V Brendon_Primul Razboi Mondial

7/28/2019 V Brendon_Primul Razboi Mondial

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Tor!drlprrLlervldr.Edirudi BlcaLL

ACCCS IA orrest37

PRIMTJLRAZBOIMONDIALr9r4-r918

\"{;:i'Vyvyen Brcndon

Traducere de Drnrela Mscov

l{l"*t "j

til


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ii r r kr'\ s, Dr$r)l! J r !r\\r r\\sr 5I \r.iRin)R {r-

] ln\\r \r nii\\sn kr: Frr (rr' fI Rij,! IiRr'.

:r R\/tr{r(r (r r,)kt,n irr)/Ia br | \ Rr\or i \ i.\ r\Drfrl\Dr\r.i rirrlEoeros.

Crpitolul2 ob,ecdveleitusurclcb.liBennrilor, 1914'1917

iDd niripetrh iudn,C,pitolul 3 Impas N F ontul de V$r 1 9 I 4- L I I ?1 I'rrcduaF:.um s r sinblroriiC.iciunulin 19142 Tcdrorii.tiigare, l9l.rI Cruzcl. impasLltr''l lncliulrRi ior oltenrrive, 19lt5 Hinxneaimnicultri, l9l6

7 r'rpoholid jnnooaic, l9l7i Dnin penh' iudiucrpnohl4 FrotuunkdeEnsidesud. 191,1'1917I InhdreE2 ^p.. -, "vil g.l ' tun'u lid. ud'dnPu i'3 Rapofttrile d micilc pderi: Tmia $ Balcanii'l Lupll'd pnore non Fro'rulditr lhlir

hdtumin p.ntu $udr

Cuprins

2 Conlovcs desprc r.izboi


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3 Cotr'fritir Fnrtu..un loc mrL bun subc Pisdnd trpnns fcul din cimin

Uhimeleerape ab.azboiului: md l9l33 Jucitrd trxi'.r cde Fnnrul de ve*4 E\pkatii despa innangeE si vicbneMo$cniu nondi.ll a rlzboiului

MoieniB leidr, aonomicit si .ulrurill

CuvAnt inainte

Serii ,,Acces h islorie" r toi initirti :nri rls la nLvcltrl ccn clorrivc. dtr oferi o nrultLno dc inlorfr rlii iiteEsrn{c $i cnitorului obnrtrtrFderpinciprliadnii(rexrulpmp,iu zn,Dr,tmtrn iuriritcdct.srnsiturcrprolelo,)repqi i tri$trdiuulordccnirsi incirrn[orodrri.cea c@rcita occcsad uiui.c.crhi isrori.e lntniiarurorior a h{! concra x unff clndrcdc di,lrrd, cisi siDrkr cirtr iiGhirf \irc..i0ciriilidi) iD I sitomra ooFi,ricdcsprsubicdulpurindiscutic Anlel,iilocsihns jioslf,,dc,.llleviiruriisoncc'plare, luciinbdinrceAricolediec.r.r t)triclcde vedeF si inteQreriri dLlifte

ii cea de adouacllilic.a.enei.iti. rdonliraoducenrudui no, nlcmodificipe.eledejaexisrenrecuscopurdc, !ir]th\i:|norund.ls$iecrur sarinea,.obLcdiv.dealiis,..ft urmcrzii Jupiiddtr1iecdr.rproL, {rc nci'tor sli vi on!.nrftze r'e.M asup'r remei {remelo4pnncipale de crpno tul u i respecr iv, iar casera cu ,.p6blcnic . hcie" crcumcui dupi majorirarc. sub!(lrilor.rpilohlorvidrisc dcniir asupms'biec(uluisau s ubiedelor dezbatuG secriunea.,si {udLcm capiori3pir.r, !ii sugoreazii moduli. caEvi putri i'su!i .cle mai nulrc iiform ii di. crpirolul EspedivI'u.'rl..ubp.ee re. F'-"/, o" tr,ful. odcreilrverihdrpoTile.purnprcccd.iihoddifoDnli(dtrn.i.indroloell .ccalil .de penlru prcsiiriar mui exrne.De erempn', daci doriri si vi tormari o Ldee Bene,trlt a!u|Jrxsubiedului,in cel naiscunrimpposibll, urn omle clli d li. proL,{q"

123

163

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Cirili.rpirolul I n' nrrcenn! Pc Circu6tr l.duriilii4i sermadr OobhmcLconDi&ni sednLnea .Obiecrive de dins"Pcdr f(r!tLi rc c{nol!lqun'iilor., '_i..p.r cu rcriunea.0bicdi!c dr ditrJ :i. Jri nLbicdtrl vii nrer$ci.ii. !nilr rorq,thltrl.q,ndu vihre.m{hcafroblcrn' dczbiihrc Ccl Dri rdcsli. noLlr trlcrLi cle dc arispf nde hinrcbma(in(rcbiriLc)dincrcu.u..Jrrobkm.ch!ic .

DKidodrisil$o (iinkcag.rc arni itrc.csri, rr r, rvanLjos si rblosni peDrncir'a dclPtroLLLl,de prelen( inr ociri(i.ivctl ii rldcrcrorciidLctrlLt.delx\.r.mer..ohiedive

I Ciririscdn'n.r..Slinudicncr lllul' lil scdiL[cr..Sarilsnu'.' r.d. r. n. .'..1.'. " p.l r{.tr " '.\ectiuni rle tiinii, u tebui si .irili .rpirolul . doua oali si si vi

Band,ri ( si \crieri tr.- Fztrmat) h cer ce rricnit4 ^b!,." k.\iInmuhti vi risprDvLnGin minre sru in \rirDupli (e 11i .i1i( intc.ga lu.nrc. $udLa11 scr!itrnca ..Lecrunsuplmeirare si rlegcriacelerirluricarev rpuh.omplebinlomdiile

Scopul no!tu r fos sil vi t.zir iir, \r,, F.r r.


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PBOBLEI!4A CHEIE Dr rrla rrkle izbtrcrini primrn'i

ry,, in ) ) iParLintul d. v.{ Ae id r.!d 0arrclr (trin!. clcN( fi Dr.Ontr! ir iilLr! rclun ChirKipliiCepft.ii. dc l,Lpr. ru i-a lNs riulL'i \!u. i,' vi$r,: dc 17 riidrd s r iroh! br',iop si rli put{ !i \c lcurci{it ncdi.d. k' ds.tr6$lc srlc. K,plidg trd M rlblou idprctiodJ'r aupd .i.noldtri hun f.ih r i derennD|I riDed sii m.qi la .iizb.i. Cu tole ardre{ e pulin prob.bil cr *dir.dlI rgl.z \i:i li schimbd .o.vi.!edle din c.uzt pienbni peMn.ld suldireP $rbil ci pemul er me rir sii i r.uze F menii de su( liben'li ot&liciri r ni.lilit poporul englez. $crrzind evenlualirder unui conlli(N um, On.e r li !n{ si spunii Kplin!. riindoril. sile i,' pus o intcber7:ir.re pnviurc Lr vinovxrii sr h !N^le ift au dG la hodd luik)lri { r rlr.f tr{. 3 D iom d. souan (de bab mtonrriddle). inolrt2 Conlrorcrsc dcspre rnzhoi

ru Drnd {ircr coirtu\ce co p,ilircItnLn ci riizboiul r ln! ftir Je dlvin{or, pdicipdlii. p.hi.i.nn iirrorcji rtr pol.mi.d rpnns dcsprc calzclr srlc. ld a.dari an ctndKipL'n! r:rds a7,t.i,tr. l rirul d.la Vcblillcs spunea cxpli.r..\trr] o.rtru roxF ..te.derire si prsubele proydrre de rizboi apdircx nx 'siloi. rdni eenuDilo. si rliaild lo. Aceai:i clauzi r lon

respinsli nel de Cemmir in mii po$belici si r ajuns curind subi.dde dezbarere ace$i inte isiorici din {oare lirile b rnii '20 si '10'da une' Esponsabililiti genenle r Plns teEn ar ir cdcunle pDl,!.ecdt ri in elc eadcmicc. vim au putu. o acuD ra.bii eeErelL, lrduinsccrclonania d:plomaliei, cofrpcr4h ecodotrrci. cu^a nranni L tiinpoialismol Id conse.in6. $a consi&dr .i1 fi@irc Fi1!vc! o 0!nc&.: Pim.lm:n, r. JM.n.Bn.nii DrilllrJ.jr. ina-(iza( lcen puncl de ysderc dunci cand a scis. jn rnemo ile !!h.in.irullrc w..Ms'i"r..i,.in 1914nafi'nilc]ru riirirpiinilla!!z.nullo o' , /bo'. Li nnr,ndJ - -l

Inst izbucnircr celui de rl doilea rizblutne a Esponsabilitidi Cemaniei penh pnmul rizboi nondid rn.p- -r al '. r 'l'- t' pe. e, 'Albedini spune in nnrl ci ,.deptim si uliimr esponsrbihac pentruLTnrnt d?noiului Fbuie Nsd tn seama C@iid ri a pc'natuf'i ! raftul ci celelalte 6ri ...u s ruxLtbr jnspiimanhb de ftrtuna care e dezltnruir"lhoncd Seman F,iD F schs ri a intunat compariodi atunci .lnd.in 1961. a dedmt ci |:zbolul s a daronr Ceiinaniei inle iinte.!upoh, ei de x deveni pubrc nondialt. $ a fi.ut o pmleli intc p.hicarinpllui $ cs a naisrilor.' A.c$e iudii tu d$ la ru.imide. dcu-nenrelor ti la conrinuarea poledi.ilor. Unii nroici ru accepr.rinteQtua lui Fhchor, .llri au in.ercat sii o *hinbe, in rimp co un .ll8tup a at8 atenli. asupa existenrei iD roari EtrmF lLLi l9l.1a une,..nenraliLlri de rrzbof' Pinea a doua a acentri capirol eie dcdrcardpEantilrii aceiei cheniuni. i.cepind cu evenimentele imedirre crre

PROBLEMA CHEIE De e ru mMt ln r:zboi. ca adv*e, M lel6e slOrneni do la ascindq, pc 23 iunicFenlindd, noienitor al hului l,np,rnDlu,


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L,l oicl v;irc otuide tr surlevo.1 i,rpokiyr rlipirii rreiei ptuvnicr! h.,hnN(t!.:riniirul iLdcrr (tre tr nnDuJcar! i, rrL,co i u \nb b!yi{. nrenrbD rl uDei oi.qxtr,:rji Mrionrlnlerr.!L $ln' ii) Sdnir Dr\iimrrhrd ru{ift Frtr7 J.scfi ru. fo{L 'iu \ : \or.i t!i. soll(.m rverca{itigrtr u\rln,ornli nn..e

