Usain BOLT Dopage

8/9/2019 Usain BOLT Dopage

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Usain BOLT

Source: http://grg51.typepad.com/steroid_nation/2008/08/german-olympic.html

German sprinter Tobias Unger (29) called the Olympic 100m mens final a farce and cast doubt on the

legitimacy of superstar Usain Bolts win.

Unger voiced his complaints about the Jamaican sprinter to BILD sport, saying: Bolt didnt even warm up for

the semi final. He showed up in shorts and jogging shoes, did his pickups and practice starts, put on his spikes

and then ran the 100m in 9.92 seconds.

Bolt ran a time of 9.8 seconds in May and again at the end of September. He showed no tiredness during

training, an annoyed Unger added.

They do whatever they want on their island. Nothing happens to them. Im the only one here at the Olympics

who is registering with the doping controllers.

Bolt apparently didnt even know how to fill out the doping forms. The American sprinters coaches actually

laughed when they heard about German doping controls.

Unger, who was cut in the semi-finals, threatened to quit: I just dont have the desire anymore.

By the age of 15, he had grown to 1.96 metres (6 ft 5 in) tall, and he physically stood out amongst his peers

Father & mother:


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GH:

Growth hormone

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Growth hormone

growth hormone 1

Identifiers

Symbol GH1

Entrez 2688

HUGO 4261

OMIM 139250

RefSeq NM_022562

UniProt P01241

Other data

Locus Chr. 17q22-q24

"HGH" redirects here. For other uses, see HGH (disambiguation).

y Growth hormone (GH) is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans

and other animals. It is a 191-amino acid, single chain polypeptide hormone which is synthesized,

stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland.

Somatotrophin refers to the growth hormone produced natively in animals, the term somatropin


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refers to growth hormone produced by recombinant DNA technology[1]

, and is abbreviated "rhGH" in

human. Growth hormone has a variety of functions in the body, the most noticeable of which is the

increase of height throughout childhood, and there are several diseases which can be treated through

the therapeutic use of GH.

[edit] Gene locus

Main article: Growth hormone 1

The genes for human growth hormone, known as Growth hormone 1, are localized in the q22-24 region of

chromosome 17 and are closely related to human chorionic somatomammotropin (also known as placental

lactogen) genes. GH, human chorionic somatomammotropin, and prolactin (PRL) are a group ofhomologous

hormones with growth-promoting and lactogenic activity.

[edit] Molecular structures

The major isoform of the human growth hormone is a protein of 191 amino acids and a molecular weight of 22

124 daltons. The structure includes four helices necessary for functional interaction with the GH receptor. GH is

structurally and apparently evolutionarily homologous to prolactin and chorionic somatomammotropin.Despite marked structural similarities between growth hormone from different species, only human and

primate growth hormones have significant effects in humans.

[edit] Secretion

Several molecular isoforms of GH circulate in the plasma. Much of the growth hormone in the circulation is

bound to a protein (growth hormone binding protein, GHBP) which is derived from the growth hormone

receptor, and an acid label sub unit (ALS).

[edit] Regulation

Peptides released by neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus (Growth hormone releasing hormone and

somatostatin) into the portal venous blood surrounding the pituitary are the major controllers of GH secretion

by the somatotropes. However, although the balance of these stimulating and inhibiting peptides determines

GH release, this balance is affected by many physiological stimulators (e.g exercise, nutrition, sleep) and

inhibitors of GH secretion (e.g. Free fatty acids).[2]

Stimulators of GH secretion include:

y growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) from the arcuate nucleus

y ghrelin

y sleep

y exercise

y low levels ofblood sugar (hypoglycemia)

y dietary protein

y increased androgen secretion during puberty (in males from testis and in females from adrenal cortex)

y arginine[3]

Inhibitors of GH secretion include:

y somatostatin from the periventricular nucleus

y circulating concentrations of GH and IGF-1 (negative feedback)

y hyperglycemia

y glucocorticoids


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y estradiol

In addition to control by endogenous processes, a number of foreign compounds (xenobiotics) are now known

to influence GH secretion and function[4]

, highlighting the fact that the GH-IGF axis is an emerging target for

certain endocrine disrupting chemicals (see endocrine disruptor).

[edit] Secretion patterns

Most of the physiologically important secretion occurs as several large pulses or peaks of GH release each

day[citation needed]

. The plasma concentration of GH during these peaks may range from 5 to even 45 ng/mL

(Stokes, 2003)[citation needed]

. Peaks typically last from 10 to 30 minutes before returning to basal levels (see a

complete review, Laursen, 2003)[citation needed]

. The largest and most predictable of these GH peaks occurs about

an hour after onset of sleep.[5]

Otherwise there is wide variation between days and individuals. Between the

peaks, basal GH levels are low, usually less than 5 ng/mL for most of the day and night[5]

. Additional analysis of

the pulsatile profile of GH described in all cases less than 1 ng/ml for basal levels while maximum peaks where

situated around 10-20 ng/ml (Nindl et al, 2001, Juul et Jorgensen, 1996).

The amount and pattern of GH secretion change throughout life[citation needed]

. Basal levels are highest in early

childhood[citation needed]

. The amplitude and frequency of peaks is greatest during the pubertal growth spurt[citation

needed]. Healthy children and adolescents average about 8 peaks per 24 hours

[citation needed]. Adults average about 5

peaks[citation needed]. Basal levels and the frequency and amplitude of peaks decline throughout adult life[citationneeded]

.

[edit] Functions of GH

Effects of growth hormone on the tissues of the body can generally be described as anabolic (building up) as

well as people with short stature, grow taller. Like most other protein hormones GH acts by interacting with a

specific receptor on the surface of cells.

