UST 259UST 259

Impact of HumansImpact of Humans

Chapters 16 to 18Chapters 16 to 18

““Native” OhioansNative” Ohioans

►Paleo-IndiansPaleo-Indians►Archaic IndiansArchaic Indians►Adena IndiansAdena Indians►Hopewell IndiansHopewell Indians►Late Woodland IndiansLate Woodland Indians►Fort Ancient/ Whittlesey IndiansFort Ancient/ Whittlesey Indians►Monongahela IndiansMonongahela Indians

Where did they come Where did they come from? from?

Paleo-IndiansPaleo-Indians► 13,000 to 7,500 B.C.13,000 to 7,500 B.C.► Hunter-gatherersHunter-gatherers

Influence on animal Influence on animal populationspopulations

► NomadicNomadic► Little direct evidence of Little direct evidence of

existenceexistence Spear points, knives, Spear points, knives,

blunt toolsblunt tools May have been involved May have been involved

in early tradingin early trading► Climatic influenceClimatic influence

WHAT WAS THE BIG GAME – WHAT WAS THE BIG GAME – THE LARGEST LAND THE LARGEST LAND ANIMALS THAT THESE ANIMALS THAT THESE GROUPS HUNTED? GROUPS HUNTED? game 1 & & game 2

http://www.ipfw.edu/archsurv/Paleoindian.html

Archaic IndiansArchaic Indians► 7500 B.C. – 2000 B.C., modern forests established 7500 B.C. – 2000 B.C., modern forests established

throughout Ohiothroughout Ohio► HuntersHunters

Deer, bear, wild turkey, waterfowl, fish, clamsDeer, bear, wild turkey, waterfowl, fish, clams► Plant gatherersPlant gatherers

Spring: sugar maplesSpring: sugar maples Summer: berries, currantsSummer: berries, currants Summer/Fall: seeds, pawpaws, nutsSummer/Fall: seeds, pawpaws, nuts

► Nomadic to find / follow vegetationNomadic to find / follow vegetation► Natural shelters (rock overhangs, caves) Natural shelters (rock overhangs, caves) ► Vanport Flint, Upper Mercer FlintVanport Flint, Upper Mercer Flint► Shell, copper ornaments (imported materials) Shell, copper ornaments (imported materials)

WHERE WERE THESE IMPORTED WHERE WERE THESE IMPORTED FROM?FROM? Status symbolsStatus symbols

Images: http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/pre/htmls/a_beliefs.html

Glacial Kame IndiansGlacial Kame Indians

► 2000 B.C. – 800 A.D.2000 B.C. – 800 A.D.► W/ NW OhioW/ NW Ohio► Glacial Kame burial sitesGlacial Kame burial sites

WHERE DOES THE WORD WHERE DOES THE WORD KAME COME FROM?KAME COME FROM?

► Animal masks foundAnimal masks found Wolf & bear skull masksWolf & bear skull masks Shaman??

http://www.ohioarch.org/GLACIALKAMEINDIANS.htm

Shell neck ornament

Adena IndiansAdena Indians

http://rol.freenet.columbus.oh.us/indian.html

► 1000 B.C. – 200 A.D.1000 B.C. – 200 A.D.► Primarily southern / Primarily southern / central Ohio central Ohio but also in N. E. Ohio but also in N. E. Ohio ► Early agricultureEarly agriculture

Native plantsNative plants Squash, Corn -Squash, Corn - Where did corn come Where did corn come

from?from?

► PotteryPottery► Permanent Permanent villagesvillages► TradingTrading► Mound-Mound- buildersbuilders

Adena pipe

Hopewell IndiansHopewell Indians► 100 B.C. – 600 A.D.100 B.C. – 600 A.D.► Less widespread than AdenaLess widespread than Adena

Lived in wide river valleys of central Lived in wide river valleys of central and southern Ohioand southern Ohio

► Geometric earthworksGeometric earthworks► Newark, OHNewark, OH► Hunting, fishing, gathering, Hunting, fishing, gathering,

cultivatingcultivating► TradingTrading

Ohio flint & pipestone for copper Ohio flint & pipestone for copper (Michigan), mica N. Carolina), (Michigan), mica N. Carolina), obsidian, shells, silver (Southwest), obsidian, shells, silver (Southwest), Grizzly Bear teeth (Rocky Mountains). Grizzly Bear teeth (Rocky Mountains).