Irrinl. !L I 1u mrin i |oinx sdhLe. crr.rud i sc t'Liczc copnemn r !:ditioMr rr Asln!i. c.mrnir Pc j iulic. lkrenrl wilhernir It hr xrr;ci nrfrlii llditr\.\pnr n drpLin . chi dici rerlr rrntrLri lrbnrr irslrviloq w helnr I ex r r i,,.ufrrxr i , xd.litr pc tujnNi .:i * bloscrs.i de mnI rnrtrm dcsc,tr lrc i,in[,,t nc cncm. mstcz sir Edwrd c'y.J,!lr ..!!r n,!i rnflnjdrbit.ro nerr qrcrd.fi'! Allrii rmr s(bici!i oprexsci orLce fooS dc. n'hrmiui.,nria^trir.ii ii sii-rLrrcp'e du'o$l otic[lL':ritor rmpc-inh n,.,jrntr,t., ilcnrinrlin'n b kmen de.$ de o'r 8uvlnrut sirnx tri,ii\ ui,ii\Nn\ ii'dlidor r.epiiDd n[p&]rea solicrlritor. drrrlri r rr i,Lr.;ri d.qrh,t ?\urrici d. r se aDrelecr ii rrbudtc sltcD.fl. Horirilr !i rczolve..pericolul si,h. tnptarula respins a.$tf\J,trr\ 5i. p.23 iLrlie. r de.kxr dzboi. t,rDFnd nn&Lid boDb nmafrf r!rrlLlLi. rapnarr se,hiei :flml, '"irirn $ rnrl intr . lriri. ne.r. o tliiuirsli.lsmuh. la skr.i,,,..,.[ {. Lhi :.cnLir piLirii. yo]di din ptrnd dc vrduc dlpkimdi!. riJ.nil,oltrL. nme du tu ^u nl.iun mlin cvci,r,crklc rtriop.tr..L.sr(-!r,M nftc l5 i 19 n'lic Ciin.r rtr t!un\ la rffa. ei ru conms! ci1!c,.:ruuori.. lnr nrrDrrt tnnc

lr trflrrtuclc ,1. cv.nnnenrele s ru p'rcLpn( i .lcs h rrerd, rr F. lq nli. rmda nsrl a rn{nobiriTri FaLal. nc'rn, a n pFriir| \iitiur. S.rbi( pnn drc ersr ireid. trordc! a lmperdur

auirir!.,4 doua zi. h'l Nicohc.l II lcr i ro( (onrinsdc nrinnhr iscnerilii tusi si declnB mobilizire gcrsrli. tupdc tus.si priminJoJ.n.,J.. ,.,,tr-r,-..r..,. . '.d, r..tsi muiE niobilti's firi ti da imfrna cl a.fom'i cu x.q'*ivmrI'npuhiofd dc .oma'&it 1 i,iltuCc I sugun. vizefd cl Po'i.ra E trzl si i\i 'dng: slrnjruL !.ordarRusici. Ccnnadir r dL.hd \i .r d/b.i Fturcj(P!:l itunr Ncot.irl.Poi".,ri cn rcncir. C.itrtr ci !i"r tlrru ui l'h., lf,.xr Fntrh fu!i I donv puter li in mon lmpeJ. trnncdii nnLpn Gc.nmici. ..NicioJrtiinu a Io! primiri cu mai mulri \atisafictic o drc]ritic d. riizboi -ln ciuda 'nrensei presuri diplonuricc lx .m r ron suptrsi. MarerBrirmie nu i r lud nici un ms{mcm, nici irli Llc Fr.mrr. niri h[ deRrix, cele doui 6n N (rc smn,6c rdmrc (r.odtrn dc.oltrhoturclin uma carorva.scun, Grey r incc.cal si si convin-lii cabincrur ..nL se vr Jitura conflicrului cre pcea x populxlei. pini pe I xusu! ct'd bxpele semfe s r pre;rtriin'd.fB.qioa Franre' (ve7i pac r3 ra) in acsr rcL, Mxrca Rnud,c, carc rtrs.sDsolidari hct dii |339 sI sustitul indcocrdei\a llcllici.. rlcclinr alzbol

Atrlro.Unlrrh. pftocrprlrl de crmlrrnir din Serbi( nu I dr.lrlon.ial rizboi Rusici l.car pc 6 a03u!. Dopil cun ldin rccc c itrdiiht nco. .ic limpcde lil izbucnier iizbon'lul mondirl r fo! poribiLlidalonri ho&erii 'np.nului qe r svEnq sne Holge. lrelyie. rctuuu riSro uonii si rc.ete.i pnrrucitoni lu' sndpfrrt si {,r?a ,ir srh/d! Ipdjnuri si tuler d hiril1b! .eilrlri bligemmi au suslnur la dah resp.crivi cii s ru an-qrFrin izboi din mriun detenevelI ler, te 2 augu{. r ro$ cr 1rn s3 ..nebuia si s. iinplicc ru dor'|jenru a ,jura o tsrl vccint Iserbial. a!a.a.a ni niod rcdtort. ci 11liou a salvgarda omarc4 dcntrirlrca si inrnerca Rusici. 11 lcul". Pri e'{r.: i. I \.|d. .c.r dt


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Ll. r.um se d[ocl7ii iele' voinrc. crr! t mxnLreni de multi ani imNinr nurdir |inpdnntr LnplnulLLiGDi,mn lntun rizboidare'i rrrr L.ntr' lr rcccn\l 7i, f,tsedBrele Poii.aij a declamr c,11r'!LDlr (;cffrnjcila gnn(i csricir Frmrei. F- dara de I augud,.n, iRodr di rtu \r Je\cnhr .,ob'edul unei agr.siuni h'uure sir r ni rdc. nLdilftl cu insolcnli leeLle internrrionalc Si ir Frr\!LL rrr pidul miristx tr1 M.rii Bnhiii. rsusrinur. i. ziu!d.6ausu$,.i Lm !r,.\D luprii cr si rtrt parclpiul o.Lmr cirm $.tre nc'tc. re of,. .,b, L, .- | Fn m.x iJomi.d'orre. crre srnlDazt btrna credintii !c suvcrtreazi legile intc.

Au ton ac*re prcte$e exEesin uior rrti tfte de Erolri auntjc.\xL ru to! n\re plldoanL Dri sp.cirlc Gri .l'Dr nste min.iuni) mctur.e ca{'se adeziunca potulr; penh idcca dc '67hoi'r Probleft v'no-liili.i v,tr icvNvitieip.arc fi t7.tr'luic!.nmenrelor din lenoad|Ll'e atrgd l9r44. De ce a izbucnit rizboiul?

cHE[] CG iusi d.rensiunerremal'odari Fl.menmai rcsp.ns$ilil p,,nh izbucniH rtboiului mondfl 1l*OU,nu'r

Mrno lili ru Drd in rllzbll penh ci Iicuseii aliiG milirare detensvept lito s ru sintil rispunri.ort si le reiFcle Prima dLntE rcene.cft Tritlr Alianri. .odri de un Ion cancelm geirnan, oto vonBisntr.rk cenmnia i iiviis Tdrobnor F.mlu ii l3?l int unul d'nrkiiiclc dzborie !m au dus lrc,emr lmpe.iuluiCeman Bismtck... ' d ir-hrl'-n/ stu ,nr'ds._\:pcnh mcrcx de cibe Gemar'a x unor provincii vllorcxs, Akacr\i Loani. A\r.i r negda( tarat cu Austia (13?9) \i l'alia (lli32),l'.n 1" l" ,.1'r' lap.Al."nl -'"1 '"n- ' nn P-recm c i. ..ntlir cu Aunlh da

ncrc dc inn"cr'i n' Bal.0i(Etr'oDupi rcin'Crrxolwlbclnr rlx L.r l.rinllirtr.r dh n, Idr.rr..lp. Bninn k. ii 1390. iirurlir diplomrlicii s r :rhi'nhd dtu fr. lrciudr {iii*ld rliliidc famlLie pe rm le rvcr h.mLlirnp:iar! .orsid.i.r lii nlada dc prlernic cu tdrh r nr iD . rx anb,rro'Ccnniili. dc rc( | rctuud \ii rI t,.-n{,n..rhil u..' ,.F nlii si rudnh ltusie. strlrinul dc IiL.lonnl.L !.lLr Lldtr! i;r rlLidc hrnle ccnur]8 lcem:d'i. Au\tria n rrrlrtc, \itl! o1!!irir Du.rni.i ricuri dc F Dh ni en r)mrL tutru\.r /\ldi ci.Niir cn nir

o rruLle d. c@ era n,6idd nr pcdordl rnilor 1310. .ind er rler ..r'rui puknrici nori. lra Dri p, .rtrd ..!iori i. !i.cl mri Dtr. irrpmtrx roruj,. liiri{ iicluiar nL! lri,rc idliiirgcci bualor in lnu Lcsud (r1199 r902) s x dov.dn o 3r1iLtri! irrnqrr! df diliilii; sLl \icm:ur o depiiseru t,' c.r c tnL.!! purlc.'r in&lnrlii:1. (tL nril]tr s.'nf. i( 1393 CcmMir lm\asmiliurc .ao Mcninla p.zilir ei fn,ari.. prid.Lank in.hriad dc Cemmiactr Jrpo,ix. ii lq)2 s..cd,nxnndicn nk !nulatiei nrFlff M:trii BrrxDii ii, 0.!trrtr1 Prtillr no{ irl:".It- Biri.in.jn!. . 1r,rscd Ma.cx Brnmrc fmrnr\c \i ltEi'r rreu(iilc Flnrr rrilulcasupn {r(urtr, indep. ed md trr.iuD MRr jn schimh,i aonor\"ltrnr i,.,, r". nr.,y ..1.,i$nmro irteleser limildr lio 3rr rlrrd r vcdii, Rrrtr. in t'r07. c.'du r Tplir'"-ri \ ' i ir. I'.'rhi.,,-,;F !., di a'r.u,t.t Ltl

c;iG,i!;ide di.ntmc eijcmilri, prt(m c Loyes Di.L,n$,ni rudiul sitr Th. /nk'dtd'rl rr.r.hr lr916). ru roridenr ciidiPromrtLr. .u nnul Di sid li s


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ia$icr ir Eu'o|a a iirii dc ncjn(cdcrc ti o{iliri.. ce a dus laizbDmr dznoiulu' Ene adeliim cll tiliLc atr ron arar in r;zbo'druir, .rgarrnefrelor mutuale si a plrnuilor nilirarc cae le rLtrnnxr. lduji. ini.la a utrof avi,po$ui milirre in sine nu se-hxcii ctr rscesnrLo rilzborul: difnr{ .lc podc Jtrce la nedllncra prcii conducitoni holtuisc cerua de adiune ele .el 'n.i PorivDietrl drt. ln rc{ }e1. pi'nul niil9l.1ci ltalir rr cra obli8di\ si sfijj'tr. Ausnx s cermanir ina-un.oiflicr lsu|n Rxtcmilor, pe ca8 eL rtr il consideia . fi ,.un r:zMIdc eararc" Pe de:lri pane, CjEy a promis cii Marca Bdunie se vannpftr nlli.! d,ir drci nL e oblisali la rcedi d. ni.i m trtnSn rigun.iE( de asemencr, .i prcmisiun.d dccondiloiad r:cut,

'',p'J. r L l{ii l .bo'ldiiir'neisi Rrsici r deF5ir cu mtrlt oblisrrurer insemnr neciir ci c.rman'rb) Rivahtff economc$iinprialeuna .linft primclc j cryrcdri asuprr cnzei rpintre in l9l4 ? foe orcndd. iidc,xl comuni! ns. bnin in paDinetul s:u intiblat /rp.,?llrutialtn1t .?L 'nar inah al upinnin lri (1916) el a susiinur ci dnletxfMlLie crau obligde sii v mlajdD itru o compttie penh .asdlM,1. ddi picr. r lmsn de inve$idi Rildiorca mpoali r n dus inevih6illr itnoii rc.spoliabnipulemici o luirir. inarmrlr pani in dinli".'1, I u.fo p?1.: ,l, turi.iin".i.'inLelegcn.d Ju r.! cxuzele rizboitrlui ri cmcrerul siu non'lial.h slii^nul slcolultri rl Xlx ler cea mri m& pdne a Africir rrA:ici sc an.u sub.oiducem sru,proreciia'linbr din Eurcpa ldeea' if p n" ie:ncF c oonnn n"d$i l,'trilc cuioncnc Niurau ir rceeasi nisuri sii-Ji r''r5toasct puta'ip '{ |.. iluNd duFocxrrcse tolosirl de KipLidg. ,.povxia omulu, Alb" adici obligaliasi aduci.ivilizrdr la popoacle supuse in a.sre.uenn ah bnbnibrnideninrte mai e yorb! ji de ideea de rvemuri tipic masculin{,.xre ii fi,cer pe.u.enrori populd in pxEie Mrea tsrihie ti FGnt!