Stimulating the increase in height in childhood is the most widely known effect of GH, and appears to be

stimulated by at least two mechanisms.

1.

GH directly stimulates division and multiplication ofchondrocytes ofcartilage. These are the primarycells in the growing ends (epiphyses) of children's long bones (arms, legs, digits).

2. GH also stimulates production ofinsulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, formerly known as somatomedin

C), a hormone homologous to proinsulin.[6]

The liver is a major target organ of GH for this process, and

is the principal site of IGF-1 production. IGF-1 has growth-stimulating effects on a wide variety of

tissues. Additional IGF-1 is generated within target tissues, making it apparently both an endocrine

and an autocrine/paracrine hormone. IGF-1 also has stimulatory effects on osteoblast and

chondrocyte activity to promote bone growth.

In addition to increasing height in children and adolescents, growth hormone has many other effects on the

body:

y Increases calcium retention, and strengthens and increases the mineralization of bone

y

Increases muscle mass through the sarcomerehyperplasiay Promotes lipolysis

y Increases protein synthesis

y Stimulating the growth of all internal organs excluding the brain

y Plays a role in fuel homeostasis

y Reduces liver uptake ofglucose

y Promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver[7]

y It contributes to the maintenance and function ofpancreatic islets

y It stimulates the immune system


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[edit] Excesses

The most common disease of GH excess is a pituitary tumor composed of somatotroph cells of the anterior

pituitary. These somatotroph adenomas are benign and grow slowly, gradually producing more and more GH.

For years, the principal clinical problems are those of GH excess. Eventually the adenoma may become large

enough to cause headaches, impair vision by pressure on the optic nerves, or cause deficiency of other

pituitary hormones by displacement.

Prolonged GH excess thickens the bones of the jaw, fingers and toes. Resulting heaviness of the jaw and

increased thickness of digits is referred to as acromegaly. Accompanying problems can include pressure on

nerves (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome), muscle weakness, insulin resistance or even a rare form of type 2

diabetes, and reduced sexual function.

GH-secreting tumors are typically recognized in the fifth decade of life. It is extremely rare for such a tumor to

occur in childhood, but when it does the excessive GH can cause excessive growth, traditionally referred to as

pituitary gigantism.

Surgical removal is the usual treatment for GH-producing tumors. In some circumstances focused radiation or a

GH antagonist such as bromocriptine or octreotide may be employed to shrink the tumor or block function.

[edit] Deficiencies

Main article: Growth hormone deficiency

The effects ofgrowth hormone deficiency vary depending on the age at which they occur. In children, growth

failure and short stature are the major manifestations of GH deficiency, with common causes including genetic

conditions and congenital malformations. It can also cause delayed sexual maturity. In adults, deficiency is

rare[8]

, with the most common cause a pituitary adenoma, and others including a continuation of a childhood

problem, other structural lesions or trauma, and very rarely idiopathic GHD.

Adults with GHD present with non-specific problems including truncalobesity with a relative decrease in

muscle mass and, in many instances, decreased energy and quality of life[8]

.

Diagnosis of GH deficiency involves a multiple step diagnostic process, usually culminating in GH stimulation

test(s) to see if the patient's pituitary gland will release a pulse of GH when provoked by various stimuli.

Treatment with external GH is only indicated in limited circumstances[8]

, and needs regular monitoring due to

the frequency and severity of side-effects. GH is used as replacement therapy in adults with GH deficiency of

either childhood-onset (after completing growth phase) or adult-onset (usually as a result of an acquired

pituitary tumor). In these patients, benefits have variably included reduced fat mass, increased lean mass,

increased bone density, improved lipid profile, reduced cardiovascular risk factors, and improved psychosocial

well-being.

[edit] Therapeutic use

[edit] Treatments unrelated to deficiency

GH can be used to treat conditions which produce short stature but are not related to deficiencies in GH,

though results are not as dramatic when compared to short stature solely due to deficiency of GH. Examples of

other causes of shortness often treated with GH are Turner syndrome, chronic renal failure, Prader-Willi

syndrome, intrauterine growth retardation, and severe idiopathic short stature. Higher ("pharmacologic")

doses are required to produce significant acceleration of growth in these conditions, producing blood levels

well above physiologic. Despite the higher doses, side effects during treatment are rare, and vary little

according to the condition being treated.


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GH treatment improves muscle strength and slightly reduces body fat in Prader-Willi syndrome, which are

significant concerns beyond the need to increase height. GH is also useful in maintaining muscle mass in

wasting due to AIDS. GH can also be used in patients with short bowel syndrome to lessen the requirement for

intravenous total parenteral nutrition.

Uses that are controversial include

y GH treatment for remission ofMultiple sclerosis

y GH treatment to reverse effects ofaging in older adults (see below)

y GH treatment to enhance weight loss in obesity

y GH treatment for fibromyalgia

y GH treatment for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis

y GH treatment for idiopathic short stature

y GH treatment for bodybuilding or athletic enhancement

y The use ofbovine somatotropin to increase milk production in cattle

[edit] Anti-aging agent

Claims for GH as an anti-aging treatment date back to 1990 when the New England Journal ofMedicine

published a study where GH was used to treat 12 men over 60. At the conclusion of the study all the menshowed statistically significant increases in lean body mass and bone mineral, while the control group did

not. The authors of the study noted that these improvements were the opposite of the changes that would

normally occur over a 10 to 20 year aging period. Despite the fact the authors at no time claimed that GH had

reversed the aging process itself, their results were misinterpreted as indicating GH was an effective anti-aging

agent.[9]

A Stanford University School of Medicine survey of clinical studies on the subject published in early 2007

showed that the application of GH on healthy elderly patients increased muscle by about 2 kg and decreased

body fat by the same amount.[9]