► ArtisansArtisans► Surveyors – Evidence of Surveyors – Evidence of

construction oriented to construction oriented to astronomy astronomy

► Mysteriously disappeared 500 – 600 Mysteriously disappeared 500 – 600 A.D.A.D. Enemies?Enemies? Epidemic?Epidemic? Climate?Climate? Social disintegration?Social disintegration?

http://www.nps.gov/hocu/indepth.htm

Hopewell Culture National Historical Park

Late Woodland IndiansLate Woodland IndiansFort Ancient/ Whittlesey IndiansFort Ancient/ Whittlesey Indians

► Late Woodland, northern OhioLate Woodland, northern Ohio 600 A.D. – 1300 A.D.600 A.D. – 1300 A.D. Relied on river/lake resourcesRelied on river/lake resources

► Fort Ancient, southern OhioFort Ancient, southern Ohio 1000 A.D. – 1654 A.D.1000 A.D. – 1654 A.D. Built housing in river valleys, farming, permanent Built housing in river valleys, farming, permanent

residences until exhausted natural resources. residences until exhausted natural resources. Estimated length of stay in one area – 20 to 30 Estimated length of stay in one area – 20 to 30 years. See OHN pages 270-271. years. See OHN pages 270-271.

► WhittleseyWhittlesey 1000 A.D. – 1600 A.D.1000 A.D. – 1600 A.D. Cleveland areaCleveland area Named after 19Named after 19thth century geologist/archaeologist century geologist/archaeologist Nomadic until approx. 1300, then agricultural.Nomadic until approx. 1300, then agricultural.

Monongahela IndiansMonongahela Indians

► 1500 – 1600 A.D.1500 – 1600 A.D.► Originated in N. W. Virginia & SW Penn.Originated in N. W. Virginia & SW Penn.► Agriculture, hunter/gatherersAgriculture, hunter/gatherers► Pressure of other groupsPressure of other groups

Other native groupsOther native groups European immigrantsEuropean immigrants Evidence found of trade artifacts coming from Evidence found of trade artifacts coming from

Europe.Europe. Late 1600’s- Explorers and Missionaries begin to Late 1600’s- Explorers and Missionaries begin to

interact with native peoples in this area. interact with native peoples in this area.

Forests to FarmsForests to FarmsInfluence & usefulness of Influence & usefulness of

waterwater streamsstreams Water millsWater mills Ground waterGround water Erosion (action of water)Erosion (action of water)

Minerals & miningMinerals & mining saltsalt IronIron CoalCoal Oil/gasOil/gas LimestoneLimestone DolomiteDolomite SandstoneSandstone Sand/gravelSand/gravel Clay/shaleClay/shale GypsumGypsum

http://www.moodyscollectibles.com/htmlfiles/topic-water-mill-grist-mill-postcards.html

Chapter 17- Changing Land UseChapter 17- Changing Land Use

Streams / Water MillsStreams / Water Mills

► Reservoirs built to control stream flowReservoirs built to control stream flow Buckeye Lake, Summit Lake, Portage Lakes, Indian Lake, Grand Buckeye Lake, Summit Lake, Portage Lakes, Indian Lake, Grand

Lake-St. Mary’sLake-St. Mary’s► Canals transported agricultural products and Canals transported agricultural products and

manufactured goodsmanufactured goods► Grist mills and saw mills harnessed power of waterGrist mills and saw mills harnessed power of water► Dams, locks controlled Dams, locks controlled

water flowwater flow Problems for fish, boatersProblems for fish, boaters

► GroundwaterGroundwaterPollution impactsPollution impacts

► ErosionErosionLoss of silt & topsoilLoss of silt & topsoilFarming, land developmentFarming, land development

Minerals / MiningMinerals / Mining► SaltSalt

Used by native Indians and animals & modern manUsed by native Indians and animals & modern man► IronIron

Mined, smelted in crude furnacesMined, smelted in crude furnaces► CoalCoal

Bituminous (soft) coalBituminous (soft) coal Strip mining = primary means of miningStrip mining = primary means of mining

► Oil & gasOil & gas► Limestone, dolomite, & sandstoneLimestone, dolomite, & sandstone

Building materialsBuilding materials Lime (mortar, plaster, fertilizer)Lime (mortar, plaster, fertilizer)

► Sand & gravelSand & gravel Industrial use for paving, building, fillIndustrial use for paving, building, fill

► Clay & shaleClay & shale Ceramic ware, potteryCeramic ware, pottery

► Gypsum (calcium sulfate + water)Gypsum (calcium sulfate + water) wallboardwallboard

► The earlier model of natural resources was extractive – that the abundance of nature was for our maximum use and exploitation. History of human development has many examples of where development and / or use of natural resources, in tandem with other factors, outstripped the natural carrying capacity of the natural environment.