rvcau antcl cclc nai Dei, mperii si rpmrpe ci intraseii iD codfl,crund.u ccalallr dc .aEva ori. dii rer{i prnini, ptni sli {uiglt, id1904, si-i delihirezc popiile G oiiAlre doui Mtui Pdni, Imperiul au!mpsi din Euosa (Jesi enom $pdratl dD F dcrinuri dc Rusna.oFe ri p:4i din Asia). Anindo l d@au si e driidt r iD Brrcm,.

mxrea reg,ure slari din EuDpa Je Sud En, undc cxi{du rrie .acifci m,i tineatr de lmp.n oron:Ln, rlrt in dcdii. Aunaa in,i rlesd.la si c4rise o $pnlili de oali mdi ]1fu, h M@ Adnxric,, 'nlinp @ Rusia vha st ontol'e cStriimbdrca DadanclD ii dc aii in Medrenna A:nindoLLi pucnlc sclemedu cii ifrpodile lor sd puro d'c{nic. .n!c strb aur.nht lor si xr n inEnsiiicd rcriunilc pcnn a scCclc nai rlncrc ihte dr Emp4 lblir si Gemmir, s au lonsid rin*lare de crft Mril. Pu19ri )i ti.!u cctut.,lGUl strb \oG" AmbirLrliatinle a lJiei e.r sii-ti aub @kui iirirria in Mdirm4 e@\d fii'd us iiin modvni'le penh ctresa i:lud Tnpti t{ian(c. Po)iria dc .xDd\i$e no i:li a Gemdrq,aa:nGii Welrp,liril; a i,ih! ii ..inid ,_n soc.ixl cu pretentir MriiBnbii de a li ,&s. cond0d.narc surnni cm r.xnh ir.odxtt'rlIntuiv,E6b r1 iq!een hodlafi si si mentini supemalia ihpcniU, loiilidul rr8lo Sennm-"opc'6iah nd] "n Ve Bri ii a. r. . " l !. rl' trfu e Fq. ptuan-l uemdri r' n{r. Lk''.L 'Berli', pnn conshntnopol spre B.sdadi lolqi. dlctir Nl]nl Bnuntr.IIn.ivLif i

eR rooii posibill @pcnrcaDeli tricln'nile din inrcriorul Impcriului aunr. uDgr nL au dusobligarodu ]a lupE, pdcolul &csb a 0leid totusi mereu Tulburiinledin inbnor au ontibuir la accentwa.nT.i din l9l1 Artudiner m!an1i1adoputl d. Au$na fati de slrvii di', iDEnorul impriunLi. ronsided(i .crpul riludtilol', a fcr dothd ri de Mra BndG. in lponcu suptrsii sii din colonii. Aifel de arirudini a, .vur \i clc D mr npF'p rrprim.Li'{bJimonl..I J lonu7! | '. tu' iroab Mrile puren au avur .tr slgranll o ldnc dc !i t


10/107

, rr ' wde t,olilicedinrre l9tr5l9t.l, ti. ,l' .t r-.. t., Tr.Ln. dr. ., i'ol . ru , Ir."t .n .f" b- .c! n.n-.rnd l'na Dx'r ttrrc.cr Ad(nki rillo rirncrTc jn lro5. cind Kaj.nond d'rocrtr Trngcr. fMjjrind slrii penrtr indeE cnla {duu'l'. L f ".. i v.f. B ,trd. r r inbncri in hehurile l\,rrrturlL,i Atr trmd ,.diitogd., ,nrrmNunxr Au$nr. ttc rcrn !i alidrdrptnsrhii. I suiiiut inreresctc crmr crI.For ''.! ne.jn r()03.djnd tutbuiniL.dtn lur !uoltrr Aulneio.a.a de.J0.,,u b.-n,e8$M si Hcnleorim (N pm In& rvur.sc pini tr,tri.j nuDrj &par Ltr. r. Dnftuar) Areana I dus ta &dmr4i uno. rcr\nrd iDft Adrirn Ru$, {imne si dccle tut . panii caid Krirnrt i sDlrciht RNqsr a.ccflc acorji:ncxrE tD.ri:liibiri dupi nri,alcEr sufeifi nji'ulnur ,u!jrpom? o90r te0j) sitialni de spriirj dtn DM* F.rrI NIr Bnhrii, R!!ir a rchuir s:i ple.c lqut Numi cidavofi|, d,iRunr dN horn:lr sli nu h* sil s reFrc rcea{i rmilirrirn dn,l l9tL ! nai rpi,( m nou po\ibil fer de r:2boj. cand on I i,1i. '..tr,',..,o-t.,. 1,..r.,r4 0.,n , t. ,o.\4,.u'or. ialionxlc 0roprii (cu!inre blorirc de xhf!t de pr.jfisn,l

r rp'iriiut Atrn.tci deI li,i. -.ivfutu.uluL .ft rub pr.recro.u lirnrz o,kra noidtci de:o6riht L i rconldii Spxiici) j si scli!i dc lliin]anr dr, congotrt irancez o mai nur. am.rinlrre rlr[r{ trrcrcsctor cfrnari nr r ec!{er \c(LL pr \ nLl ro'rmnai..'r Nn NmLja AdMu cordi.ti Nrv.tc ensrez..veau.urur dc I rpnr canxtul i\,riin.cri \L Mrrer No,dului tunde qJ

deplrsezc navele spre Mcdirerrnr'Pe brdrl cnTei de h Ax.dn, Itrlir I 0rofiht de sirtr'ix tor mlLi ul

'oi n,i D li'ito\,...' o' ' |''\' " n.n''iimpcnalnt n$mrc sufi suleirc ii rced Ji$df xl printrld1 'nrirflrl lrri.i c$wni Col'ni. dind vonf,$e despt ri.\ihiLele .r cotrsade:o' ol teo pa'

o d';o.'o,, FPoar ri rn nlercsul lbliei 5a deramed fciu? sidaci, dupe ce aracrm Turcia Barcaniincepsassagre?

r6sponsablibleadearidatlocpralu u depusca?!Accn dis.uis,linultu xpilie 1911, s I doveJil a fi exftm dc lo,aric,p{ dc rlri prc. cl suserr, dt scncDer, :i idcea de vnii .oicdrvii.r{d""i'. d,pr ac",$i ,.ri""c. R2hmii ru nrepur sii 5c ..trsit"Strb (hii pmtec(on ai Rusici. Sllni4 Bulgda Muntn.sru si cr'i'. d.r'4rr"',b1912 To c celc patr tiri au ca{igai renroni dc la rurc' dd.cL mumul{ a bci.ticiar Serbia ir riizbon'l hrlcrnic lmc a urmd tu l9l:1.provrd dc ronullumi{. RulsMe, Scrbia a creni linr mul13ttloni.deri nu incltrd.ru rcna dc.oani Islav r fon xpd penpur dr Atrstrir ( . 3m.ninrm la rdrcsr inlerc\'lo'sde im*nah Ocmdia a tobsn inlriiigccx lirlici drpi pr.lcxr 'rstrimidio misiunemilirtui$bcommd. gcDcnluLui Llnri lonSmd'aei!ru a olen coisilL.E in pnviN, modeniziF anrtci ht! hi 'iRh;bieliilor romulit de RL"i\ eci.rtrlul r r:ms ieclind in c.idtndno@l panii h izb!.niEr dzboiuluiPrni ii Mi pun. bqi, !.btrie rpus .i .ln aiclc dii Brl6r nudu rmv ar'ciedEa dinrc cclc doui blocu.ide puicrt'.:mc'prlidc ilioliti Dc l!p! Grey ] tuu\it si convoet tqi mbrsrd.ii Mdlorhlri lr co'fsinl. dc h rindra. p.o!r aplmtuca co ntubi wffron' h,Rh P r'1!. pr ''o{ ' ' l' \4 i' bnr " "\i ilcasci, ..Pri'nivara si roamor lul l91t xu foj nacre dc o !r' de


11/107

L,fisre excepronari' r sc ptft ctll]pr r rb{ r.ch.i ii.iRusir. nL.i uruL u'mE rEumenrerc p.dtu rlciCcmdnia nu si n,chdrsc,i palinint

i,i riicq lui Bemrd Shlv ,ndiolo'rdc.i nn nemlmr.. si Lipi de s.rupute crp.d in mudbn si cnmr.l.rtrouc" La ,uicdul lin\nor ci .Jilzboiut vr ti rbotlr da.i vd ov!! !p'ta dnrudiv " cL Fplica ctr oierihle .ru cit trjxi dnrnrdiv vr fituboiul, cu ari. rni frscind va n ,i,{asri conrov.Ai c{c si iir;iziLx lal JD suaLi pe car en ii 1905, .ind indtrsris p(rucm cchipmknldc r,tibtu ror mai sofisn!.. mitrrliere, ro.0itc, ganudc. monieE, r6esi rviorrc dc tuboi ctrD roaLe 6nle ru iiic+lr rii \c inlfta.li inft eleiicaDdl si ro! hai md depozirc de rmq fime oEhi Nobcl, vicker,Krupp. skoda Ji Creusot s au inb.girit din vinza'n lndujctor ciercera cric r..umpirau,.hur d.cli acenia erau dunniniistr!enslorl,r Am simplilica prca nutr stu3.3 dali am spo.e ci i eresetec(nomilc bi acerca @ ru dtrs lr &noi, &r ct. ru inftrinur urltinr bclicos si cu sigudnll .u .onbibui! pntr .niclc pronuse. ta mfta!tr-lcd'c proyNrli de dzboi.ui all aspecr d cscj inmini a io{ .oNituira unor :mde rfttu6! MrronraEa 6nld europene atr rdopbr, in dntN bmq sfliciulnnhh oblisaronu. dcj acsh nL a r.y in bare c,mle t p.pulm D!f\emplq ir Frot4 omenii ru noifciar diu reznEnti hi, dc pldul!trvemului dc a mtui duah coiccnktuii de tr doi h h1lni tnciil, {o qrn ri,Iorul a inceput, fi\ura .L' tuses inci aflicarl Amlr mutr''.. uni' , r. s l,,i ru1, , , d Fc apndPsordrli rnui ai Rusiei nu vo'au si1{i piri\eNr sdete f!6tc in lyrmaRnrtrdlc, .iircvr gweme su.ccsive atr retuan si .i$c (liind!:i r fi pErdurv.lun). p.nh' r inLnluce la nilelul inftgLi r'Jj. *flidn'l mnne ouusdronl. id ciuda pRsiunnor eiscnr de penonatirili !(sum Kiplin!sciaic,ul frililr a lon cel 'nai upr eftprat ii ccmmi( rici lmrlabu.udiduac d. o mG influcnlil si Bpd Dd rodc Meite I'urc! Nu- r, " vniBrid u

mobifte^ miliome dc lrlLhli iNh'! si rc?rra. - r\r .( \ I i nrCl.rcu evi.rr iD p{ioada iuLLc auSun l9lJDeTroitNr..r mli sp!(.lloni r a\!r o flor cc'Di n ]\rLnrtrLrvrl. in l39S \l 1901) ort.D L.on\hiur 55 Je mv. dc 'tboi in Rpli.ii.i': Nlrfr RririnrrnrxtrLFshci lr con.e]ror n. Drlnotrshscump n ilibim dord cu fmmcnr dcca,r onlrre ddt ]lUL(Edrhsdc cdtr,Fnria.u rcum inlft ivlrtua Bd 'c si Orrurlr (ii trr'l.elelrxs nden mvale) cinc coninic$ n i lt rs. dc trP Dlinoughr .i si sub riic \L vae drsc atu in.ll Mru Brib''c (ru 29 dde Cenrni., crrc alDa 17)r crre. paai! tr c.'r xcnra si niri tn'lrpurDrca florci ccnnDie,, tr inrheid rlirnL! \i iireh-!{r rric!'r.Lamarca noikr n.v! dc ltr|li, Dpoiurie l9l4) nu pft sll kc..il ncobs..!r. RtPo,'L'rt I rE\ri. PolseJoguuri. fomrarr uror Li-q' rle 'nri'rL. rn(ol! drror. l il lhitrrobs ii (.opiiin.o!Ln de D\inn un dimrt brlilos in sitrLl ofirei NhlL.. rn nr Ni&r lnon'ccit \iin Ccmuia. Ut ona,.lc r:tu1d.eNnitlt Nbh!ft n loncurpil e .le zim,l l)d/r ltd:r sNnr . mr L .trgl(?L .u ,]!iue. ,f rrd,,r, ,trl,. o popdri ghicnod gcrmrl of$tr drrfl !rc! l.tntru .r.rpe xpi siura p. nllrnilDa : ..dnnnt'n jUi.ctr Er Lr r" Nlilrxri\ntcrcas. o rbnosl.ri mffcdii rle len:nDc ii rnrcriniiif'