However, these were the only positive effects from taking GH. No other critical

factors were affected, such as bone density, cholesterol levels, lipid measurements, maximal oxygen

consumption, or any other factor that would indicate increased fitness.[9]

Researchers also didn't discover any

gain in muscle strength, which led them to believe that GH merely let the body store more water in the

muscles rather than increase muscle growth. This would explain the increase in lean body mass. Regular

application of GH did show several negative side effects such as joint swelling, joint pain, carpal tunnel

syndrome, and an increased risk ofdiabetes.[9]

[edit] Side effects

Main article: HGH controversies

There is theoretical concern that GH treatment may increase the risks of diabetes, especially in those with

other predispositions treated with higher doses. One survey of adults who had been treated with replacement

cadaver GH (which has not been used anywhere in the world since 1985) during childhood showed a mildly

increased incidence of colon cancer, but linkage with the GH treatment was not established.[10]

[edit] History

Main article: Growth hormone treatment#History

The identification, purification and later synthesis of growth hormone is associated with Choh Hao Li.

Genentech pioneered the first use ofrecombinant human growth hormone for human therapy in 1981.

Prior to its production by recombinant DNA technology, growth hormone used to treat deficiencies was

extracted from the pituitary glands ofcadavers. In 1985, biosynthetic human growth hormone replaced


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pituitary-derived human growth hormone for therapeutic use in the U.S. and elsewhere. GH is also known to

increase chances of breast cancer and lung cancer.

As of 2005, recombinant growth hormones available in the United States (and their manufacturers) included

Nutropin (Genentech), Humatrope (Lilly), Genotropin (Pfizer), Norditropin (Novo), and Saizen (Merck

Serono). In 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Association (FDA) approved a version of rhGH called Omnitrope

(Sandoz). A sustained-release form of growth hormone, Nutropin Depot (Genentech and Alkermes) was

approved by the FDA in 1999, allowing for fewer injections (every 2 or 4 weeks instead of daily); however,

the product was discontinued in 2004.

[edit] References

1. ^ e.g., Daniels, M.E. (1992). "Lilly's Humatrope Experience". Nature Biotechnology10: 812.

2. Âctions of Anterior Pituitary Hormones: Growth Hormone (GH) . Medical College of Georgia. 2007.

3. ^ Alba-Roth J, Mller O, Schopohl J, von Werder K (1988). "Arginine stimulates growth hormone

secretion by suppressing endogenous somatostatin secretion".J Clin EndocrinolMetab67 (6): 11869.

doi:10.1126/science.2237411.
(inactive 2008-06-26). PMID 2903866.

4. ^ Scarth J. "Modulation of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis by

pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and environmental xenobiotics: an emerging role for xenobiotic-

metabolizing enzymes and the transcription factors regulating their expression. A review". Xenobiotica

36 (2-3): 119218. PMID 16702112.5. ^

ab

Takahashi Y, Kipnis D, Daughaday W (1968). "Growth hormone secretion during sleep". J Clin

Invest47 (9): 207990. doi:10.1172/JCI105893. PMID 5675428.

6. ^ "Actions of Anterior Pituitary Hormones: Physiologic Actions of GH". Medical College of Georgia

(2007). Retrieved on 2008-01-16.

7. ^ King, MW (2006). "Structure and Function of Hormones: Growth Hormone". Indiana State University.

Retrieved on 2008-01-16.

8. âbc

Molitch ME, Clemmons DR, Malozowski S, et al(May 2006). "Evaluation and treatment of adult

growth hormone deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline".J. Clin. Endocrinol.

Metab.91 (5): 162134. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2227. PMID 16636129. Retrieved on 2008-07-23.

9. âbcd

Liu H, Bravata DM, Olkin I, et al(2007). "Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth

hormone in the healthy elderly".Ann. Intern. Med.146 (2): 10415. PMID 17227934.; news report

10. ^ Swerdlow AJ, Higgins CD, Adlard P, Preece MA (2002). "Risk of cancer in patients treated with human

pituitary growth hormone in the UK, 1959-85: a cohort study". Lancet360 (9329): 2737.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09519-3. PMID 12147369.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone "

Source: http://www.biotech-monitor.nl/4707.htm

Bovine Growth Hormone - BGH

At first, major consumer and environmental organisations had little interest in campaigning about

biotechnology. But this changed when in 1988 four USA companies applied for a European license to market a

genetically engineered bovine growth hormone (BGH, also known as recombinant bovine somatotropin, rBST)

as a veterinary drug to increase milk production in dairy cows. This triggered the first campaigns by coalitions

of different types of public interest groups. Whereas the producers of BGH argued that its use to enhance milkyield was simply another 'management tool', those who opposed its introduction were very critical of this

'instrumental' approach to animals. They also questioned the safety of BGH and its effects on animal health and

welfare and were concerned that the introduction of BGH would drive many small dairy farmers, who were

already struggling with the heavily subsidized milk surplus in Europe, out of business. It was argued that if BGH

were to be approved, milk from cows treated with BGH should be kept apart and labelled so consumers could

choose which type of milk they wanted.

This wave of protest created a serious dilemma for the EC. If BGH was granted a product license in the USA,

failure to license it in Europe could provoke the USA to evoke trade sanctions. Nevertheless, in 1989 the EC


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decided to adopt a 15-month moratorium on the commercial use of BGH. In 2001, eight years later, the EC has

still not given its consent and the controversy about safety, socio-economic impacts, consumer choice and

ethics has now extended to include GM food.

