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USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
TRIAGETRIAGEand and
FIELD MANAGEMENTFIELD MANAGEMENT
U.S. ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL DEFENSEU.S. ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL DEFENSECHEMICAL CASUALTY CARE OFFICECHEMICAL CASUALTY CARE OFFICE
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 2
ObjectivesObjectives• Describe components of Casualty Decon Site
• Discuss some principles of decontamination
• Define triage
• Discuss the role of Triage Officer
• Review categories of triage
• Identify the triage category of a chemical casualty
given the agent and severity of exposure
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 3
Contaminated Casualty ManagementContaminated Casualty Management
• Arrival point
• Triage points (dirty / clean)
• Emergency-Medical-Treatment point
• Casualty decontamination areas
• Litter & Ambulatory Decon
• Hot Line
• Clean Treatment Area
• Disposition areas (dirty / clean)
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 4
1
2
3
3 4
45
6
1 TRIAGE2 EMT3 CLOTHING REMOVAL4 SKIN DECON5 CLEAN EMT6 DISPOSITION
CONTAMINATEDDUMP 75M
ARRIVAL POINT
30M
PREVAILING WINDS
SHUFFLE PIT
HOT LINE
Casualty Decontamination SiteCasualty Decontamination Site
CBPS60M
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 5
Contaminated DumpContaminated Dump• Purpose
• Temporary storage of contaminated clothing and equipment
• Location
• 75M downwind of decon site
• Identification
• Markers from NATO NBC kit
• Report of location and type of dump to HQ
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 6
Arrival PointArrival Point• Purpose
• Initial reception for potentially contaminated casualties
• patient checked for contamination
• Location• Close to triage point and EMT point • Arrival, Triage and EMT point may be co-located
• Staffing• Personnel in MOPP4
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 7
Triage PointTriage Point• Purpose
• Rapid initial assessment of patients to determine further disposition
• Remove LBE, weapons from casualties• Location
• Close to Arrival point and EMT point • Retriage on clean side
• Staffing• Senior medic, litter team in MOPP 4
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 8
EMT PointEMT Point• Purpose
• lifesaving emergency treatment (ABCs) • spot decontamination
• Location• upwind of Triage point
• Staffing• Medic(s) in MOPP4
• Capabilities• Limited BLS interventions
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 9
Litter Casualty DecontaminationLitter Casualty Decontamination
• Purpose
• Decon of STABLE, nonambulatory (litter) patients
• Location
• Between Triage Point & Hot Line
• Staffing
• Medic (if possible) for supervision
• 2-4 nonmedical augmentees in MOPP4 with butyl rubber apron
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 10
Ambulatory Casualty DeconAmbulatory Casualty Decon• Purpose
• Decontamination of ambulatory patients
• Location
• Parallel to litter decon line
• May use unit personnel decon station (PDS)
• Activities
• Buddy system for decon and clothing removal
• Minimal or no assistance from medic
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 11
Hot LineHot Line• Purpose
• Delineates area of potential liquid agent hazard• Downwind of line = liquid hazard• Upwind of line (30-60M) = continued vapor hazard
• Location• Between decon & clean TX areas
• Activities at shuffle pit• Evaluate completeness of decon• Litter-exchange point• Field Medical Card rewritten
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 12
Clean Treatment AreaClean Treatment Area• Purpose
• Definitive medical treatment• Location
• 60m upwind of Hot Line• Staff
• Physician, PA, medics • MOPP 0, collective protection
• Activities• Retriage of patients from dirty area• Prep for disposition (evacuation, return to duty)
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 13
Disposition AreaDisposition Area
• Purpose• Exit point from MTF for evacuation or return to duty
• Location• In the clean and dirty area
• Activities• Departure of treated casualties• Resupply point• Medical records/PAD initiated• Possible break area for unit personnel
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 14
ResourcesResources
• Limited at BAS
• ventilation support equipment
• decontamination supplies
• decontamination personnel
• Higher echelons: more resources
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 15
Casualty Decon IssuesCasualty Decon Issues• Augmentees
• Assignment and availability• Training
• Logistics• Replacement masks and clothing• Water and bleach
• Environment• Heat stress, protection from cold• Changing winds
• Time
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 16
Mechanical / Physical DeconMechanical / Physical Decon• Physical removal is BEST• Wiping
• May smear agent over unexposed areas • May drive agent into skin or wounds
• Adsorption• Resins from M291 kit• Fuller’s earth, clay, flour, etc.• Must be followed by mechanical removal
• Flushing with water or aqueous solutions• May splash, drive agent into skin or wounds
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 17
Chemical MethodsChemical Methods• Water / Soap wash
• physical removal + dilution + SLOW hydrolysis
• Oxidative Chlorination
• hypochlorite solution (BLEACH)
• 0.5% for skin 5% for equipment
• sulfur atoms in VX, HD attacked
• increasing pH = increasing effectiveness
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 18
Chemical MethodsChemical Methods
• Alkaline Hydrolysis
• OH ion attacks PO4 atoms in nerve agents
• rate increases in solution > pH 8
• rate increases 4X for each 10 degree C increase
• hypochlorite, ammonia, NaOH solutions
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 19
Wound DecontaminationWound Decontamination• Low risk to surgeon from liquid in wound
• nerve agent / mustard react rapidly with tissues
• large amount of NA in wound not survivable
• Standard irrigation and debridement OK
• Foreign material in wound
• porous material acts as agent depot
• risk to casualty and medical personnel
• remove with no-touch technique
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 20
DEFINITION of TRIAGEDEFINITION of TRIAGE
• Triage (Webster): A system designed to produce the
greatest benefit from limited treatment facilities for
battlefield casualties by giving treatment to those who
may survive with proper treatment and NOT to those
who have no chance of survival or those who will
survive without it.