Mri pu(id lunoslur! d. potEr.lc Eu,.t,ci .rd pLr n1o \cad' d.ilcirdir dc 8lili,ltrl srlilieraD. .o,13,10 si dNdifcl dc surccso.ulsi.virc lupclc l)unat ii rc.lxl, trm0 pe dod Lodu'i Un dr. i,g! ktr. p'.il'i' p 'l!.. u|o 'i1ihla Bslgiei. lrehri dni 133!r dc i,trlontutr irJd curopenc I'Ddlsiv Je Cemrnir). reprczcn.a o .omtlicane rfi.ri pentr rnra


12/107

1", , !.'r rtr I.J.b ildiijtr'dirc liyitc Strb coonlon.red lui. ,r'u.i .t r. .-., p.,-i-- 'nirF r lonribu if dr{t timpede la !:isfolr]]jm- rii 1 tr ',t Pt i ne \..ro n8"n!,&N i'r' ptrLin f'er\cr oh$ia p..r'r. nvcru rNriecjL in pivi,rasc$iri , rL'.a Ln rrc Ltr \oll. dr pcnlx ei .u I fo! rnane.la lurcu '!iii. I rmrd.'r iodicii.\diio(ri r.cnc P cn cctrtrie rtr prlrr!trs .li ltlsir nu{i Furenv.$rtr\ri rnbriu at 6rii in dor t0!l. rilt t)c fxpr. ctr $tr Licru,L sii'rprunulnlc tuodare dc h4{(rlii .iinlrl ,x!,i LlUnu. RsLr rrtrsi5s iiii dirci lijcmul rercvEq ,n o& r)nrii tu r! r.1 r.' rcusise si nirc:li plmurile r{eso pdhd.kLrtr uNi mobiltiirigcndrle lir irnporivr aNro unrffitorcari .L d.r0lor. rncri'llntl Nrii viibilrll.r Pthutui schrieffctr sisur0. fjlrimt'I.l* d,! lc Jeriner dstr tt uitc nrror (de neavanoifirfr!.L,ii \.Rrc p'ecne Li.rlr jr,regir cdrrdcilj Jolte a atc ntt...F rut" \hJ r, ,Lore,r.r \trd:ri ri ir F,r:rr dori{lr.a civjli r\ti nre i,}tuc 5 siPoj'Lri n r li rleprr niliodri.r Jo,ti! rnji dcpl$eze bpere ra/r(e krlondr dDq,lo rro ieft ccn.anieifiri si sc fi dcstanldzboiChft Coq,L c\FliLn{Ltr b rnLc rta notr si mic cmr crr, rveairi qcnkdnxra uiui d& semrx{llr! B.l!i.i \i Ftuffd si inrinparr'ririi noramgtu:afoend

ahmhllLI |.'donr s:i iniirii i| prrhrc !c hm. dupi e a ftctrlo3.,1- ota. J, .o!. .InB,tr'u rnrii.rrciir r! i lluu bilnu dunli.fi.R dinre noi.trli.tur r:i d,orLc 'nnntk rebuir' inuG'ncnrare rllcdc si deciziitei,poddc 5 r F{l(( r_n l9l.l 'nobrl[Gr /\usricr cotrtn sdbiei,p"li ul.r.rRAic on! a Auldci \l Ccmoiei pc 30 iutiei r cemm'c1,t.rt,,,,r!msjraL arc trr rrii Jc soLdrri tli ii miscm

si se imlcz. $Lb dont d pelulL'i narioDd Ntr ro'ru sii ArrrLc 5ii 1i.chemrri, ci se oleEau lolumxr si lLLpre peDru slinLr la",r. lr!trtLI Domnurursi mu'umm neaacildrc mii !'s. rptulirlinJ scnilonLlui ltup.n B.ooLf. (oninl.ilnd.iirb l,,.p ' ibronLl J B i'ne!ky, penR..binbrLii Eirnidi' Nlr'|tr rni de edu.diezarrle n tjutu;. 9,!r -xtm.dcm lui I tl.l r.lar-qirn( ri.crtsN a Mr enii !i 5LjN'iftc rtr rtni. i,0 rtri.]contlidelr inteDe. Cel purin o drrDiilirrri{ii f'3nrc7i. Rrullnii 3c'ri(dc{ du strsritrt.'ii lu' lrfiq si rd N\ ,lrrn'r di.ultrnnL lr N! rNr'. dov.d1 .i rcri I'dciL t'i.i n'iq( ( dd cq inJ ddrcrtrrtrloLul. cu .innn'. cr lL o crLc dr trDft. rici tru xu crbr csJ r ktrr vo.h.' s:i lrninc L[ ]r trL rr i,r'1.'l;rjiii

Problctr'r !k riimiitu .ic ccr.iprnmLli i,, po.nNl hLi Kiphg:i.ru riiliilir aibiil ,iicotrducilodi poliri.i sinJliLltri l{ oNni!& alpLq.{. p' nub.l. ? p..' r: '\ 'si rpiil impcnd dc nrliondnna'l sLrv, Jr r.eN; prLeDLic r ficuL o\.|n[''|'|''|]:'lrpira F slav' Je donimtir ANIGumirJr projr'le rn$irii i" Barc ]]:Jdh $ri'u !:r \c LL|]li qu uitne de otF nmhbr d. i r rtbnnxpenrru iniiiinserea llltriii in l$71 M] Rnrxtrir su\rrcr.ir D:rtrdneti aupEmtir i Drvrli si im0eirltariatrirctioneridcrrtrsiv: rolu,li ! r!doicrrtboLL,l.llrrni r \! ntduc!r (!:pr rbrnru rizbon'tlr a to!ifterlr EurF D!,Diiiii Dr nrer !.ci n!,mrinari cu en@i6n itrern'meD! ti'oii se sdba


13/107

.xi\L.i L. ...lsti.qxr iD scolc dc R rp..r. pi ril l Ln tur.r. si tie rNza nbNridlpd ,lui'tlbi nioMnl

iizbon,l. rL { t', Blllir in no [l F]gr$il. r Atr{o Lnsfti.i il Rtr\lci. i\i r-. riN. atr.lr se i pLi.r Di,nulr. ri.. !u at;r.tboiuLse ptrtu hs.xrii si 'ni Dr.. t" r5x llljncnr luro,ii r alur\ {i i spui MmleRizboi ,nrffri i', 1i"boi r 1itr.ici.cdnbi!. r dtrl ll|]lele si p! rinrii uil. rdlr. rlc lniFauluiolonm.Iroa r lxloii.i de r { Espcch iliidr n'.hcirli ]n 1902-cu MmaBi.Dier qnr\ p.n..lultrrLi.onnnr n, P.dlli sin' orcnrul lndeptut..,,r.t l. rr|(rxrc d! rcr'n vor li iunite Al'xrii) m kod no( !a dc(hn in nordulkr L.i ( nal Brlgmr \ tr rlinrl nicnbrC.ntil. ii o.r.mhrie 1915,r lt.dltrir r tc.ur Llc Fner Alirdlor. jn iului 1916. Brlcrnn aul\)ri n Dri mr!.Dc .(htil ddli lr/: .i vn ti un rlizboi *rd u sPlhcrar rcFde,''" nr pu l.)dil.rirflr ri Jr r.rlLicr \i sf lor drcuh rdo'ii crre atr innuenhtr&d!rulllri.ktr A, ri ptrd Cicd,riis sl !ijnrringi puren combinar,r iDriii.il,r Jir vcn \idin E!r Ar fi vtur tldxerglezi, atli{ dc invidiar,dt Ccori r. li \i i'nprii:li. dutnrbon,ltr i' Ahcx \i A:l( in .ol.m,Lc rrudidind div{leld p re.rClir {[ rtr'Lr llerndd ron]li.tul. rir dc rid de omeni si munilie. de

,\sr Nn roD demonjrrin ( olL,l6. Jou: dctttr luate ir l9l7xu {himbd cuGLl f:zboiLlui: horiirrir!r ntu5cditrrcluL sUA. woo&owwi !',. Ll. r sc j,rrlu in lLprii. d! ri.x Alidil.4 si cea r noului

orci,, ..n'ntu al Rudei d! r $rmr L n rij i'ru ln &J{ fcl. ric.i toJ'n nilr i'nplicar. a dini-!{ ud rvrau pc cs. iLconsdor trnF)dml;.'"'n., ln.iudr rrPrcl({. Dtrmero{ lor rar rld' | 'rciiipul dr iupri. in noi.iibiie l91S C+irol.l.7 si 3 vor tdr d\ncdivc'\elc .sedc de vidil ar au loi iinlrcDrxtc d! ien' pnh o 'e,tn.i!"*;rd,.' *sdri".i ",ll6ril sihclcli\.tolul I\x fid st.uisli primul rizboi 'noidLxl

r i rcr." rup-,-- a"m" rr/L /r//r vd]J rir Orodon & co . r9?4). I rrii5 r cd$(qr) rrr,9rl:7krn,.dtiltt(t;ntfortr\\tr 5.tt nd'fl "tr (Nonon &.o. r965). p.r? I Donaurs 't tv .n!r ., rt \fa(HMsO,r9l0).vd!.prl7 K w soi(r),D(ni4rrl$rf4rr(trcr Prc$. !L,5).o lar)|.ir,l\Lq.jrLd rrD rrrwiLsor, /r tiadlo $rtr 023Ierr(rohi[lrniy. e3]) P 251

12 Ds!6d L$ Jo{ ch$b.liii (Frslj i, J Jo[,.r! o,rrJ atlr tr' r/tr m" (higrm. Ls&).r]50]rFFdh{i'wjhm',4|'DJt]/tr',,0!11ro\.ans of r! Fbr \rdtt n4' P \at/3((!ru h$ 9r3i.vdrr p L1ir6cF shrtr rr4rrdrn@.(Pcreur re57).p70r? N fdlNon.7I! lr'rol'jtr (A[u] LDq rt43). r sj


14/107

.' '& Obiectivele qi resursele:: beligeran{ilor, 1914-1917i15!;E\i

-1!3

:

