run.Hear them calling, you and me,Every son of liberty.Hurry right away,No delay, go today,Make your daddy gladTo have had such a lad.Tell your sweetheart not to pine,To be proud her boy's in line. (chorus sung twice)

ChorusOver there, over there,Send the word, send the word over there -That the Yanks are coming,The Yanks are coming,The drums rum-tummingEv'rywhere.So prepare, say a pray'r,Send the word, send the word to beware.We'll be over, we're coming over,And we won't come back till it's overOver there.

Johnnie, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,Johnnie show the HunWho's a son of a gun.Hoist the flag and let her fly,Yankee Doodle do or die.Pack your little kit,Show your grit, do your bit.Yankee to the ranks,From the towns and the tanks.Make your mother proud of you,And the old Red, White and Blue. (chorus sung twice)

Johnnie, get your gun,Get your gun, get your gun,Johnnie show the HunWho's a son of a gun.Hoist the flag and let her fly,Yankee Doodle do or die.Pack your little kit,Show your grit, do your bit.Yankee to the ranks,From the towns and the tanks.Make your mother proud of you,And the old Red, White and Blue. (chorus sung twice)

Fighting “Over There”

-most U.S. soldiers were not experienced travelers

Impressed by sights, but devastated at the unexpected horror of war

-huge cannons, Zeppelins, machine guns, poison gases, tanks, airplanes = horrific injuries

-poor medical care

shell shock, trench foot, trench mouth

Preparing for War

-War Industries Board: gov’t regulation of industry to produce war goods

-Opportunities for Women /Minorities: jobs once filled by working white men were now open due to war

-Conservation efforts: clean plate, meatless Monday, wheatless Wednesday, etc.

Victory Gardens: grow food at home to feed your family

Daylight Savings Time

-Liberty Bonds, increased taxes: “Only a fried of a German would refuse to buy a bond”

Preparing for War

-War Industries Board

-Opportunities for Women /Minorities

-Conservation efforts

Victory Gardens

Daylight Savings Time

-Liberty Bonds, increased taxes

Preparing for War

-War Industries Board

-Opportunities for Women /Minorities

-Conservation efforts

Victory Gardens

Daylight Savings Time

-Liberty Bonds, increased taxes

Preparing for War

-War Industries Board

-Opportunities for Women /Minorities

-Conservation efforts

Victory Gardens

Daylight Savings Time

-Liberty Bonds, increased taxes

Public Opinion

-Committee on Public Information: propaganda industry for war

George Creel: former muckraker

4 Minute Men: spoke on everything related to war

“I want You” Campaign

*biased communication designed to influence people*

Public Opinion

-Anti-immigrant sentiment: wave of nativism strikes country

-Espionage and Sedition Act: Much like Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, a person could be fined or jailed for saying anything disloyal or profane about govt or govt leadersSchenck v. United States; legalizes that certain 1st amendment rights can be taken away during times of war and crisis

Social Changes

-African Americans

Great Migration brought increased opportunities large movement to Northern cities

1. escape Jim Crow laws

2. 2. jobs left by soldiers and decreased immigration

-Women

took the jobs left by many men and their contributions were recognized by Wilson leds to the 19th Amendment was passed

Epidemic

-World War brought disease to a new level

-large groups of people were exposed: unsanitary conditions, close working and living quarters, at war poor living conditions

-Influenza (flu) outbreak of 1918 spread all over the world

-1/4 of the U.S. fell victim and ½ million died

-as many as 40 million dead worldwide