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E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
INTRODUCTION TO
ANIMAL BREEDING
Case study Nr 1
Domestication and development of genetic resources
Selection - The example of chicken
Etienne VerrierINA Paris-Grignon, Animal Sciences Department
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Domestication, constitution of genetic resources
The chicken production and its organisation
Evolution of performances
Value of local breeds
Summary
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Periods of domestication
0- 5 000- 10 000- 15 000Present time
years
Rabbit
Photos: E. Verrier, X. Rognon
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Locations of domesticationPhotos: E. Verrier, X. Rognon, J.M. Duplan
DonkeyGuineafoal
Turkey
One or several centres of domestication → Expension
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Consequences of domesticationThe example of dog
0 Height (cm)
Wei
ght(
kg)
30 60 900
30
60
90Wolf (3 sub-species)
DogSample of 35 breedsSource: Société Centrale Canine
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Consequences of domesticationThe example of chicken
Photos: J.C. Periquet. http://perso.wanadoo.fr/volaillepoultry/
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Short history of chicken selectionEurope and Northern America
2000195019001850 1960 1970 1980 1990
Constitutionof breedsSelection
for plumagecharacteristics
Selection forlaying performance
of for growthCreation of
« modern » strains:Leghorn
Plymouth RockNew Hampshire
Rhode Island RedAustralorp
First crossbreedingprogrammes
Use ofmolecular tools
Developement of artificial insemination
Improvement of computing capacities
Structurationof the production
with privatebreeding companies
Reduction in the number of strains usedIncrease of the specialisation of the strains
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Domestication, constitution of genetic resources
The chicken production and its organisation
Evolution of performances
Value of local breeds
Summary
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Evolution of the productionHen egg production (Millions tons)
55.827.514.4World
6.26.23.8European Union (25)
7.95.54.3North. Cent. America
32.77.62.9Asia
200319821961Countries
Source: FAOSTAT
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Evolution of the productionBroiler production (Millions tons)
65.025.27.6World
8.05.31.6European Union (25)
11.42.80.3Southern America
18.97.03.0North. Cent. America
20.45.11.2Asia
200319821961Countries
Source: FAOSTAT
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Organisation of selection and productionThe example of egg production in France, in 2000
1 breeding company
2 400 producers50 millions hens
15 bilions eggs/year
100
multipliers
1 single centre for decisions
Animals homogeneously managed
Short time between selectiondecisions and production
a way to monitorthe breeding programme
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
The main world chicken breeding companies
1520HPB (NL)
6030ISA (FR)
5Euribrid (NL)
10Avian/Peterson (USA)
15Cobb (USA)
25Hubbard (USA)
405Arbor/Ross – (GB/USA)
1545Lhoman (GER)
BroilerBrown eggsWhite eggsCompany
market« standard »% ofSource: Besbes (2003)
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Domestication, constitution of genetic resources
The chicken production and its organisation
Evolution of performances
Value of local breeds
Summary
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Very large genetic changes
Laying henstrain
Broilerstrain
Age of both animals = 6 weeks
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Annual phenotypic progress
Egg production: + 3 eggs
Live weight (42 days old): + 45 g
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Domestication, constitution of genetic resources
The chicken production and its organisation
Evolution of performances
Value of local breeds
Summary
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Different kinds of broilers(France)
6 weeks
12-15 w.
16-21 w.
Slowgrowing
Fastgrowing
Fattening durationProduct
Standard
Label
Bresse AOC
Strain
Adapted Genetic strainsSplitting of the food chain
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Economic results (France, 2002)
Label = 100 Millions Chickens per year = half the consumption as whole carcass
Bresse AOC = 1.4 Millions chickens per year
4.0Price paidto the producer
2.71.6Price at the gross market
Bresse AOCLabelStandard€ / kg
Source: OFIVAL, CIVB
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Production under hot conditions
Under the tropics or under sub-tropical conditions,local breeds =
• 80% of chickens• 25 to 70% of meat production• 12 to 36% of egg production
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Production under hot conditions
MarocoPhoto: IAV
TaiwanPhoto: CF Chen
Viet NamHa Giang ProvincePhoto: E. Verrier
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Results of research work onlocal tropical chicken breeds
• Importance of genotype x environment interactions
• Tolerance of local breeds vis-à-vis environmentalfluctuations: temperature, feeding, …
• Better disease resistanceof some local breedse.g. the Fayoumi breed
Photo: INRAUMR GDA
• Potential interest of some major genese.g. the naked neck gene
E. Verrier, Introduction to Animal Breeding, Hanoi, December 2004
Summary
Chicken is a very differenciated species
Deep concentration of the selection organisations
Very large genetic progress under standardised conditions
Value of local breeds for• Adaptation to environmental constraints andsupport for the development of production(potentially in complement with « industrial » strains)
• Niche products