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1914 Japonia dela'A tizbo Gema^i6iGemmia pclan'E Pbgtamurd n seprembreTuca dec ara razbol'i or alialsD{ ffari. olicla: a obid ve ot mi laG ale Franlir91s a6!rr@un6c obiecr v o Fusie in strimtoaE Da'n6nLLla a declad rSzboilrd or a iale.1916 P anud e Auslde de e&ans une in Ba aniA laliiEunosc pranuire Rusie in@TGraru sykas'Ficol piviodG ra lmpan rea de calrc A atralia d{lard rrzb.i Gemaniei.Podusafa si Romania se aElur, A iali o,1917 A iali @unosc prcienl il6 Japonii d n Pad'f6.P&lana@a celd,l l puncld ale pr&dinialui suA]n(ruswoodrcwwhmSUAdari l'bo Gemn'

,.Rizboiul eie o cotrdnum r potli.ii .tr 3he mijloa.e", $na-6cricunuL\ \.. K"'\ r

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t

9..

r;i:!E

,3E


15/107

fi'Lnienii rc.tr's h r.rhrrjn sun l9t,1,i_n i(rrcsul tiJilor tor Dc,l-qu rpn,.,t g r.,cotrlrrduLri si atr \d\liiu rcn pnrtcipil rnD d. pah ai l. inp c$l.ra!Ls..rli unii pe rldr peie r... td rm\eG noroioasc lth Flbd.a,| -. ,li ,rn. J r. t{. p ..im !"t .. iJ .dc nrtrrilor Ilaljcij in dese'tunb Arubi.i. pe pnnimut de$.nic al Alijciidc ll{. if id !i pe rlE. otrDcnii (1. $r si diptoDlli dtsuku ocsprclildul dodr rt ricrorier Dii citdd in cind luloi.te nr.crau si oGEjLsriiidn Nnh pretLrlnea tuprctor anunrind, cu nr6,icic, c&e enu''.b'" L!- -o @.i ob'd-,h.\rRo crpliorie dncudirc dcslru rclu.iic riizboiuttri *nitnr conli,ie. tiindrncomprib le cu asl)n{iilc dia{i10. ln r.ri ca0irol sunl tDaliab retujleori.iic ii cerc sctrcr. ir. n{odiirii riirlof ..rnbaknre dinft l9re Ini lorelr fin ctft spe.ru ac.sra.l' , ' '.\.1r.- r'n,. d

PROBLET A CHEIE Ca! de adccvate qauCenhle penrd realias mbiti:lor lor?

Avind. armrti nunercrsi si inshni si unititi nd dc rezcaitrih-f dnl- i| o -o; de ';7boi Pflot6 aeriani jr plini duvohre. cdmmir s a angrjd in dzbd omJ '::1 "d.?. nr.o.ide-rd ne r "r : pl"nil.- lo o.i,c,crectivelor Dilih eii*nte in colonii Obishvele Dililtue indrizncrepe d.re si le-r propus eGu suslinurc de o aericlkurt pr.drrv:.industii dhdladurice neiit@ut &.er dc ac.lca llc SUA. ui sjiemde comunicilii bun ti o populatie c0 o iapidd crestcrc demogmfi.iT.arc acrea ftccau din Cemdia un ira'nic rcdurabil T.rlri. chirink-un su! encienr ca accsa,.nu .xhrau rici un f.l dc plsun pnhun zboi lslungir.r Nu cn lidpcdc cun ui Suved nede'ncn.c sbirocnt putea ftusi si asigure trupe. si hireasci poptrla1i. si si1pldteaci impozitele o lonei perioadi de tinp. Nu em nici sisur cilpatiotisnul eulonc din l9l4 vr coniinu si ma$heze divizirile p.liri.ce, relisiue si Egionrle p. cm DU reusiseri si le inliture cei 43 d.tr,d-a,.e1Jacen u ei Tf..rF b,,etu pen FrF 6rm.i,iPhul schliefien (vezi pas lrra)Anb\ioasele obicctivc 'ic rlzboi rau bucrrd la nicepor de ocvidcnr, sustjn@. Elc au fo$ fomularc pina daril in ti'npul torDft',dc hccldl Bel\lmn Holleeg, cu pilcjul lmilrii .,Pr.era ului diiscrrcmltiC', poSnm coOfrma! apoi dc cond0choni polilni { DiliradIn 6cnti, $ viza fonNie uicl uriuni vahale ti ccononie ed'lFL'oFne unJu e de G"tunir 5 AJ ir . .sdi -' .ub .F -t, tr./ig,'p, a sk 'Tptru"w"rN-rbuJE!|, ip ib 'u.Dn d'n I'J t..J1hl ..uD'J BFIgE' L 'offd porlin , .r/ .J4J1- ']1- t' afdl'tM4.tui. jrbelai de \ub cond..eFd,u d'Lre . brqf I d Po d H. s i h ,nFr {o, \rb r r .F r ' I inie! ll! p!!r! e!4n6q r nds la besEmonia CeMiei in Alnca

U Pute.ile Cent.ale


16/107

rtrrfly',r(r Cdrdtrcit({ii Diltrfi s{mf prcpuncru obiecrive mujtdlf ( krij c tr jf rNrudi de rco( cai4 : u' i.. , ,,. D r. !i ,,1 ,.", i_. Lutup,i- dl.r'.' ' .r J, ,.i n ,Ob+i.,r.RitboilL ui. crtu p'.|urcr ch I riri Nlr. t,r limp ce mutli socnln,

r.!ertuxDr rc/i!rc .L Atidito h.,nitiknnntr glmaD . 5i lontribljndxrN I conliu,rcr .iizh.rrttrlrl InD.dul nuslro{Dgrr$i, I rrpr pd!'en'L m' j$ in rreArl .limd co crmdir Dc (caN s. rtlr ii pDTirx dc I lomrlr objcdii rraj n! obrecrivctc de ,4r\.L c U!m[r!i chnr dncli unele d dr r$rr] \c rnau ii connrr cudcrckr. ripcnalcr t'.pusr..etibe rci a potodt.inre$j. d. exemptu.,r I prtrr tr.wn ruthurri in \:iDut ccLo. t Dril,aLn. de \eqi rubne7lri Ar{,i!i. s .cLclrll. !n'pL'i clri.e etutr tr, \jbiar ce siinea qrdu..,r dcinnri cu \t,,rii(.are itcnoiru,16lr ui din Nputara nIrrtrr'), !rii. r.D,iinii sirxticDii(re sj\Ntncr! drepNrite oanonajcnu er n ri n]i.r \i!ur.i xnxk imrcrtrhi (,nde ordhoLe se &qeuin ru nni puri,, dc li liDtrir r riiniDc toiali coidullrii in rjmp d.iii?h.i. r'c hnsi rc.!r, p[ i. e invc{iriilrnrn *dotul $ilft, tuurcmirc d. riTno inrmrru .il Mnrra !a rGl dorari. hr nob de riTnoir'. IutL,'

hr 1916. r.rcr iileDnDtr cii inamrtrl s. .na inroxr. pmolc: serhii ,l Romin[ li n e{. rritir ]r sud ven, Ruja rai- Ir.r' .! I .r-!. cr. ..,,.Firr son. s:L riunD se t1,nc.rr d$i d7}oi minnhtdcexamec. impe'rr ru voir d.rr si sup,aBxt.rii Lr jmu ie t9l6 luvemul$r muibr frurunlc dc r qDllomr ALbii in prokom habsbuqt.,d. I ricxr Jurlirde dif S.rbia sL dr . J,rctur zoia do corna djiI',n{enegtu Dt h lrlLr. conduce'tr dD ta viena Dtr dotoa decer rFg

rjunild 'le liontied. Un sol'lat ihlian avea sii'i aduci am'drc cuDinnsau, h 1916, trupele austri.ce, aune pe v.o creash r monllorDolomili, cu satisalirir hrnptunrluir..prlle :dlucir.re rle cinp'e'Tk\.n P3d d si I LPnnd ,. tr'

Sratul Turcici, ! c1rui populrtie e.i do reli8lc musulmmi, a scDD' oalidlil sccreri cu Puterile Ccnrml., Pe 2 rusun 1911 KaRrlcdrirde mul! ac@sri priebnie, chid daci Turcir era in arcast rclatie ,.onulbolnav al Euopei , din cau?a suxanxrului siu corupr 5i deseon (ud.oo'd de ' 'nok'ri, i i:-. * ;*c - p"""L '. i. 'cs o+.' | ;.Jci rulk.ul abdul Hmid c.l Prcscns a odont( s. cdc cateva nrveb i. J, tllc, i orn{- i .-mbnr, "'utie folosirc nnporiva sa. in caz dc rvolri ln l9l'1itsi, el r in$inlitunr dc la puter. ir lirtele slu a fo$ obligat si impdi conduc.rearirii cu tovolutio.m Mi$e a Judilor Turc| o grupG cu vtd.fl ma'moderne dar tru nai puiir rurdcdrl lncepand cu accri; pdioidiro-.'..udJ'orcon'lF.ironou.nL_Irrrj1 i i.'.u : .r,cl nide imbunirdlin la nivelul zmdei. EsE dificil de esLimd cdtcB caprcihte. mdci mobiliab i. octodbrie 1911. canJ Ture adeclarat rizboi Alialilork.tric, roreti., ,.dc.ld,tf ct r ii exisbt 17 mO dc oficri t' un sldndc milion & dilirei din rlE gade era depde dc adevf" c.i'irsi .vreii enu renuuti dar nu li se permitea st sereasci decliL in

in nm pM. ddon. NJr ei !69prdbleme Al,ailor. Chnn inajnrc dc dlmla oliciali de rilzboi. Turcilr drpuns soticitiii Gelrruioi dc a dposb pdn lonificaliilc aiiplssatcin Skamroarcr Daldanele inporriva taNpofrurilor Alialilor O dartoslilirililc ponib. Rusia a Isr nevoir{ s6 $ Flrtctio'e? trup.le sprsud, penh lupcl. pD@b in C?uciz rici T!rcia dodnd si si Bii$'rcbritoriile pierduc ln mii stnori.szre obieclive dc rlz,boi Mai via st @tun8! Ib la englezi Esiplul \iCipnt. Guvehul lurc i anuld ca pdr u .llzboi srad 0i,24 si iarincr


