U.S. History Unit Two

Reform, Revivals, Revolutions, and Unrest

Transcendentalism• Transcendentalism-emphasizes simple life and

celebrate nature and emotions.• Meaning is found not only in observation but in

feelings and experiences • Key People

– Ralph Waldo Emerson – Henry David Thoreau

• Practice civil disobedience-peacefully disobey laws if you “feel” they are not “good”

Transcendentalism

• Hudson River School- – painted pictures to glorify the Am. landscape.

Hudson River School-paintings that glorify American landscapes.

Religious Revivals spark Reform

• 2nd Great Awakening-religious revival.– Mass numbers of people becoming Christian– Church Memberships increase

• Help people • Spread the “Good News”

Reformers and Reforms

• Dorothea Dix-– reform of mental hospitals and jails.

• Horace Mann-– compulsory education for students of all ages.

Slavery reform

• Abolition-movement to abolish (get rid of) slavery.– William Lloyd Garrison- The Liberator; anti-slave

paper.

– Frederick Douglass-born a slave; moved north read Liberator.

– Nat Turner-unsuccessful slave revolt.

Women and Reform

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott- Seneca Falls Convention in New York; women’s rights.

• Sarah and Angelina Grimke-SC daughters of a slave owner; spoke out against slavery.

• Women’s Christian Temperance Union-prohibit alcohol.

• Sojourner Truth-freed slave turned abolitionist;women’s rights.

Industrial Revolution

New inventions and improvements

• Charles Goodyear – Vulcanization of rubber

• I. M. Singer-– Sewing machine

• Samuel F. Morse– Telegraph, Morse Code

• Francis Cabot Lowell and Samuel Slater-Factory System

• John Deer-Steel Plow

• Cyrus McCormick-mechanical reaper

• Eli Whitney-Cotton Gin

• Transportation– Roads– Railroads– Canals

Market Revolution

• Specialization- concentration of raising one cash crop to sell

• Market revolution-

buying and selling of goods rather than making them

• Capitalism-private businesses own means of production.

• Entrepreneurs- risk takers who start their own businesses

Key Questions

• Which region was greatly affected by the invention of the Cotton Gin?

• Which region was greatly affected by the invention of the Steel Plow?

• Which region was greatly affected by the creation of the factory system?

• What impact did the advent of new transportations have on America during the antebellum period?

Manifest Destiny

• MD-belief that it was our God-given right to expand from sea to shining sea.– Used to justify our treatment of Natives.

• Oregon Trail-caravan of settlers moving west. “54 40’ or fight”. Settled on 49th.

• Joseph Smith-founded Mormons

• Brigham Young-moves them to Salt Lake City, Utah.5

Rationale and Consequences of Manifest Destiny

• God given territory– Lewis and Clark

• Indian removal act 1830– Forced Indians to leave– Trail of tears

• Westward Population explosion– Opportunities

• Land ownership• prosperity

• Admission of new states– Created sectional

problems over slavery

Political and economics of the West

Politics• Missouri Compromise

– Slaves or not– 36/30

• Mexican War • Texas annexation

Economics• Trade routes

– Santa Fe Trail• Wagon trains

– Oregon Trail• Methodist• Mormons

• Sectionalism– South expanding cotton

kingdom– North benefited from new

transportation

Missouri Compromise

The Mexican War

1820

• Mexico Wins Independence from Spain • Opens up lands they gained for settlement– CA– TX– NM

Stephen Austin

•Stephen Austin given permission by Mexico to settle Texas.

•Offered cheap land, ten-year tax exemption, protection of Mexican gov’t.

•1830 Mexico passes law prohibiting immigration and bans importation of slaves.

Tension Erupts

• General Lopez de Santa Anna declares himself dictator of Mexico.

• 1836 American settlers declare Texan freedom.– Santa Anna sends in Army to

subdue rebellion.– Win famous battle at The

Alamo.

• William Travis, Sam Bowie, and Davy Crockett die.• Sam Houston organizes counterattack with the

battle cry “Remember the Alamo”. • Win independence 1836-Republic of Texas.

Annex or Not?

• Northerners feared annexing Texas– Take on debt– Constitutional issue– Become a slave.

• Shift balance of power in Congress.

• Congress annexes Texas 1845.

• Pres. Polk offers to buy CA and NM

• What does Mexico think about this?

US War with Mexico

• Pres. Polk offers to buy CA and NM

• Mexico refuses so Polk sends in Army under Zachary Taylor.– Claim Rio Grande as

border– John C. Fremont

organizes Bear Flag Revolt of California

Results of Mexican War

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• 1848 Recognize Rio Grande as border.

• $15 million for NM and CA.

• Gadsden Purchase 1853- southern NM and Arizona sold for $10 million; bought to build a transcontinental railroad.

Gadsden Purchase

Uh O! Slave issue again

???HOW WE GONNA SETTLE THIS NEW LAND ISSUE???

• Wilmot Proviso– bill states no slaves allowed in land gained from Mexico– defeated in Congress• tensions increase.