Source : http://courbedecroissance.com/fic/dossiers.php?c=12

LINFLUENCE DES HORMONES SUR LACROISSANCE

L'hormone de croissance L'hormone de croissance occupe une place centrale dans la rgulation de la croissance. La somatropine (sous son nom scientifi que), antrieurementdnomme STH et actuellement hGH pour human Growth Hormone, est scrte de faon pulsatile par la glande hypo physe, petite glande situesous le cerveau, au niveau de la base du crne, dans laxe de la racine du nez. Pour les 4/5 environ, cette scrtion est no cturne, caractrise partrois cinq pics de scrtion chez l'enfant, un ou deux seulement chez l'adul te et de moindre amplitude. La scrtion est maximale juste aprs lanaissance et au cours de la pubert. Ce nest pas parce que cette hormone de croissance est fabrique surtout durant le somme il quil est juste deprtendre que lenfant grandit pendant la nuit , mais il reste cependant souhaitable, pour des raisons dhygine gnrale, que lenfant puisse fairede bonnes nuits. En ralit, lenfant grandit comme on monte un escalier : les marches alternent avec les paliers et, de plus , il existe des variationssaisonnires de la croissance, les enfants grandissant plus rapidement - en gnral mais pas toujours durant le printemps et lt que pendantlautomne et lhiver.Il sagit dune hormone polypeptidique de 191 acides amins secrte par l'anth ypophyse. Sa scrtion est sous la dpendance de deux facteurs dergulation venant de lhypothalamus, qui est une partie du cerveau : la somatocrinine ou G.R.F. (Growth Hormone -Releasing Factor), polypeptide de44 acides amins stimulant la scrtion de G H ; la somatostatine, polypeptide de 14 acides amins, inhibiteur de la production de GH.

Schma de scrtion de l'hormone de croissance

Les somatomdines ou IGF: En fait, l'hormone de croissance ne possde pas d'effet direct important sur la croissan ce en longueur des os, mais intervient en agissant sur certainsorganes par la gnration de facteurs de croissance effet local. Les somatomdines ont t dcouvertes par Salmon et Daugha day en 1957. Ils'agit d'un groupe de substances fabriques par div ers tissus, et particulirement le foie, sous l'influence de l'hormone de croissance. Cessubstances, maintenant dnommes IGF (pour Insulin -like Growth Factors), stimulen t l'activit des cartilages de croissance et accroissent ainsi lalongueur des os. Par ailleurs, le taux des IGF circulants intervient comme inhibiteur de la scrtion de GRF et de GH. Les IGF circulent dans le sang,portes par plus de 6 protines de liaison (les IGF -BP). L'IGF-BP3 agit comme un rservoir librant de faon continue l'IGF -1 auprs des tissus cibles.L'action d'IGF-1 sur la croissance cartilagineuse s'exerce jusqu' ce que les hormones sexuelles aient ossifi la plaque cartilagineuse au m oment dela pubert. L'effet d'IGF-2 est particulirement important pour la croissance f tale.


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Reprsentation schmatique du contrle hormonal de la croissance

Le contrle neuro-hormonal de la croissance :Lhypophyse est donc une glande centrale et dterminante dans la croissance et le dveloppement de lenfant ; elle fabrique lhormone decroissance, mais elle contrle aussi dautres glandes intervenant dans la croissance comme la glande thyrode, les glandes se xuelles ou les glandessurrnales. Lhypophyse est elle -mme sous la dpendance dune structure situe dans le cerveau : lhypothalamus. Il sagit dune masse de tissunerveux qui fabrique des facteurs de rgulation et de contrle endocriniens rglant l'activit hormonale de l'hypophyse (GRF et somatostatine en cequi concerne la croissance), laquelle elle est relie pa r un rseau de fibres nerveuses et de filets sanguins, par l'intermdiaire de "neuro -hormones". Ce vritable cordon ombilical entre hypothalamus et hypophyse sappelle la tige pituitaire, trs fragile, ce q ui explique que certainscas de petite taille sont lis une anomalie de cette tige pituitaire responsable dune dficience dans la production dhormone de croissance.

A la pubert : Le dveloppement pubertaire commence en moyenne environ 10,5 11 ans chez la fillette

(extrmes : 8 et 13 ans) et 11,5 - 13 ans chez le garon (extrmes : 10 et 14 ans). Dans cette priode, la

croissance se fait sous linfluence conjugue des hormones sexuelles et de lhormone de croissance.

Chez les filles, la vitesse de croissance de pointe survient dans l'anne suivant le commencement du

dveloppement des seins ; les premires rgles se manifestent en moyenne 18 mois 2 ans aprs le dbut de

la pubert et la croissance est en gnral termine dans les 18 mois suivant le dbut de la menstruation (qui

survient un ge moyen de 12,8 ans).

COMMENT SAPPLIQUE UN TRAITEMENT PAR HORMONE DE CROISSANCE?

Lhormone de croissance sadministre sous forme dinjections sous-cutanes - c'est--dire des piqres sous la

peau - tous les jours (on laisse parfois un jour libre dans la semaine). Ces injections sous-cutanes sont faites

l'aide d'aiguilles extrmement fines dont la longueur est en gnral comprise entre 5 et 8 mm. Il existe des

dispositifs injecteurs que l'on appelle en gnral des stylos en raison de leur forme et des dispositifs

transjecteurs grce auxquels l'hormone de croissance est administre sous la peau mais sans aiguille. Ces

derniers dispositifs sont apparemment trs sduisants mais ils n'empchent pas que l'enfant ressente le

passage du produit sous la peau. Qu'il s'agisse de dispositifs injecteurs ou transjecteurs, ce traitement n'est

rellement pas douloureux et il est parfaitement bien accept par les enfants, la condition expresse que les

parents l'acceptent eux-mmes. Au dbut, une infirmire se charge des premires injections puis elle apprend

trs rapidement aux parents ou bien l'enfant lui-mme partir d'un certain ge pratiquer ces injections qui

sont extrmement faciles raliser. Il faut varier dans la semaine les sites injections : au niveau des cuisses, au

niveau des fesses, au niveau des bras et au niveau du ventre. Les injections se font traditionnellement le soir

avant le coucher mais en ralit rien n'empche que occasionnellement elles soient pratiques le matin ou