17/107

rtoAla ld{.u rsen,urie!4mr conlonn cto6 Krs'ul cn du!'li i. cl nitrd des.eDdenrurru6fr rLi Nr,h ned sbxL.iurr nr du t l9t5 rcersri rspi' ic r-d.o'npli!d, duDci ctudur tlnr ! dc (&rllitrrl s I arnud Pdrnrf cufde. Fnrari sis de3 Ali4iiPROBLEMA CHEIE Eau .\'ftle .omune alc Alhlrlor irfilicnre,n'sr l\renlo' ccrtrrlc ti x le implini

n)I.rer llillnicsi inperid snnEtrllvii erN con{rcr! cll llnritir regrta dcc.rdcdri' din Eduard alvll lctr s iflr ni d.dii. niatr ins:' ci rlr tor ou c.r rord piedurr,nli ddiner i,n|Dnrnlc vdoa. muxe fi'rd ohri,rlrc in condirii potivn'.c. comperirir cu Cfdm $inrulffc dczvolbe rorci, desi araMnL Nrer rpita 'dpenuL pilni in runcrclD \rlc cclc mai indepituteNexreDh.cl. pic en din in,pd rizb.rlui uu buni, de tr inceptrttrl'i L' p'o.o! F' n'xicn.icdil si mri bim echipatiIt dc ilri !Jnc. e rderirar ci p.ov.cr.c! nnpu:il de GermaDr tislr\ ni sc.l.arele indu!.iare ru frovo.!\c modemiz:rij ctr excepFa(,Ilncliilo' rrvrl. ctr (!rc r!$lca, NIma B.irriec6 un sar bqa(cr trf.oDrn pnxNi i.f l-ondn cn.rpib] fimrclada lumii. ToaGprn' iLc \lan Bnlrriitrvrlu \ii \c doledeui valori iN$nn.bile in

o pdc Lmpotunri i hogil'ci tiirii venea de lr colotriitc satc. ctuei frc^m& un nan dD |Dl)u .\ia slobului lmperul sru snq ca oallih-nrn p' oJ tr{lD ,nxrurldudere. . r debuFu trdru invcni0llc d. capitrtlri cx \uat de Darni pnnc un dr awurai rl ,,PtrLici MMfi i en reela' ' na | !tu . (\!ntr'.J -b, de urti !^,n. \. otutu.. nui xles nntid codr dc retuzut

guvemdui de r in*itui seniciul nilid obligatoritr ch,ar h inceptulrtboiului, in seprmbne 1914, prfr d,vizii din lDdir ru sosir 0c Frmulde Vsl Soldalilor indieoi nu l*a rixi usor \i indur $p'i'nd i.in4 utrmorimp cu de cifli nSon nu cou obisnuiti. Dc ai.i ri iuniiol nnr cv'crift, inrcgxbd h lupli Aprcapc un milon !i jhirac u volummindieni ru *nit i" enau bdroi..r in tnpul dzhoiL'Itri, pe Frcnlul Jeve$. peM n' 1915. Dupi !.os d, ,u lup[1 mai des in Mesop.h],cSiuE dh oriemli Mijrdiu. Domi.io.n.lc. rvind sp.ci6c snrcnulruogtrverni'n (caia'la. A!$eliaj Nou z.landi si Atnca de strd),iu .onribuir L lmda 6nhici cu pesb m Dirion de soldari. ruFaMid Ftur., Belgi4 TLrcia t Anicr. Regineorele sud ah.me de p. FnntuLJe Vei includeau si ,.Co.rincentudii soknli ai populdiei de culom. .re au avut un Fl viirl in rmsFtuldc provizii, itr slipdl tmrelor si curirma teEnului o jmihb dcmilion de soldati recnlrli local ru seflit chir in lu$ele di', Arf'clrcri! opid $nriiul pdnoric pLrhlt& mmi dr m'nisdl de exre.ae. lordul Ktrchcic., cxl]ntr'iitrd ,i|pli.it prejudecitile timpului. sir mdi|shr iclinsca rfii dc .,itrl0l1.rrcrpe cimpul de lup1i" r hpelor tu nclaca la..glmaicr. dd,adililtii,'Numai din pricina cria de roft d. lu0d di', 1915 au ro{ tr.c+ra,ivorunrd,i de cuLc 0rovd,iid di, Iidiitc dc va( pcnh lupl.le dc peFronhi de ves! p.Dd ci allfcl ci c u fol6i(i numai in bahliotserc de

Pend .j, @nrm eladni lncurc dc un oiirer d]b. .olonelul wodHill, dzboiul eE ..o polcsc $Aicro&c dcsprt umilinri si JezilLLzie'.6Dr penru Mrre! Briknic, unde pcn o ftime Jin lona de lupri oftpftanhu nelri, condibuir veniri din colonii en vi6liIn cea ce privsre obieciivele de *h.i. Mara Btiudc n!. acu-no$ur ofici.l cri r mri fi nr Eritoni. Dhmsunle portrre din l9l,1scrutctoN la rcele obiecrive cm adusesed Mar.a Bnbtr1c ii dTnoi:mcnlneGx supremalei navale, resraoruea nxtururui dc ii,l.F dcrttal Bokiei ti,;dbbirea milituismului prusc dcjiin ac$d priliniriensbu dilenb pireridesp ctrn s d fi Fulur iiftprui. in umirorii doi'ani dep enta Angliei de dominioancle fi Aliatii riii, cr si propnilctmbilii impenrre. e rinansu orsunr. au d{ nasreE ta noi a.rnlanrenre secrere A$rariei si Noii zelaidc li lau nicul promisium ..


18/107

nsutcLo! !.,r$t din strd!Lhcilior l! ciR t 'runrllil 0 p.oDinMr \nnil:tr; ir ro! fiicdi A]iL.jidc strd ii ..cr c. p.ivcnr Alllci n. rd v.n lenn.ni c ntr eralr:jurur do ifio ciintrr trtr i v. ole e o rc..oml]tD\i f.dtu toidrnerf .c!r r Pnv.ne \ i'PLdr.oLdri.l'!.mn' \)iiitrl lor. lLxliei I liponic ti !r ofrdlposluii narn{ei !str', oc lrezi prsiir! 23.10) hi.rl'u Trrhr ui sylost,icor iLi1916 diplomdr c'S./i:i lir0r.ziru riiid in \errd Nn t|il inttnutrsdi. iLTuori ivff.r Br 1 . roix q lr.c : ..nrolut rsupn MesGr ihhLl s sifi. trr .i :i Rr\i.i ti s ru rt.cxr' ii''''|n'\''''[ | d''i !i*bn.trl D.,v sbs\otr. , d.,;rlr dc rrne\: nij.biti(erdcjonucnriDL .'i u boli rr $nirri' I lirno! I ir.lur revoLh rjnrrc nrqnt. rsen.mi o confcdcnle i,dcrr.cr Ri,knir si lirrnh ar fi r,urb) rrnnf . ii nnpernrl snuFaDh li . rvc'ir repedc dr, inli:rn-rc.cr \urcf rli iD llr7t, dri padel(;c'ii,(.i Dc dun.ietr nifi.trr xftr \ qroiii, i $lnc.u dli,0uchxl'trl i llim.czl \d deTvolrN\t .rp dr riL.u nn,tr mai pqi !,uild rii dcriil rex r Nru ri \itr 'm o\u Linur difr! irolive.nr.er: .i F nlrt ii Lips.x! rt.\nsr rlumh ctnLirh preun ficn1 ;idr n ]ir LitrDftr decitr ccnrM r. Jr prr.tr^ut rirboiutuj. I htjelo.Jnr rfirc..trc riinrin n!rl.!! (n.rer d.Dr.3(ll.i .rr nL Djtrlr ,nrrF.nrru r \i ..i{tu o xm rti mr. guylnul nrjc.ztrrbtr'r \i i!(urczr tLpnqr s0 h :ulti dime bnbilij sflpelor dc lrt^lil!rL.! a( $mpimtic.u dor j0 ti nLri trj crnnmioiFr I dcpindcan nr \i dt rjidntrt dt 600 000 {lt peForr..iil rumirr rtrpclcmld'rlc din Aliicx J. donlside ve{, rttri hnto.hinr trilczii (Viet!rDr, c$'bonSir si Lr.t F.trirr I i'rftl iD r:uboi uDiri si sigrril dc

Idone dr. pe 'nn\urii c.lupbte ..Driuau. tip$ tte e\u6. c.oro lcn umrr a dovc m de,2vrd4 lor nai DmrFrunh inrnriona si i rezolve. pnn rttrri. iuajLrnsunte, N cum s ly,'zur o dxri cu 4unler olicirli I .hi!.!ivcld sde de |i.boi. i,r dcler .brie r9LL1 Df rici Alnri 1.ru viizur dezxvritrir!. inrrcir ffpiftbr.F nFi nu s ru do!.dr rord rc.eprrbil. lEilnr Nlrrr BmxDi. chr.Eclpenee Ah.cici si Lorercr |c.irc strvemut lrjlg ! lons errtsnriiji. iu.d susdnud comprcr d..lift Mz B'irrii.(tudesJj{jifrinrezi) dfi catrz mcrnonierii dod'tel lo.uiLonlo. di'r r.c!c ^nr)lre doetr :edia li ic tmEi sau gcmmi r in .e3 cc pn\t$ rctL.ero Bcl:ici. alid mtr in onscns, dr Fmd D! d.u li y, rbbE Aqqlici$dn' i in.urqa pEreitiilc Belsiei asul]n I urrmbu.gului, rtotrt cains:Li lr rea{, rcgiune. Ir ccQ.d rnvcic.oDrpei\xri,tc t aiile de rpune cap,t h'lilmsnului Scnrii cri![u s ]ic lonfovese chir hneputul tubo'ului, Fnrk visr h reibnib gemane de lc mtLrt niins7e idc umF)D rici. o i(l( jnrlrpr$iri 0.nrru Me{a tsabrie r.a di^rid ri"lFiutri a..!c displ re entrpr. d. L, vdsillA tn .er e pnvcn. imp:direr prj,jtor djn onentulv'lldru r *israr o inreleser F.ttri r_nft roxE gurmete ?\nrffbrP!nrn inami.1, dcpherea nni'rdrii I j.tr^!luf. \rtr a ..Llivitugutur'.. troopu.idln.'. o ...r "",. ,x".., icu o rm i 'n'.Dri. rea\ri hri punea in umhri oi.xc nrc purereEic d.vi(r lil 'ici utrut dinrR n.clc rva Jl! nu r $lvar Rtr{. dcLx trtiln!.rea sa de care vccinul cinilL nic din en. Jrpoii!. in 1905,in.oro ru.ri\ra{ carva r,trmc politice. ..r.rrcR c.onoDrLd fiiil0'cdcnr i imbunidfti al[e ratuLor &irr. $ric'.Db lt ru l pune

AvrnrrjDlc Rtrsiei Dtr au fon inlordeaum la tcl de imp,cs.,ftccum pieatr in shiL ob$ntrronbr srii'r Nout pdrrti! Du,n( rvernalc Ntrne puEn si qre lode $C l)Ii.cipiile der*r{tci NtNLe


19/107

n,Jl.au r\tr muhe nfLotrtrrd\icc ntr doreu su Jtc codur. rlr Rh4Mriornnler nopolreloi N BniLau de fe!trcx e.oromi.i a ririi.riinratriaud iaxn. !ri.c. tr rc{$ s rcrir.a ad lr rci 30 k nLli dindrzlohdc i'nrRunii. ro& x.c{e ,r.blci,! N jro}(ar h ince0uruls..rlului XX o proliJirarc r gtupUn.r rcduriomr..ln conse.inri,lixklitui.lc crc ru Nr Lx LtrfL:i pcft,u lfnr l'rl,l entr d.iruirc driiircro\lrrirmi r mLtrb.r. niDoninnrhi{i dornici "i sc tuloslr!-:i dc udtul rflndci de un re'ei dcr.rnurc prcpritr i'r m{..o iriiprn( lor lvezL prSirirc 73.751 Tii!iihgtrl D\esc aver sirhr d.ii!i3nr.1r ,nlxrondre,iicn,rc: cs. rnitnx iD inrti[.xrii. ! id |c di,nptrldr lL'pdr D hen ti\ild ri idr r'.nnmia siircnriedc Atr\rtc,. Nrslome r din crza hr\Ndunbr{c cJ penN.r!Je'ie. tr .d iri prscserii inci speflr.lc c.m4trhotii.tri .i CoicluTl! noni!ii r lL,i Nornxr srotrr ci! d ..\.rili.{eardomorileld |ttrir cft ci. o cd. crmli de., inh r,, d7_borul din t9l l !Fk.um xlitrditi,. Rusir.d in.rczilEcompeisc O v!.hc Npi.die e.r rcecx de r ufL t.pdnrl poloncz(i,4i' irrcenm tr.Auinxri Ru:jr ifrDred.IrboL),.strbiopln,IlnGnuhi nn, libr ir laJlnrii. rimbi.a rulosur.iiatu j ir noicmbne1916. F(dt. ii Nlrer Brimie ru ac.cr,br d. tur.i! \ii rcslrtdc ac*rfhi, pcnru r line Rusix in riuboi L:n rx rl rl Ruiici cra mermrco(lrrrinopohltri \i tr tinnuLlor.uroJtr \i si!1i.c ilc sliinlorirDiidirrlc Alit(ii atr \pnjirir r.cn rucru r_n Dra,nd 1915. tr vftnreacdiprnicidin Peniniuh calLLpori tv.zi prsdrlc 75.73) Lucnrile setr1 ,Jru d i lnslezii .i \D. rrco(rrlii r{Lc!lin'I. sau drca tutn or luano'lrlli coDneino]roltrL'zignlu'il. d, .dn{n! .J! Ilr .l . u :l nl' !\nordrm Dupl .cl"i ' i':hJi,, mnluL [ini. in rimpul ptu.r\ulu dr unifiLft d.la ]3611,lLrLlir s xi,litrtrd trruliimLc ui.o llnnde dnelhnri.o'rd Fnnlli i1 l9l4