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 21
DEFINITIONDEFINITION
• Simple Version: If treating one will cost the lives
of two, then let the one die and treat the two.
• Used whenever demand exceeds resources
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 22
When is Triage Done?When is Triage Done?
• At each echelon of care
• Repeated PRN with changes in status of:
• casualty
• workload
• resources
• Before and after casualty decontamination
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 23
Types of SortingTypes of Sorting• Treatment
• Delayed, Immediate, Minimal, Expectant
• Evacuation (priorities)• urgent - within 2 hours • priority - within 4 hours• routine - within 24 hours
• Decontamination
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 24
Triage Officer Must KnowTriage Officer Must Know• Nature of injury, prognosis
• Resources available• MTF personnel, capabilities• evac and resupply assets• status of decon lane
• Patient load• present• anticipated
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 25
TRIAGE OFFICERTRIAGE OFFICER
• Conventional• senior surgeon• most experienced in trauma care
• Contaminated Casualties• senior medic• PA• RN• dentist
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 26
CASUALTY TYPESCASUALTY TYPES
• Conventional
• Chemical, biological, nuclear
• Mixed: NBC and Conventional
• Psychological
• Physiological
• Malingering
• Any combination
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 27
MIXED CASUALTYMIXED CASUALTY
• Nerve Agent + Conventional
• ABCs
• Administer antidote
• If casualty responds to antidote:
• Re-triage according to conventional injury
• with consideration of chemical injury
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 28
Assessing Contaminated CasualtiesAssessing Contaminated Casualties
• Casualty in MOPP
• Health care provider in MOPP
• Assessment skills of limited use
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 29
Categories (NATO)Categories (NATO)
• Urgent
• Immediate
• Delayed
• Minimal
• Expectant
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 30
IMMEDIATEIMMEDIATE
• Needs IMMEDIATE intervention to save life.
• BRIEF INTERVENTION
• Airway, Breathing, Circulation
• Drugs (MARK I),
• Decontamination (spot)
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 31
DELAYEDDELAYED
• Care IS needed
• NOT immediately
• Delay in care will not change outcome
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 32
MINIMALMINIMAL
• Minor injury
• Quick fix
• Does not require physician
• No evacuation
• Return to duty shortly
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 33
EXPECTANTEXPECTANT
• Survival unlikely even with optimal resources
• Care exceeds available resources
• Not a justified expense of limited resources
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 34
Common Times of DeathCommon Times of Death
• Nerve Agents < 30 min
• Cyanide < 30 min
• Phosgene < 24 hours
• Mustard 4 to 12 days
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 35
NERVE AGENTNERVE AGENT
• Immediate
• Symptoms in 2 or more organ systems
• airway, GI, muscular
• NOT including miosis, rhinorrhea
• Unconscious, apneic with heartbeat
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 36
NERVE AGENTNERVE AGENT
• Delayed
• recovering from moderate / severe exposure
• Minimal
• walking and talking
• assess effect of miosis on duty
• Expectant
• no heartbeat (resource dependent)
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 37
VESICANTSVESICANTS• Immediate
• acute airway problem (resource dependent)
• Delayed
• skin burn > 5% but < 50% BSA
• moderate - severe eye involvement
• pulmonary sx, onset > 4 hr post-exposure
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 38
VESICANTSVESICANTS• Minimal
• skin burn < 5% BSA (non-critical area)
• minor eye irritation
• Expectant
• liquid burn > 50% BSA
• pulmonary sx, onset < 4 hr post-exposure
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 39
PULMONARY AGENTSPULMONARY AGENTS• Immediate
• acute airway problem (resource dependent)
• Delayed (for treatment)
• onset of symptoms > 4 hr post-exposure
• Expectant
• onset of symptoms < 4 hr post-exposure
• resource dependent
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 40
CYANIDECYANIDE
• Immediate
• Unconscious, apneic, with heartbeat
• Expectant
• No circulation
• Minimal or Delayed
• Survival >15 minutes post vapor exposure
USAMRICDUSAMRICDPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAINPROTECT, PROJECT, SUSTAIN
TRIAGETRIAGE
Triage 41
INCAPACITATING AGENTSINCAPACITATING AGENTS• Immediate (unlikely)
• Cardiorespiratory compromise, hyperthermia
• Delayed• Severe, worsening signs/symptoms
• Minimal• Mild effects
• Expectant (unlikely)• Cardiorespiratory compromise, ltd resources