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l'aprs-midi. La dose prescrite doit bien sr tre respecte mais, en cas d'erreur, les risques ne sont

vritablement pas trs importants. Si la dose administre a t trop faible, il ny aura aucune consquence

condition que cela ne se reproduise par trop souvent ; si la dose a t trop forte au contraire, il n'y a en gnral

pas de consquences sauf dans de trs rares cas des signes lis une rtention dans l'organisme de sel et d'eau

cause par l'hormone de croissance, c'est--dire des maux de tte et des oedmes essentiellement.

En France, pas moins de six marques diffrentes d'hormones de croissance sont commercialises, qui ont des

noms diffrents mais qui sont toutes fabriques selon des procds similaires, avec les mmes garanties et la

mme efficacit. Plusieurs autres hormones de croissance sont en exprimentation mais sont administres auxenfants avec les mmes garanties de scurit. Le choix de telle ou telle hormone pour traiter un enfant dpend

des indications de chaque marque, ainsi que d'autres critres propres au mdecin prescripteur.

Le prix des hormones de croissance est trs lev ; on estime que lanne de traitement revient un cot

compris entre 5000 et 12000 Euros en fonction du poids de lenfant et le lindication du traitement

conditionnant la dose. Enfin, on estime 6000 le nombre denfants en traitement par hormone de croissance

en France.

Quand doit-on faire l'injection ?

Chez l'enfant, l'hormone de croissance est fabrique essentiellement la nuit. La plupart des mdecins

prconisent de faire les injections le soir aprs 18 heures, avant le dner ou avant le coucher, afin de mimer la

scrtion naturelle qui est plus importante la nuit. En ralit, on peut tre souple sur cette question dhoraire

et il nest pas ncessaire de faire les injections tous les soirs la mme heure.

Qui peut faire les injections ?

La majorit des familles (parents et enfants) apprennent faire elles-mmes les injections. La part active prise

par l'enfant dans son traitement dpend de son ge. Il est important qu'il participe, sil le souhaite, la

prparation et l'injection. Il peut ainsi tre plus indpendant, notamment pendant les vacances. Une

infirmire est rarement ncessaire mais si la famille prouve des difficults, il est toujours possible de faire

appel son aide. Enfin, pour certains enfants, le moment de la piqre peut reprsenter un instant privilgi

avec ses parents.

O doit-on faire les injections ?

Les injections peuvent tre faites dans les cuisses, les fesses, les bras, l'abdomen, suivant la prfrence de

l'enfant. II est important de changer le site d'injection pour viter l'apparition de ractions sous-cutanes que

lon appelle des lipoatrophies et qui peuvent empcher le passage normal du mdicament inject dans la

circulation sanguine.

Docteur, mon enfant a peur des piqres !

Si l'enfant trait a peur des piqres, on peut utiliser un cache-aiguille ; laiguille est bien l, mais on ne la voit

pas. De plus, les aiguilles utilises de nos jours sont extrmement fines et courtes et le volume inject trs

faible, ce qui permet de supprimer en grande partie la sensation douloureuse. On peut aussi envisager dutiliser

un transjecteur (voir plus haut). En dernier recours, on peut utiliser une pommade anesthsiante quil faut

cependant appliquer au moins 1 heure avant linjection. Cependant, dites vous bien quun jeune enfant est le

miroir de ses parents : sil a peur de la piqre, ne serait -ce pas parce que vous-mme ntes pas encore bien

prpar au traitement ?

Je suis daccord pour un traitement par hormone de croissance, mais pas sous forme de piqres !

Il ny a pas ce jour dautre possibilit de traitement par hormone de croissance que par piqres. Les

chercheurs dans les laboratoires tudient dautres modes dadministration, mais rien nest encore disponible.

Source :

http://www.dopage.be/actualites/hormone_croissance/?PHPSESSID=0a698f10295b935e98d20d74e15e81a6

Le 20 septembre dernier, l'Agence Mondiale antidopage a fait le bilan de son action lors des Jeux d'Athnes.

"Nous avons attrap plus de tricheurs qu'avant", a dclar Dick Pound son prsident. 29 athltes ont

effectivement t sanctionns parmi lesquels 7 mdaills. Quatre chevaux ont aussi t contrls positifs. Pour

la premire fois, la commission antidopage du CIO avait galement mis en place un protocole de dtection

de l'hormone de croissance. Malgr quelque 300 tests (soit 10% du total des tests effectus), pas un seul cas

de dopage la hGH (human Growth Hormone). Faut-il y voir l'abandon d'un dopant devenu trop visible ou


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simplement le manque d'efficacit d'une mthode propos de laquelle, il faut bien l'avouer, on ne sait pas

grand-chose? Lors d'un grand colloque qui s'est tenu dbut avril Dallas (Etats-Unis), les experts avaient

seulement laiss entendre qu'ils taient sur le point de mesurer les fluctuations de l'hormone de croissance

dans le sang et l'urine et surtout d'en identifier l'origine. Car, c ontrairement ce que l'on prtend souvent,

l'hormone de croissance se dtecte assez facilement. En revanche, il est trs difficile de savoir si ces

fluctuations sont le rsultat d'un dopage ou le fruit d'une production endogne de nature irrgulire.