clpii5iurii rtrlri.rc in Brlcmi p.O f,i'onkr. zsomoroasi vmilera Lentri di'r.iu7tr icutr.Lirirl kiLLcr.desi m4ori'der populxriei e'tr recur:sboi ctrremul coDseflsto' xl nlmpulul,.oid's d! Anlonlo $ Jri.eri ngar \i du.i o l.riri;r d. t?.1? .!,'r o. i ilii sii frci cex.. cnin inb,sur rixrlei NcSGicritc cu rctc douil piini. in pcrioir lql1915.lau orviN |r 0nntrl friiirrru rip. minirn'l Lle cxlcmc !:i dlI P'..', t. 'u , ' ;! u 'l! ,r,', ., J Ln, n'n" dd. h liiii!ft. dr dr rymcnea p(rn! Dal'niiei. ceer cc i r fi ofcnr conrLoltrl Arnn AdritrnciL Nd\ r dncular dcl* duspa o cventualii orgdntne , unDr plebncrc Fnrrr s. vcdcu !*! orau dorinrdc povonnudivcncll'nbi. L? lclcde miGcmmici I,e 26 rpnle r c 15. firi s:i \e .oNuxc tu coinucnoni |miLei{u o rNmbni pdrnc ului, S,rr m I senEt Pi.ttrr de t! Lo ilo luri mai Liirnu l(rlia r d{lfd rtboi AusM ljriasnli. Ltrr ii au!'r! lhrlF'kEnLr''fi1lru ituliunilui Je lap, donfrr.r hxria si riDiiDi rcuti un lu.nr''' f,l 1,,.',- ''r'' ',oodn.'/,, q.:i .-r

Asa ci nu nic, utr duriju l0 privnta.biediyetor de r.rbor xLellJrei, ,r conducrrorii e1 .mu ta fct dc iicrezlibn !r rei li oi.inq Ld,bcL!{rrr r_n fa pnjE n,rafunca br. lratir ?vea cea nui rpidiidri de rcseE tronomd do E(opa si fime pa.um Fid vtr trrclL'rnu foinc doriicc dd a fmia dnimnrftnr sivehilllc Dryrnlrdrsr dD ,nCodul de ctubune (mai ales din rvl:D Bdltrtric) { rs,i.trlrui\rt,ixfoili 1r ii covocd Ptubl.mc .r.ui"uI l:rau !i nlliculriili finrncixrc d! rscNn.4 inrucir drdiiunaJc at5iu*ri din Ficinr r:izboiudtr dq{ul dc numctuarii. du tu rPvdin crark o dsdc mar dc!1rbi m 0. .! annni posomoririi, in'cia niiln.\ri la rol prsur D:lriib.ri. \t&r mahiNri. stulsi dc lingliciiuiincl. si cinpunle br, ca si lupr pe ui l)'tr6r sfiin, din pncm detuinrlcJ'.I! Lip\r de enturasn era xceitu{i1 ri dD faplul ci mjodufsr


20/107

ln,p.lor din rnmr lidic p$eDcau din ludtrl ftii. o rln De lovtri dc:i a- uJ... i.d, r,.' ..h i ,,-.,,.tr.cu tuxrc r.c$rer.,\lirdr xu nLd lii xnccic^ ine'vflria rlu,e,Dmfli ci diliziite r$trrc3 r! ,r,nd btdde in fteino riiului tsonzo\i r ouillor Dolon ,. fidiDd in$cnr] si tie ! Drar d.penJenr de. o rla '. tr', .t t '. , fl .,..'.n, .iiiCid,!{ narcLc atr\rLa. $ c$ dfi Adndic4 ift n.i rnnL r rnurvrs.lD g*'nmc dD Nredtreiri!J]porir lrcycni\. o Mrc pur,e ra urnft I unei .rprdc d,lltririDdus! irlc \i outcmiz:n jn.iDi'id .u I 390. dr vidorir $ x\trDi F.uleiD leoj tr unril hn.r roru! in rglr bin",,r*",r"," ","r,;(",i*dic :tt(ul iz,r,di,rr) si rnpsiorm[ sa iloti xu J-cur dnj cr maennriici. i\l.aa B'ntnie se remerxtr 'on jp.cG1 fi arurJloodi.ironentuttndqridlr ..pcncorurSrllrd'j,urci si puni ri Fncol.hir irnpenut cr!..totu. in uu uTcdrile brnxnrr s au coilnmd in 1915,c d Jn0odr i x prezeDrar Chtri.i cclt ,.21 de .erci . dq]i m rcuirdr. rdlk,Jfoncz rupra fNvincici cft rpamnea ccnunici krtuDxi ac.Nadin u. r I r.c d. auncr!r n rjun-\ cr jrNtr.zii si rcnrrclez. rcbullc c.onunice si polnLcer,ahiDei rr fmr. guvcmut jQo'czr roncorviN\ili rhodniaceErite.! in r9l? AlLxrii au ccunus( orlcirl pdcdii|c *lc rsLpl insulelorscmur din PrcLic, p. utre Lc supf,*. sid'rptunlc !,tc cone.ciaLe rtum K,rochotr, in d.r'lyoaca i.etolx rlc ccn,micl

enimxr sunrrc (|arinr 20) cicr nuDrir arlokrriLo. r narelor

dc l;Tboi 5i diD puncr de ved{e demosr 'ir. drir dEi d! \c ntr n'considenrs.oloflile iaDceze ri engleze. Supcnorild!r idii'r.i trAli{ oi a to$ l|lilni maidepane rdius:lnd( i s riimiis:r!lc lm,icldbdliMli si sftbi. npoi id 1916 Poitsxln \i RomaD'r. dci n,u uu.linre fte!. liii nu r! rccuroscuri priit o deo\rbiri !lprci (.nilidi Pc dc rlLii nc.Bllgrnr.u,t,.' Pu'.:. 'r ,'i. d '....b.itrnruirli de ju'ni1ralc iriLior dc occonomic Alialiicrau sutcnon rvetru rvaarie strpliinenrr. obdiuic, 'no'u,L- 'oo n'J. L,L! l l'. . r i" i", i '

Uncon. inrplclc sbristi.i utr cv d!nl!3ri r!L'li'rt.r Dc^.diDnitr"o-'1. t. u \:mpl 1'. io ra soldarilor vu tr m) ndrrlL,i Rc,i,lr;Lltrl a ft,n d.ris di fiiio L DdDtrlnconcftri TL lbtrr.inlc din sin

, r . rr' i . i,,,bmmre;, r -r"..-;r.""*. '", - 4,.,"". ..' ;., l. n-i, . r..zn.r n In-L o .,r -iLl")'r-'ir nFd evidetrt. fdLc,prex Amencii, dfpli erilic l9l7. r rorhri noftlul /\lii,\ikn skiolD ljid. ru

ve d t cu rrupe Dou ibmrE o nofi iprecirbilii ii o crpr ilrrc !lc'n.S! .ll.li.{du n. r ' i8'ra me ,p'.. L rD. rl. l.'l''null. in Jelavodr Putnlor Ccftnlc (czi l)rgm lr5) Pft\edinLcLcw,,ru^ w'l ' , '.Jd n in.' :prccr, in &1r]Incmul cg.nmuLlL si Lntererlf pDpii D.ri tcncohlc.live rrcri,rli! si ruF pii7trdc Aliuli ii pruccdcit i doi rnL, i,nrtrrer ir joc r staElo. UniLe ntr r.10 t' -, .''r''r;c.iLiic aan{i' $lddi 0cun AA Milm (cm slaea inn- unibreiiillirttr'rc'llczii Jc hmrfri\idii 0. Fm ul dc v$n rotul i,' e'a..nrlive.hnLl .izboi siinlcRJ{' l


21/107

.rL R6t otr rnt ttt.)rd P6trtrd/r' nni.or52r G Ddy,.Jnori!r\\'r'hlrrdr r,,rt tsqnsnh{. rr) rzaiirtr anri D, (!P. rq$) |I . r(\ r , dr. !,/r .rr'ijrn (o

rr Dr aio!rri r ( ic \^ Nrh. (lmorur rldru !rii) ni ctunid. rp /r!

4 ln Em;:Ul;tau deo:is1srcereb) cums au sdr mbdob stve e @ ddoui pd,[ b iqeEnedupa i@peec) oo c. Gcmd a nu pulea asl sa dsar int.un rrbo de sdrd doL sicu'nau nluenlaldufaraab.iuu 16lui3sa3s'aLeadvGaiorsEi?

nl mcniLc iii vii oriutrcz. lr! tr!.d! sliA.nc cr (oD.luiilc rll,t! t" trriDeL. irftbini.inhtbxroi r: Fooslll{$d'ctr dc lr prgim 20 sinrlomadb dh rcrr'r.D r ,. T,.b-. .,vi lir lin'll']c ( --'\d,\cl. mdrimte xle Alirrilor eiu nai i'd declrj.rr.r rL r\tu j or crr'J!; vr rrbuL. si horiri! crli de semiicadvii

cro !.cALa sup.norir!r.. Anri'$!i-U si lu{i ni .rl.Ll ii l}lu '1Lx geosridJ Irrilor asp,,clnc. inrruciL a.csr. tu fi puiur i'rfluEirr Jelul i, cm rtrInrftbrr"J b: Folosiii scheDa reutrmd de laprsinilc 34.15 c.5ircxrtr!coEspunziror pern r dla nLD si ru Ibnnuld obiecrivele db.lc piitib.ligcmte dupi inc.perea rizboiului i cun s lhimbat in ddu*lLluplelor lnfomariib prczenr in rcene risptrnsun ar rrcbui ii !i (Ddtrci h.oDcLuziiLe din inhbarcr ci.tr"b,*" ", R..-*le ."d-t. "le ceNmie, \i prbl.melc r idilor!i' tun'izegz: explic ii rccesxre 'lopune si propnik reluri rle r,liadlone rjurli si expliciun dc .c nld rrl


