U.S. Foreign PolicyU.S. Foreign Policy

1789 - 19001789 - 1900

WashingtonWashington• Conflict between Great Britain & FranceConflict between Great Britain & France• Country divided over who to supportCountry divided over who to support• GW issued Proclamation of Neutrality GW issued Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)(1793)

• The Genet Affair The Genet Affair – French Diplomat sent to get U.S. supportFrench Diplomat sent to get U.S. support– Ignored warnings to stop organizing Americans Ignored warnings to stop organizing Americans against British & Spanish – Was expelled from against British & Spanish – Was expelled from U.S.U.S.

• British forts on U.S. soil, Seizure of British forts on U.S. soil, Seizure of U.S. ships, & Impressment were key issuesU.S. ships, & Impressment were key issues

• Jay’s Treaty (1794) with GB Jay’s Treaty (1794) with GB – GB refuses to stop seizures or impressement GB refuses to stop seizures or impressement but agrees to vacate U.S. soil.but agrees to vacate U.S. soil.

– Treaty widely criticizedTreaty widely criticized

WashingtonWashington•Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)

•Concluded with SpainConcluded with Spain– U.S. given navigation rights on U.S. given navigation rights on Mississippi RiverMississippi River

– Access to port of New OrleansAccess to port of New Orleans– Also settled border between Georgia & Also settled border between Georgia & Florida (S)Florida (S)

•Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address– GW warned future leaders to avoid GW warned future leaders to avoid alliances with foreign nationsalliances with foreign nations

John AdamsJohn Adams•1797 – XYZ Affair strains 1797 – XYZ Affair strains relations with FRrelations with FR– FR upset by Jay Treaty – viewed as FR upset by Jay Treaty – viewed as alliancealliance

– Adams sent delegation to FR to settle Adams sent delegation to FR to settle issuesissues

– FR – no negotiations without tributeFR – no negotiations without tribute– Followed by 2 year undeclared war w/ Followed by 2 year undeclared war w/ FRFR

JeffersonJefferson•Louisiana Purchase from FR (1803)Louisiana Purchase from FR (1803)

– Miss. River to RockiesMiss. River to Rockies– Cheap but raised constitutional issuesCheap but raised constitutional issues– Doubled U.S. – eventually 13 statesDoubled U.S. – eventually 13 states

•War with Tripoli (1801-1805)War with Tripoli (1801-1805)– Due to piracy – U.S. blockade led to Due to piracy – U.S. blockade led to victoryvictory

•Continued interference w/ U.S. Continued interference w/ U.S. shippingshipping– Chesapeake Incident (1807)Chesapeake Incident (1807)– Embargo Act (1807)Embargo Act (1807)– Non-Intercourse Act (1809)Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

•Both were failuresBoth were failures

MadisonMadison• War of 1812War of 1812

• War Hawks of South and West (Calhoun & War Hawks of South and West (Calhoun & Clay) pushed for warClay) pushed for war– Hoped to acquire CanadaHoped to acquire Canada– Angry over British treatment of U.S.Angry over British treatment of U.S.– Believed British were inciting Indian attacksBelieved British were inciting Indian attacks

• U.S. ill-prepared to fightU.S. ill-prepared to fight– Small military, little money, lack of unitySmall military, little money, lack of unity

• Hartford Convention & FederalistsHartford Convention & Federalists

• War ends in a tieWar ends in a tie– But boosts U.S. pride, prestige, and industryBut boosts U.S. pride, prestige, and industry– Treaty of Ghent restored boundaries status Treaty of Ghent restored boundaries status ante bellumante bellum

MonroeMonroe•Rush-Bagot TreatyRush-Bagot Treaty

– Neutral Great LakesNeutral Great Lakes

•Treaty of 1818Treaty of 1818– Fixed border at 49Fixed border at 49thth parallel from parallel from Minnesota to Rockies, granted U.S. fishing Minnesota to Rockies, granted U.S. fishing rights, and opened Oregon to joint-rights, and opened Oregon to joint-settlementsettlement

•Sale of FLA to U.S. (1819)Sale of FLA to U.S. (1819)– $5 Million but had to give up claim on $5 Million but had to give up claim on TexasTexas

•Monroe Doctrine (1823)Monroe Doctrine (1823)– Warning to Euros to keep out of Western Warning to Euros to keep out of Western Hem.Hem.•No further colonization & no U.S. interference No further colonization & no U.S. interference in Euro affairsin Euro affairs

JQ Adams, Jackson, & Van JQ Adams, Jackson, & Van BurenBuren

•Dominated by domestic issuesDominated by domestic issues

•No major foreign policy issues No major foreign policy issues addressedaddressed

Tyler Tyler

•Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)– Settlement of dispute with England Settlement of dispute with England over boundary between Maine and over boundary between Maine and CanadaCanada

– U.S. gains most of disputed U.S. gains most of disputed territoryterritory•Along with fertile Aroostook ValleyAlong with fertile Aroostook Valley

PolkPolk•Texas annexed and admitted as 25Texas annexed and admitted as 25thth state state•Oregon CountryOregon Country

– 1818 agreement called for joint occupation 1818 agreement called for joint occupation by GB and U.S.by GB and U.S.