Source :

http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:yclRDGbwnn0J:www.masson.fr/masson/portal/bookmark%3Bjsessioni

d%3D4439C96595AC055514AFA1C64D05CB52.lbmastin3%3FGlobal%3D1%26Page%3D18%26MenuIdSelected

%3D106%26MenuItemSelected%3D0%26MenuSupportSelected%3D12%26CodeRevue4%3DRFL%26CodeProdu

ct4%3D982%26Path%3DREVUE/RFL/2008/38/401/ARTICLE120885100336.xml%26Locations%3D%26Pos%3D36

+growth+hormone+dopage&hl=fr&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=fr&client=firefox-a

The second called direct method is based on the measurement with immunoassays of the difference between

the circulating forms of GH and the recombinant represented by the unique 22kdalton molecule.

Source : http://www.em-consulte.com/article/152105

Le dopage lhormone de croissance (GH) reste un problme majeur dans le sport de haut niveau actuel. Cette

hormone est sur la liste des produits interdits de lAMA. Elle a t introduite dans les interdictions ds que sa

forme recombinante a t commercialise au dbut des annes 90. La majorit des expriences contrles

effectues avec des doses supra-physiologiques dhormone de croissance recombinante nont ce jour pas

montr deffet significatif sur le volume de dactivit physique dun sportif. Cependant, les saisies, faites

notamment par la police ou les autorits douanires de divers pays sur des continents diffrents, montrent

bien lintrt encore trs actuel pour ce produit par les athltes de haut niveau. Le haut degr didentit entre

les formes endogne et recombinante de lhormone fait que la dtection de son abus est trs difficile. De plus,

de par sa scrtion trs pulsatile et une variabilit inter-individuelle trs importante, lapproche purement

quantitative de sa concentration srique chez le sportif nest pas utilisable comme telle. Actuellement, pour la

dtection du dopage lhormone de croissance, deux approches diffrentes sont proposes par les

scientifiques. La premire est base sur la combinaison de plusieurs paramtres spcifiques de la cascade

biologique affecte par des applications de lhormone. Cette approche est appele lapproche indirecte. La

seconde, appele de manire simplificatrice lapproche directe, consiste mesurer les diffrentes formes

circulantes de lhormone par un test immunologique appel permissif ou pituitaire et comparer leurquantit globale celle correspondant lhormone de croissance recombinante (r-hGH) correspondant la

molcule de 22Kdalton.

Abstract

Growth hormone doping in sport

Doping with recombinant growth hormone (GH) has become a major problem in sports during the last 10 to 15

years. This hormone is in the list of forbidden compound in sports since the availability of its recombinant form

was improved (beginning of the nineties). This hormone has a fairly good reputation among some athletes,

although its effectiveness is still not proven in enhancing the physical performances. Most of the experiences

performed with supra-physiological dosage of recombinant HGH did not show any significant effect on theworkload of the athlete. Nevertheless, many police seizures the last years showed the very high interest from

the top level athlete population for this compound. It can be assumed that the compound is not only used for

its potential anabolic effect on the muscle growth, but certainly in combination with other products like

androgens, erythropoietin and insulin,

The high degree of identity between the endogenous and the recombinant form of GH makes the detection of

doping quite difficult. Beside that, the pulsatility of growth hormone secretion and important inter-individual

variability make the quantitative approach non-usable. Nowadays, two different approaches are proposed to

overcome this problem. One is based on the combination of several parameters measured in the biological


13/22

cascade affected by the application of GH. This is called the indirect method of detection. The second called

direct method is based on the measurement with immunoassays of the difference between the circulating

forms of GH and the recombinant represented by the unique 22kdalton molecule.


14/22

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15/22

Silver 2002 Kingston 4 100 m relay

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D orld Youth Championships

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Usain Bolt IPA: [ju'sen] (born 21 August1986) is a Jamaicansprinter. He holds world and Olympic records inboth the 100 metres, 200 metres and 4x100 metres relay, with times of 9.69 seconds, 19.30 seconds and

37.10 seconds respectively. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, he became the first man in history to break all three

world records at one Olympics, and the first man since Carl Lewis in 1984 to win the 100m, 200m, and the

4x100 metres relay, at the same Olympics. His name and achievements in sprinting have earned him the media

nickname "Lightning Bolt".[3]

Bolt also distinguished himself prior to the 2008 Olympics. His 200 m gold medal at the 2002 World Junior

Championships made him the youngest gold medallist in the history of the competition. He became the first

junior sprinter to run the 200 m in under 20 seconds in 2004 with a time of 19.93 s, breaking Roy Martin's

world junior record by two tenths of a second. He also set competition records at a number of junior events.

Bolt turned professional in 2004, but missed most of his first two seasons due to injuries. This included a failure

in his first round 200 m heat at the 2004 S ummer Olympics. In 2007, Bolt beat Don Quarrie's 200 m Jamaicannational record with a run of 19.75 s. In May 2008, Bolt set his first 100 m world record with 9.72 s, improving

upon his personal best of 9.76 s made earlier in the month.

Early life

Bolt was born in Trelawny, Jamaica, on 21 August1986.[2][3]

As a child, he was successful in the annual, national

primary schools' meeting for his parish,[3]

and enjoyed playing cricket, specialising in fast bowling. Upon his

entry to William Knibb Memorial High School, his cricket coach noticed Bolt's speed on the pitch and urged him

to try track and field events.