Sectionalism and Politics of SlaveryCompromise of 1820- Missouri thingA NEW DEAL Compromise of 1850

– negotiated by Henry Clay

1. CA-admitted as a free state N2. Harsh Fugitive Slave Law S

– runaway and those that help were severely punished.

3. Popular Sovereignty – NM and AZ – residents decide for themselves.

Fugitive Slave Laws

Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Harriet Beecher

Stowe-Uncle Tom’s Cabin– Portrayed south

and slavery as evil + violent.

Kansas-Nebraska Act• KA and NE would decide for themselves. – Popular Sovereignty.

• Rush to populate states by south to vote pro-slave.

• Bleeding Kansas

Election of 1856

• Republican Party is born – anti slavery– John Fremont as candidate

• James Buchanan Wins – Democrat – Supported Popular Sovereignty

Dred Scott

• Overturns Miss. Compromise and Kansas-Nebraska Act– Slaves considered property-take ‘em anywhere.

John Browns Raid

• John Brown-radical abolitionist kills slave owners “Bleeding Kansas”.– Harper’s Ferry Incident-Robert E. Lee hangs Brown for

treason.

Election of 1860

• Lincoln wins with no southern electoral votes.– South Carolina secedes.– “We must preserve the Union.” Abe Lincoln.

Lincoln – Douglas Debates

Lincoln Douglas

Battles of The Civil War• 1st Shots Fired- Fort Sumter• 1st Major Battle- Bull

Run/Manassas"There stands Jackson like a stone wall! Rally behind the Virginians!"

-- Brigadier General Barnard Bee, CSA

Monitor v. MerrimackIron-Clad Naval Battle

Battles Continued

• Antietam-Bloodiest single day of the war.– 26,000 combined casualties.– Emancipation Proclamation issued after facing

pressure from abolitionists.• Turning Points– Gettysburg-Northern victory• Pickett’s Charge

– Vicksburg, Miss.-North captures important city on Miss. River.

Pickett’s Charge

Dead Confederate Sharp Shooter

Civil War• Anaconda Plan-strangle and blockade.• War for the capitols-D.C. and Richmond.• Emancipation Proclamation-freed slaves.• Lincoln suspends writ of habeas corpus.– Arrested without a trial.– Northern Copperheads-wanted peace with South.

• Conscription-draft.• Congress passes income tax.• Gettysburg Address.• Sherman’s March to Sea-burnt Atlanta to

Savannah-Concept of Total War.

Advantages/Disadvantages

• North• More railroads.• More money.• Bigger industrial

base.

• South• Better Generals.• Home turf.• Lack of supplies.• Lack of Railroads.

War Changes a Nation• Northern Republicans dominate Congress.– Southern Democrats weakened.

• Economy booms in North during and after war; making war supplies.

• Lincoln reelected 1864; shot 1865 by John Wilkes Booth.

• 1865-13th Amendment passed-outlaw slavery.

Reconstruction Period

• 1865-1877• Rebuilding after the Civil War• Readmitting Southern States• Three plans emerge

Lincoln’s Assassination

• Lincoln’s Civil War goal= preserve the Union.– Abolishing slavery became

a secondary goal.

• Lincoln’s assassination– When-April 14th 1865

• Four days after Appomattox

– Where-Ford’s Theatre, DC– Who John Wiles Booth

• Southern sympathizer

3 Plans to Reconstruct a Nation

• Lincoln-10% plan; easy plan– 10% take oath of allegiance=pardon

• Johnson-moderate plan– Withdraw secession, swear allegiance, ratify the

13th Amendment.• Radical Republicans in Congress– 51% take oath, adopt 13th and 14th Amendments.

Radical Republicans

• Blame the South for the Civil War.• Thought slaves should be free and EQUAL.• Senator Sumner and Rep. Thaddeus Stevens led

Radicals.• Passed Wade-Davis Bill-said Congress should control

Reconstruction; vetoed.• Freedmen’s Bureau-provided emergency food and

shelter for poor whites and blacks.

Johnson Impeached

• Johnson was a Southerner

• Congress upset because Johnson fired Radical Republican cabinet members without asking the Senate.

• Would not enforce laws of the reconstruction act– Impeached in House but

not in Senate.

Johnson’s impeachment trial

Politics of the Postwar South

• Carpetbaggers– Northern Republicans

who moved South after the war.

– Took advantage of the turmoil

• Scalawags-Southern Democrats changed to Republicans.

Changing Face on Congress

• First blacks in congress

• Hiram Revels-first black Senator; Miss.

Blacks gain political freedoms

• Amendments – 13 Free– 14 citizenship– 15 vote

Southern attempts to prevent freedoms

• Fear and intimidation– KKK

• Laws passed– Black Codes “Jim

Crow”• Grandfather clause• Poll tax• Literacy test

Redemption-return to power for the South.

• Hayes v. Samuel Tilden (Dem) 1876

• Tilden won popular vote but lost election.

• Hayes won by one electoral vote; FLA.

• Democrats agree to let Hayes wins if he ends Reconstruction; remove North troops.