– 1844 campaign “Fifty four forty or fight!”1844 campaign “Fifty four forty or fight!”– 1846 – Oregon boundary settled at 491846 – Oregon boundary settled at 49thth parallelparallel•Oregon Territory eventually divided into Oregon, Oregon Territory eventually divided into Oregon, Washington, Idaho, parts of Montana & WyomingWashington, Idaho, parts of Montana & Wyoming

•Mexican War (1846-48)Mexican War (1846-48)– Caused by mutual resentment and dispute Caused by mutual resentment and dispute over southern boundary of Texasover southern boundary of Texas

PolkPolk

•Mexican War cont.Mexican War cont.– Zach Taylor in Northern Mex.Zach Taylor in Northern Mex.– Stephen Kearny and John Fremont in CAStephen Kearny and John Fremont in CA– Winfield Scott in Mexico CityWinfield Scott in Mexico City

•Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)– Rio Grande River is border of TexasRio Grande River is border of Texas– U.S. gets CA, NM for $15 millionU.S. gets CA, NM for $15 million– Mexican Cession yields NM, AZ, CA, Mexican Cession yields NM, AZ, CA, NV, UT and parts of CO and WYNV, UT and parts of CO and WY

Zachary TaylorZachary Taylor

•No significant foreign policy No significant foreign policy issuesissues

Millard FillmoreMillard Fillmore

•Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)– Britain and U.S. agree not to Britain and U.S. agree not to expand in Central America if an expand in Central America if an isthmian canal is builtisthmian canal is built

– Joint operation of a canalJoint operation of a canal

PiercePierce

•Minister to Mexico James Minister to Mexico James Gadsden authorized to purchase Gadsden authorized to purchase strip of land along southern strip of land along southern border of NM and AZborder of NM and AZ– Needed land for proposed railroadNeeded land for proposed railroad– Cost $10 millionCost $10 million– Completed present boundary between Completed present boundary between U.S. and MexicoU.S. and Mexico

BuchananBuchanan

•No significant foreign policy No significant foreign policy issuesissues

LincolnLincoln• Trent Affair (1861)Trent Affair (1861)

– Confederate diplomats seized from British ship Confederate diplomats seized from British ship by U.S. navy on high seasby U.S. navy on high seas• Lincoln apologizes and orders release of prisonersLincoln apologizes and orders release of prisoners

• The The AlabamaAlabama Claims Claims– Confederate ship built in England that caused Confederate ship built in England that caused great damage to northern shippinggreat damage to northern shipping

– U.S. sued England for damages & won $15.2 U.S. sued England for damages & won $15.2 million (1872)million (1872)

• Maximilian AffairMaximilian Affair– France attacked Mexico and made Archduke France attacked Mexico and made Archduke Maximilian of Austria the Emperor of MexicoMaximilian of Austria the Emperor of Mexico

– When Civil War was over, U.S. sent troops to When Civil War was over, U.S. sent troops to border and forced French to leaveborder and forced French to leave

JohnsonJohnson

•Purchase of Alaska (1867) from Purchase of Alaska (1867) from RussiaRussia– AKA Seward’s FollyAKA Seward’s Folly– $7.2 Million$7.2 Million– 1/51/5thth the size of the rest of the U.S. the size of the rest of the U.S.– Sold by Czar Alexander to U.S. to Sold by Czar Alexander to U.S. to avoid British taking it by forceavoid British taking it by force

– Gold discovered in 1896Gold discovered in 1896– Major oil depositsMajor oil deposits

Grant - GarfieldGrant - Garfield

•No significant Foreign Policy No significant Foreign Policy measuresmeasures

ArthurArthur

•Laws passed to keep out Laws passed to keep out criminals, paupers, and insane criminals, paupers, and insane and diseased persons (1882)and diseased persons (1882)

•Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Cleveland (1Cleveland (1stst term) and B. term) and B. HarrisonHarrison

•No significant foreign policy No significant foreign policy measuresmeasures

Cleveland 2Cleveland 2ndnd Term Term

•Cleveland invoked Monroe Doctrine Cleveland invoked Monroe Doctrine during border dispute between during border dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana in South Venezuela and British Guiana in South Am.Am.– Protested British attempt to expandProtested British attempt to expand– Issue settled peaceably by board of Issue settled peaceably by board of arbitrationarbitration

•Cleveland recognized the Republic of Cleveland recognized the Republic of HawaiiHawaii– Taken by American fruit growersTaken by American fruit growers– Cleveland refused to agree to annexationCleveland refused to agree to annexation

McKinleyMcKinley•Increased Imperialism by U.S.Increased Imperialism by U.S.•Spanish-American War (1898)Spanish-American War (1898)

– Following “attack” on USS MaineFollowing “attack” on USS Maine– U.S. acquires Philippines, Guam, U.S. acquires Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Ricoand Puerto Rico

– Took over Hawaii and American SamoaTook over Hawaii and American Samoa

•Established an Open Door Policy Established an Open Door Policy in China (1899)in China (1899)

•Participated in putting down Participated in putting down Boxer Rebellion in ChinaBoxer Rebellion in China