[4]

Pablo McNeil and Dwayne Barrett coached Bolt, encouraging him to focus hisenergy on improving his athletic abilities. The school had a history of athletic success with past students

including Michael Green.[3]

Bolt won his first annual high school championships medal in 2001, taking the silver

medal in the 200 metres with a time of 22.04 seconds.[3]

Performing in his first Caribbean national event, Bolt clocked a personal best of 48.28 seconds in the

400 metres in the 2001 CARIFTA Games, winning a silver medal.[5]

The 200 metres also yielded a silver as Bolt

finished in 21.81 seconds. He made his first appearance on the world stage at the 2001 IAAF World Youth

Championships in Debrecen, Hungary. Running in the 200 metres event, he failed to qualify for the finals, but

he still set a new personal best of 21.73 seconds.[6]

In 2002, Bolt won both the 200 and 400 metres events in

the High School Championships, CARIFTA Games, and Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships.[3]

He set championship records for both 200 and 400 metres in the 2002 CARIFTA games with 21.12 seconds and

47.33 seconds respectively.[5]

He continued to set records, with 20.61 seconds and 47.12 seconds finishes at

the CAC Junior Championships.[7]

Rise to prominence

The 2002 World Junior Championships in front of a home crowd in Kingston, Jamaica, offered Bolt a chance to

showcase his talent on the world stage. By the age of 15, he had grown to 1.96 metres (6 ft 5 in) tall, and he

physically stood out amongst his peers.[3]

He won the 200 metres, in a time of 20.61 seconds, a new personal

best.[8]

As a member of the Jamaican sprint relay team, Bolt took two silver medals and set national junior

records in the 4x100 metres and 4x400 metres with 39.15 seconds and 3:04.06 minutes, respectively.[9][10]

Bolt's 200 metres win made him the youngest world-junior gold medallist ever.[11]

The flow of medals


16/22

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17/22

The IAAF World Cup in Athens, Greece, yielded Bolt's first senior international silver medal.[1]

Wallace

Spearmon from the United States won gold with a championship record of 19.87 seconds, beating Bolt's

respectable time of 19.96 seconds.[19]

Further 200 metres honours on both the regional and international scale

awaited Bolt in 2007. The young Jamaican yearned to run in the 100 metres, but coach Mills diverted his

attention, stating that he could run the shorter distance if he broke the 200 metres national record.[14]

In the

Jamaican Championships, he ran 19.75 seconds in the 200 metres, breaking the 36-year-old Jamaican record

held by Don Quarrie by 0.11 seconds.[15][3]

Mills complied with Bolt's demand to run in the 100 metres, and he was entered to run the event at the 23rd

Vardinoyiannia meeting in Rethymno, Crete. In his debut run, he set a career best of 10.03 seconds, winning

the gold medal and feeding his enthusiasm for the event.[20][15]

He built on this achievement at the World

Championships in Osaka, Japan, winning a silver medal.[1]

Bolt recorded 19.91 seconds with a headwind of

0.8 m/s but this paled in comparison to Tyson Gay's 19.76 seconds which set a new championship record.[21]

The Jamaican national record fell when Bolt partnered with Asafa Powell, Marvin Anderson, and Nesta Carter in

the 4x100 metres relay. However, their finish in 37.89 seconds was not enough to beat the Americans' time of

37.78 seconds.[22]

No gold medals were gleaned at the major tournaments in 2007, but Mills felt that Bolt's

technique was much improved, pinpointing improvements in Bolt's balance at the turns over 200 metres and

an increase in his stride frequency, giving him more driving power on the track.[14]

World record breaker

The silver medals from the 2007 Osaka World Championships boosted Bolt's desire to run and he took a more

serious, more mature stance towards his career.[4]

Bolt continued to develop in the 100 metres, and he entered

to run in the event at the Jamaica Invitational in Kingston. On 3 May2008, Bolt ran 9.76 seconds, aided by a tail

wind of 1.8 m/s. This was the second-fastest legal performance in the history of the event; second only to

compatriot Asafa Powell's 9.74 seconds record set the previous year in Rieti, Italy.[23]

Rival Tyson Gay lauded

the performance, praising Bolt's form and technique especially. The Jamaican surprised even himself with the

time, but coach Glen Mills remained confident that there was more to come.[24]

Mills' prediction came true before the end of the month when Bolt established a new 100 metres world record

on 31 May2008. Pushed on by a tail wind of 1.7 m/s, Bolt ran 9.72 seconds at the Reebok Grand Prix held in

the Icahn Stadium in New York City, breaking Powell's record.[25]

The record time was even more remarkable in

light of the fact that it was only his fifth senior run over the distance.[26]

Gay again finished second and

commended Bolt's physical superiority, stating; "it looked like his knees were going past my face".[15]

Commentators noted that Bolt appeared to have gained a psychological advantage over fellow Olympic

contender Gay.[14]

Turning his efforts to the 200 metres, Bolt proved that he could excel in multiple events,

breaking the national record again with a 19.67 seconds finish in Athens, Greece. His confidence was building

and he was sure that he would perform well in the upcoming Olympics.[27]

2008 Summer Olympics

Bolt announced that he would double-up with the 100 metres and 200 metres events at the Beijing Summer

Olympics, and the new 100 metres world-record holder was the favourite to win both.[28][29]

Michael Johnson,

the 200 metres and 400 metres record holder, personally backed the sprinter, saying he did not believe that a

lack of experience would work against him.[30]

Bolt qualified for the final with 9.92 and 9.85 seconds in the

quarter-finals and semifinals respectively.[31][32][33]

In the Olympic 100 metres final, Bolt broke new ground,

winning in 9.69 seconds. This was an improvement upon his own world record, and he was well ahead ofsecond-place finisher Richard Thompson, who finished in 9.89 seconds.