Ecological collapse triggered system collapse and drastic change or failure of development pattern.

Link between resource management and principles of sustainability.

Differences Between Sustainability and Older

Economic Models

Minerals & miningMinerals & mining Salt – Salt – Wide variety of uses.Wide variety of uses. Iron - Iron - Mining and Production First Related to Forest Mining and Production First Related to Forest

UseUse Coal - Coal - History of Coal Mining in OhioHistory of Coal Mining in Ohio Coal mining in Ohio began around 1800 and Coal mining in Ohio began around 1800 and

during its first 150 years, was an during its first 150 years, was an unregulated unregulated industryindustry. Advances in explosives and the . Advances in explosives and the introduction of large earth moving equipment introduction of large earth moving equipment after WWII made strip mining economically after WWII made strip mining economically feasible. feasible.

Oil/gas – Oil Boom 1900’s. Gas cyclical. Oil/gas – Oil Boom 1900’s. Gas cyclical. Limestone – Building material. Limestone – Building material. DolomiteDolomite Sandstone – Building / infrastructure materials.Sandstone – Building / infrastructure materials. Sand/gravel - Building / infrastructure materials.Sand/gravel - Building / infrastructure materials. Clay / shale – Building material. Ceramics. Clay / shale – Building material. Ceramics. Gypsum – Building material. Gypsum – Building material.

Ohio 40,948 sq mi.

26,206,720 acres

Cleveland 77 sq mi.

49,280 acres

Vacant Land 5.16 sq mi.

in Cleveland 3300 acres

Cuyahoga 458 sq mi.

County 293,120 acres

Statewide Abandoned 937.5 sq mi.

Mine Lands 600,000 acres

Square Miles Reforested 8.71 sq mi.

Square Miles Exhibiting Good Forest Growth

6.97 sq mi.

Coal and other mineral resources have provided many economic benefits for Ohio and its people. New awareness and stewardship of land means that some of the adverse consequences and costs of remediation for prior mining activities remain.

Example: Abandoned Mine Lands

Ohio Forests – A Story of Ohio Forests – A Story of “Resources prior to “Resource “Resources prior to “Resource

Management”Management”► Thick, dense, lush primary forestsThick, dense, lush primary forests► Dense undergrowthDense undergrowth► Forests resources were completely “mined” Forests resources were completely “mined”

for all human use & replaced with for all human use & replaced with agriculture, villagesagriculture, villages

► 1800: 24 million acres of forest reduced to:1800: 24 million acres of forest reduced to:► 1883: 4 million acres of forest1883: 4 million acres of forest► 1940: 3.7 million acres of forest1940: 3.7 million acres of forest► 2006: 7.9 million acres of forest2006: 7.9 million acres of forest

““Resources prior to Resource Resources prior to Resource Management”Management”► 1800: 24 million acres of forest. 1800: 24 million acres of forest.

► Mid 1800’s – Ohio an emerging industrial powerhouse. Mid 1800’s – Ohio an emerging industrial powerhouse. A combination of abundant natural resources, rise of A combination of abundant natural resources, rise of industrial revolution, and new transportation system industrial revolution, and new transportation system ((trainstrains) – help accelerate the use of natural resources. ) – help accelerate the use of natural resources.

► Nation’s leader in Iron industry (charcoal based) and in Nation’s leader in Iron industry (charcoal based) and in related manufacturing. Demand outstrips supply and related manufacturing. Demand outstrips supply and many furnaces in portions of Ohio close after ready fuel many furnaces in portions of Ohio close after ready fuel (wood) depleted. (wood) depleted.

► 1883: 4 million acres of forest remained. 1883: 4 million acres of forest remained.

Example:

Delphos, Ohio, ca 1879 35 sawmills, 7 woodworking mills, 6 hotels, 36 saloons

Source: Remlinger Collection / The Nickel Plate Story pg 121

Example:

Delphos, Ohio, ca 1879 35 sawmills, 7 woodworking mills, 6 hotels, 36 saloons

Source: Remlinger Collection / The Nickel Plate Story pg 121

Situated on the Pittsburgh & Chicago Railway, and the Miami & Erie Canal.