[34]Not only was the record set without

a favourable wind (+0.0 m/s), but also he visibly slowed down to celebrate before he finished and his shoelace

was untied.[35][36][37]

Bolt continued running past the post, enjoying his victory.[38]

Bolt stated that setting a

record was not a priority for him, and that his goal was just to win the gold medal, Jamaica's first of the 2008

Games.[39]

Olympic medallist Kriss Akabusi construed Bolt's chest slapping before the finish line as

showboating, noting that the actions cost Bolt an even faster record time.[40]

IOC president Jacques Rogge also

condemned the Jamaican's actions as disrespectful.[41][42]

Bolt denied that this was the purpose of his mid-race

celebration by saying "I wasn't bragging. When I saw I wasn't covered, I was just happy."[43]


18/22


19/22

the

F - -

y

ts

c-

s

s -

ec

[63]

e-e

hompson also made a run with 969seconds in

1996 not recognised as it was in a tail wind of5 0m/s [35]

Bolt's personal best of1930seconds is the200 metres world record and Olympic record. This was recorded at

the2008Beijing Gamesagainst a headwind of0.9m/s. The run brokeMichael Johnson's previous world record

and Olympic record of19.32seconds. After Bolt and Johnson's record setting runs

the net fastest time is

three tenths of a second slower; Tyson Gay's personal best of19.62seconds. Bolt is the only non-

nited States

sprinter in the IAAF top five.[64]

Year Tournament Venue Result EventTime

(seconds

2002 World Junior Championships Kingston, Jamaica 1st 200 metres 20.61

2002 World Junior Championships Kingston, Jamaica 2nd4100 metres

relay39.15 NJR

2002 World Junior Championships Kingston, Jamaica 2nd4400 metres

relay3

04.06 NJR

2003 World Youth Championships Sherbrooke, Canada 1st 200 m 20.40

2004 Carifta Games Hamilton, Bermuda 1st 200 m 19.93 WJR

2005Central American and Caribbean

ChampionshipsNassau, Bahamas 1st 200 m 20.03

2007 World Championships in Athletics Osaka, Japan 2nd 200 m 19.91

2008 Reebok Grand PrixNew York City, United

States1st 100 m 9.72

2008 Beijing Olympics Beijing, China 1st 100 metres 9.69

2008 Beijing Olympics Beijing, China 1st 200 metres19.30

2008 Beijing Olympics Beijing, China 1st4100 metres

relay

37.10


20/22

See also

y World record progression 100 metres men

References

1. âbcdef

"Usain Bolt IAAF profile". IAAF. Retrieved on 2008-08-17.

2. âbc

Helps, Horace (2008-08-16). "Bolt's gold down to yam power, father says". Reuters. Retrieved on

2008-08-16.

3. âbcdefghijklm

no

Lawrence, Hubert; Samuels, Garfield (2007-08-20). "Focus on Jamaica - Usain

Bolt", Focus on Athletes, International Association of Athletics Federations. Retrieved on 2008-06-01.

4. âbcd

Williams, Ollie ( 2008-08-05). "Ten to watch: Usain Bolt". BBC Sport. Retrieved on 2008-08-18.

5. âb

"Carifta Games (Under 17 boys)". GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2008-08-17.

6. ^ "Official Results - 200 metres - Men - Semi-Final". IAAF (2001-07-14). Retrieved on 2008-08-17.

7. ^ "Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships". GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2008-08-17.

8. ^ "Official Results - 200 metres - Men - Final". IAAF (2002-07-19). Retrieved on 2008-08-17.

9. ^ "Official Results - 4x100 metres - Men - Final". IAAF (2002-07-22). Retrieved on 2008-08-17.

10. ^ "4x400 metres - Men - Final". IAAF (2002-07-22). Retrieved on 2008-08-17.

11. âb

Longmore, Andrew (2008-08-16). "9.69 - and Usain Bolt didn't even try". The Times. Retrieved on

2008-08-17.

12. ^ "200 metres final results". IAAF (2003-07-23). Retrieved on 2008-08-17.

13. ^ "American Junior Outdoor Track & Field Records". USA Track and Field (2008-08-01). Retrieved on

2008-08-17.

14. âbcdef

Rowbottom, Mike (2008-08-04). "Bolt from the blue". The Independent. Retrieved on 2008-

08-18.

15. âbcde

Layden, Tim (2008-08-16). "The Phenom". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved on 2008-08-17.

16. ^ Channer, Colin (2008-08-09). "'Cool Runnings' Are Heating Up". The WallStreet Journal. Retrieved on

2008-08-18.

17. ^ "200 metres final". IAAF (2005-08-11). Retrieved on 2008-08-17.

18. ^ "Liu eclipses Jackson with 110m hurdles record". The Guardian (2006-06-12). Retrieved on 2008-08-

17.

19. ^ "World Cup in Athletics 2006 - Results 200 Metres Mens Final ". IAAF (2006-09-17). Retrieved on

2008-08-18.

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22. ^ "Osaka 2007 - 4x100 Metres Relay - Mens Final". IAAF (2007-09-01). Retrieved on 2008-08-18.

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22/22

Quand le traage anti-dopage indirect a-t-il commenc pour UB ?

Pourquoi reste-t-il en Jamaque pour son entrainement ?

Pourquoi fait-il la mme taille 15 ans et 22 ans ?

Pourquoi son pre est beaucoup plus petit que lui ?

Pourquoi toute une gnration de coureurs Jamacains du mme ge hommes et femmes,

sortent simultanment et avec un tel cart sur les autres ?

Au bout de combien de temps les formes circulantes de lhormone ne sont plus

dcelables ?

Approche directe : comparer leur quantit globale celle correspondant lhormone de

croissance recombinante (r-hGH) correspondant la molcule de 22Kdalton.

Documents

Usain BOLT Dopage