“To the north and southwest there lay almost a thousand square miles of virgin timber in the upper Maumee Basin, then known as the Black Swamp. One of the last great stands of the Central Hardwood Forest, the swamp was full of oak, hickory, black walnut, and chestnut – highly prized in the manufacture of furniture, wagon wheels, barrel hoops and staves, and tool handles. “ Source: The Nickel Plate Story pg 121

Excerpt – Regional Railway Map ca 1906 Detail – Regional Railway Map ca 1906

BereaMentor

Findlay, OH - late 1880’s. Natural Gas Discovery – “Gas Boom”

Findlay, OH - late 1880’s. Natural Gas Discovery – “Gas Boom”

The Karg Well, being drilled into the Trenton Limestone at site between the Blanchard River and the LE & W Railroad, blew on 1 / 20 / 1886. It vented 20 million cubic feet of natural gas with deafening roar. A 100-foot tower of flame, the Karg burned for months and was seen 50 miles away.

By spring 188 the Karg and 30 other wells were producing 60 million cubic feet of gas daily, enough to supply a city twice the Size of Chicago at that time. Findlay offered industry free land, fuel and light and, within two, grew to a town of 20,000 people over 24 square miles.

► 1889: 60,000 derricks strung out along the Ohio – Indiana “Gas Belt”

““Resources prior to Resource Resources prior to Resource Management”Management”

Ohio’s ForestsOhio’s Forests► Glaciated Ohio much better agricultural land than hill Glaciated Ohio much better agricultural land than hill

country (unglaciated) – country (unglaciated) – ► Farming in 26 county area that is ‘unglaciated’ Ohio Farming in 26 county area that is ‘unglaciated’ Ohio

became unsustainable by early 20became unsustainable by early 20thth century (1920’s) century (1920’s) standards. Much land abandoned – is also area standards. Much land abandoned – is also area where much surface mining took place. where much surface mining took place.

► Hill country much better supporter of forests Hill country much better supporter of forests Today: 1/3 of Ohio land supports >2/3 of Ohio forestToday: 1/3 of Ohio land supports >2/3 of Ohio forest

► Great Black Swamp (NW Ohio) drained between 1859-Great Black Swamp (NW Ohio) drained between 1859-1875 for farming.1875 for farming.

► 90% forest in Ohio is now privately owned. Trees are 90% forest in Ohio is now privately owned. Trees are part of a commodity / recreational market. part of a commodity / recreational market. Farmers: 42%. Privately owned: 50% (Per ONH – 1980)

http://community.webshots.com/photo/yahoo/164620360/2690116880012692196sGgIkV

Chapter 17- Changing Land UseChapter 17- Changing Land Use

Forests to FarmsForests to Farms

Ohio FarmlandOhio Farmland►Farming since approx. 1000 B.C.Farming since approx. 1000 B.C. ►Gen. Anthony Wayne’s 1794 report of Gen. Anthony Wayne’s 1794 report of

extensive Indian cornfieldsextensive Indian cornfields►European immigrants brought diverse European immigrants brought diverse

agriculture and livestock to Ohioagriculture and livestock to Ohio Ohio led nation in farming in 1850Ohio led nation in farming in 1850 By 1880 – 93% of land in agricultural use. By 1880 – 93% of land in agricultural use.

►New transportation routes to transport food – New transportation routes to transport food – and other natural resources. and other natural resources. Examples: Timber, Examples: Timber, Quarry StoneQuarry Stone. . Canals, railroadsCanals, railroads

Gen. Anthony Wayne

Ohio farmingOhio farming► Early farms: subsistence farmsEarly farms: subsistence farms

Grain, veggies, hay, cows, pigs, poultryGrain, veggies, hay, cows, pigs, poultry► Production increased due to modern farming Production increased due to modern farming

technologytechnology From animal power to agribusinessFrom animal power to agribusiness Petroleum powerPetroleum power From 36 bushels / acre of corn in 1900 to > 100 bushelsFrom 36 bushels / acre of corn in 1900 to > 100 bushels From 14 bushels / acre of wheat in 1900 to > 45 bushelsFrom 14 bushels / acre of wheat in 1900 to > 45 bushels

► Farming efficiency?Farming efficiency? More energy intensive farmingMore energy intensive farming Less ecologically efficientLess ecologically efficient

► Farm sizeFarm size 1900: 276,000 farms avg. 88 acres each1900: 276,000 farms avg. 88 acres each 1970: 111,000 farms avg. 150 acres each1970: 111,000 farms avg. 150 acres each 2006: 80,000 farms avg. 186 acres each2006: 80,000 farms avg. 186 acres each

► Land useLand use Farm land now = suburbsFarm land now = suburbs

Streetcar-railroad-system in Cleveland ca 1925

Source:

WildlifeWildlife► Much exterminated due to:Much exterminated due to:

Habitat lossHabitat loss► Farming practices altered habitat, modernizing farming Farming practices altered habitat, modernizing farming

altered againaltered again Threat to humansThreat to humans

► Mountain lion, wolf, bearMountain lion, wolf, bear HuntedHunted

► Turkey, deer, elk, passenger pigeonTurkey, deer, elk, passenger pigeon NuisanceNuisance

► Gray squirrelGray squirrel► Introduction of non-native speciesIntroduction of non-native species

Wild turkeyWild turkey Ring-necked pheasantRing-necked pheasant

► FishFish Impacted by pollution, increased runoff, Impacted by pollution, increased runoff,

decreased food supply, broken up habitat (dams)decreased food supply, broken up habitat (dams)

Early Naturalists & ExplorersEarly Naturalists & Explorers► Christopher Gist (1706-1759)Christopher Gist (1706-1759)

Surveyor, explorer 1750’sSurveyor, explorer 1750’s► David Zeisberger (1721-1808)David Zeisberger (1721-1808)

Moravian missionary, SchoenbrunnMoravian missionary, Schoenbrunn► Dr. Samuel Hildreth (1783-1863), Dr. Daniel Drake Dr. Samuel Hildreth (1783-1863), Dr. Daniel Drake

(1785-1852)(1785-1852) First scientists, physicians, MariettaFirst scientists, physicians, Marietta

► Dr. John Locke (1792-1856)Dr. John Locke (1792-1856) Geologist, naturalist, Cincinnati areaGeologist, naturalist, Cincinnati area Invented scientific instrumentsInvented scientific instruments

► Caleb Atwater (1778-1867)Caleb Atwater (1778-1867) Lawyer, politician, naturalist from CirclevilleLawyer, politician, naturalist from Circleville Champion of forest conservationChampion of forest conservation

Geological SurveysGeological Surveys► Land speculation, deceit for personal gainLand speculation, deceit for personal gain► William MatherWilliam Mather (1804-1859) (1804-1859)

Commissioned to conduct first objective geological survey of Commissioned to conduct first objective geological survey of OhioOhio

Provided groundworkProvided groundwork► Dr. Jared Potter KirtlandDr. Jared Potter Kirtland (1793-1877) (1793-1877)

Established what became the Established what became the Cleveland Museum of Natural Cleveland Museum of Natural HistoryHistory

► Charles Whittlesey (1808-1886) & John Newberry (1822-Charles Whittlesey (1808-1886) & John Newberry (1822-1892)1892) Whittlesey: archeology & glacial geologyWhittlesey: archeology & glacial geology Newberry: directed 2Newberry: directed 2ndnd geological survey of Ohio geological survey of Ohio

► Edward OrtonEdward Orton 33rdrd geological survey…predicted petroleum boom would geological survey…predicted petroleum boom would

not lastnot last Boom only lasted from 1900-1924Boom only lasted from 1900-1924

►Edward OrtonEdward Orton 33rdrd geological survey… geological survey…

predicted petroleum predicted petroleum boom would not lastboom would not last

Boom only lasted from Boom only lasted from 1900-19241900-1924

Natural Resource PreservationNatural Resource Preservation► 1917 Ohio’s model Park District Law1917 Ohio’s model Park District Law

Set aside special districts with ability to acquire & Set aside special districts with ability to acquire & preserve landpreserve land

Cuy. Cnty Engineer William StinchcombCuy. Cnty Engineer William Stinchcomb► 1920’s Ohio Association of Garden Clubs1920’s Ohio Association of Garden Clubs

““Save Outdoor Ohio” movementSave Outdoor Ohio” movement► 1940’s-1950’s1940’s-1950’s

State began protecting important natural areasState began protecting important natural areas Cedar Bog: acquired for uniqueness to prevent Cedar Bog: acquired for uniqueness to prevent

farmingfarming► Few private preservation efforts occurredFew private preservation efforts occurred► 1950-60’s1950-60’s

Development of privately-supported nature Development of privately-supported nature centerscenters

► Nature Conservancy, Ohio Chapter est.1958Nature Conservancy, Ohio Chapter est.1958 Mission is to preserve and protect natural areasMission is to preserve and protect natural areas

Ohio’s Nature PreservesOhio’s Nature Preserves

►State power of eminent domainState power of eminent domain►Creation of a state nature preserve Creation of a state nature preserve

system called for by The Nature system called for by The Nature Conservancy, 1966Conservancy, 1966

►1970, ODNR given power to create 1970, ODNR given power to create nature preserves nature preserves

►1976, development of ODNR Division of 1976, development of ODNR Division of Natural Areas & Preserves to specialize in Natural Areas & Preserves to specialize in preservation of land along with its studypreservation of land along with its study

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