22/107

o =*....,=..... =,. .".,o


23/107

Impas pe Frontul de Vest,t9t4-19r7ChriricrJ', urndc dc umle si raiset. id diniierh zil.ide CiuuD.soldarii gcnnrn'. .nglui si {'nai rir) holczi rL b.Lgieni i.\cru o 3n i1 4!p.. J'. d rr npr 'pnii an nci rdvc*di iri\ltngeru miinile..hitu i'r rntl{rlu' no(,dude l cnnptr1 dc lup!i!. 0. car il nuDie ..rcfilontrl nimiiur' OrL:lttesu. ir sotddii. !a'na@l si adver\M dcopodvii. rEru forlid. li.cxulorB if n 4. '.o d J(|d ^'. .,_ndlzanli spincu Jn a.clasi ri'nP br ei org.niatr ccrnoii' llnmrcconune ptntu rovlririi de ltrpti mo4i. un slLdtrr cnsl!, dri .rtrdunuifgLmmt de cavrlsie indi.n $na d Dtr va uih nl.iodrLli i'nxsDer.,'nutolui m(n inamic dind ntna ctr iuPele mrj( dc i'di.ri hanumtD lmuri rceie se$un pliium6c liind de dble, speilicD sin idii Boxins Dry (zn'r dfunor)in.r. .u- ,,.'$hijc, si ru de dlin od dc boditro cu pnne.CA i s a pove*ir de rce.iil ldnlonrl fdizrc dcolicirli. ."'ndr&Drd

ronebr |mrle bihni.c. Sn rohn Fre'ch. a dd o(D rmdnlca drcl de lfrun !i no s. nai rcpeb.{ cx aubnlil:lc semrade s. 'ldisuri si impiedi.e rc{ele ds tden,izm pe riilG. .,Dormc sn e. tciclaDat unul dinte soldllii gDnari care didr$ ;m .u nndliii'dicni. de c nu pdem sil avem Fce si !i mrgcnr k)li xc61' Frr o_2i Ter o.ii (Atrigatc, in 1914

a) Gernanir invadczd 8lsiaAmald Gcnnlrici, cu un elecliv dc un ili.tr si.umlirah de onn.Di..mrinv dBcLeir0:rxugfi.conlomphNluLschLi.ffcD sesr.priiDcFzirdrc lr o vicione pidi Nici .tuFl.lintczc .m milr\i urlzeloasc pii Alsrcir \i Lorenr, incombinarc.u boDere ri ptutaloni rosii. fu se indoiru dc succcJll pcc c il vor rv.' atunci cilnd iii lor ccLina vechilc Pr.vLtii. Si n'cr

1915 Bnarade a Neuve Chaporeo osesre pr ma dati san

Bil::3depeSomncal e a rr.l. ederaYpe(Passchendaere)

I lntroduc.re. C{D s r siirbitoril Crnciunul in t9l4i'i .{.r ,*',1,c | ^iutrLui de crii.nD du ler-r, r. irsDrlr di,r NRlulF rici ! Ii.ls,fi s. pdcru aLzi jn inruner i.ul srihitur d. u.ld \inii.{ldrf rioftrL!ohnl.. li(& in I..Sri lt \r.1,1 . Llr, rlLl


24/107

c.'Nl.$.di1roDr brituni., rcitLrn dii 160 000 de m h,i. ras \ !'';i' ' in.nrenri Nlr mr nire deca se.,rcphi d I pirlc: bcuriitor. rnsi ctr .junn meto,. ci de ercmptu.! ..die c,o$e tsenh.. si at ,otiricii:crm$ilor. b:rrii lrc bromc. numirii S.r,?.tr. .ir. ci nu r;urir sidarL!. ilmn.rcl. belejs'o ii si irfriinlii oncc rcTi*c i in a.s$iLrii ..Iori lti .r'r {c *rtr ii crt. tbuis si sup.nc conscinEt., , iarrenrr gcncf.! trI ivlohkc pc 613icdi. avc4nmentul {u dtirind Alndbf'rpr'nd /|:., ^'L../0'","c"",','..u rrtrnnd '1r rn'p. Jr At\cr. \j Lo,.n( arrcd lor ajcjdsudrc'r.':1'' ,,.^. -1.vu. LLF'.r,,.tr rjatr ntr.lr n L pkrd.,; \i atr fo! rodM \ii s nr.sii. Fij,xl sior dcd gaji1, { Fn({ Mo|&. ; li r

r p-. "rr trnu.r da rm..-. ,.-,dpto.o ;",,,.r., nii 1 ..'l 'r,/' Toarc rclc ,nodijtcilri au avu peDi raLnnni .c s r inlilnpt , Po Hdatunurtr 1pr!r'i 6r). uidc nlurrzii s..tcldLe bir ii meri.mG nrln {N riiu Pm$l r.inrs.prexp! g.t.civitiL ft tusir tu dre prnr. ir:':r/'irr'r' | ,r .t o,r 1t i.., s,. ,, ,.?.rNn\tnri r !{rdc riul l\,tau. h dor 40 Je L(o,netri de pdis Mlr-srLrru r|n,rrc ]r d. kilonjcln p. zL l)in asio. yritndl.j. unui ofilerbrinr. dqr ptup'iJ srlrtrc. ia...!. ntr r,i( dc olrsiLi sidc nrfo,nerati. mai0uroau ri iicil in vdi,.rar.r{r ge oi nti insi. c r 3r?nsase ronrinuu t3 de zil., em n {d

cpuiudil de oboslali si tr.i,n'care Se Nde spue ri de rreer n! rreuit sii nJ faci ra\i .hcunld co'nurc eDelcT n hincTr de r lLd!trIriului Mma (612 *predbdol In rnod rca.!.cpEr. Psul r_to( iilidno' roc.2e seno.nilo' Je , i Rr..a Tn.orl. lo orc-u ' ".",r. -a * i --J" *. ".."*.1. -"{ i" ",'",n!,,".,o'l de ru aLne o Doz,rc R -'e o DUk..-..Ddi 1.. ifu 'lc!a'e,ru fJxeinryn r ro: ncvo' sr r t!,o. rJflc) P.ioabtlnlie de lu YpftsI', mrombrie sennmii ru incercar st i suarindii p, Ali.(i ldsiitrd ui.. - 'ptr l. oh''.rl'nJ'r.t\1".rD. " J l.'mi puline, fonclc englca (cc cupnn&au li iidlsi. !cr'r.3 idd")au rpird linia frcrtului, lupriind cu dispcka i'rjudloattrldi YDrcscard,la slirsntrl lL'i noiembnc. s.r in.hcrl blillili., du0l cc rmbd!pidi au ccdal, riipusc dc cpuizirc. dar ri fcri.r dc vcitrcx icn,.'Corpul expeljitjonr bnhi. eri rprorpc Jeimal Chiar un cnric lr ilo'dinelof comandamenrului briranic prccum is(on{'l ru!n'li$ J.hri uni.a e1L'1ic dc I b|cr nki'iarur

c,'eiunul s rpopiq ir cei Joi dvc^d sc rna, bla.\i n' hd\c.mdevx p Fmntul de ves. Ctnmir, ctre .ucc,iv (r ttr tun DM!a BDlgicl t o aci'ne din tefit riu!c!i!i1dm si lupE ri Ir Frcitul din E$ Ainni. dupi.e srlul\eri P.tri!e.o,n,,,., r.,, ..itusplngc pc gcnn0i667 001dc 'nlihn {uc\i ii ritriti), pc r meTi 995 (x{). ir lF enllezi96 Ol0. . lrGrici a picidcdlor uinoic dc n.i'nxgintrt imi're de .irb'Ccmrnir i Frmk inolN i' conrinud votunun ri rcrcdLr! MrrexBnhnie se ba md depde pe voLunktri. ir Kil.hc&r r Llotn fti'n.f,\xri':i l,.l ' p.n1u i" tr'i'.' r" d" itrupc .trm a lnsr ,Nou Ah!ii". compusil dln I dili.trfc d.


25/107

3

ur mDi'r c.dn,n ii prorecrie . 'le\i s/rdnl(/ rd|[ Lt$.mLL r.r{cnnbunrii\ni. p.nrru.i voir !a rDp.h stc \ii lie Dereu lrr dc .((.satr sc filtu bL ncir adiNi (nrai:lls Jc lrLkc sommj), u]! r!!udproreric l!(ii.Lc poie.ritc]c !.nire dnL.rc orlcru r.e\ soldrlilor, ?ici cmtr rhjlzihrc pnrL . i Lrisitcp.nh r;di. ti\htr rpor rbrcsle dc zrlii ri pund.lc d. l)a,n rrqlLMl]dirdcr rJieeloi cRr flanr. id Zls zrs m:i rt i fuliirofht d'n \ac' trisip -!i srdur d. simi ghDnri Nutjf \. polrvedc! o scrnri exrtrsi dlnju.rdul \trbtdorne duL nd. H.don. !d!infinslui snbnd dc L.drcc dert Ati[n *G .ct], 1^, ! ,nbllrjLcif dra se vid ii{c rokrdi .rmdicii. in tupl dc h ps{h.ndrd. ltD1917. dc mJene diDi slLmr.ii rcrtLhrcr ctu denutd. d.|!nc dr rr.{


26/107

'' --,' ..-,..."p"fr,,,,"ntut..e,,.,!n.,,

ii.au,a,ea mo, ane ia,F it,5 a3dc r cinisa rcirorn pnn rc(iuic! orcnsvi. dcti !c$!i rxdi.ii I o{considerrri dc llai3,!er mii cfici.ilicxledin purct de vederc rrili'nd. a rezolvr o siru4ie cft pii.a i'nto\ibili r Pe l0 rnie. 'luoi oirn i|rig sustinu( dc anile.ir grea adc i',rrnlerie brnaiicc si irdiene tu aracr dc r lurgul uici I'nii Ll.li1cvr krlomcti r ftoituluL Plmd n'scsc rx hplc . rvrlln.i s:r c.rhii mediar.c en inctrd $ipunla nijlocul perioa&i d.erx.. srnLl n'ini!Nctrve Chrpclle ! l n linii!l. rnnselor !(manc ii scronLl nodic. tor'si. torl. h{cle de xrac(xprorpe lO00de omeni) au fo( ucise in lihp cc rltnN .lc'irorulnimlin i". slu tiiau sardul d. sifta shinparil. IhLg (.arc \c rni Lalr de kilomLi in spa{ele linici io.tuLli pll*l confotubii la diil)ortul.enltuluide commdi) a iNistr cr blillll si.ordruc.indifcc( d.p1J.i ld ' ...( J't '. ' ,.r'j."' l J -cuccdli agorpe lmo dc meii din renrodu. .tr fmul vidli a l' .(ri

Lrnul din@ rcenia, un loldl i'dim. m:dunsci i,rtr umdin \!nwr 't 'r 1BU '.'. o'." L 'ull' ufii '"'din conra0drmentul lui HaiS I Dlinurnir ci1 .,Atrsl'r vr trcbu ri !cobieuiGc! !u pie cn mult m.i rui decir .ea dc lx Noult ChxNllcca si ,lsbersci,mara s.nmni. r0 A rvut drPde biiriiLiilD.x'cNru si1 udicTe au durir dii inuft si P'erdedl. au ros Ln.onrrrlrDai mltri D!r. ata cun I re !(.t Scnerah'l,Auonbv. ns .lrtrd .trtunci cind a fo$ xvenia( cii in unniro,E btulilic,la Ypres, s r pu'ttrsi iie pie eri nuLr mi md,..Sj @

,'tr i i ; -J rii Lt\ . du{ re mnd - in iumo:. tu-a.fii JIin jn mjinLti ,;nin-,miii r. !ruab,rc " rA ni,c, d- i;ru. n". J- i "r.-k r" -"; ihi*;:.lsdriffiT Dnno-ifir! (\clnl .fii{innjb; in intu; 6dhin.el cnnn@mci riiiltiltiirtod ria ns,aiE dd hd mulr diiidj mbain .u ,rac6rr\.rJ .ir i lr r 4 D ,r.jd" ,t .",].,tr,."^d;,ri jpdcrc I fior an!!jc,.onrdrd dinon:db .anditi d. ciplotv dc Lueru cliidritc imnjicc ori in dncuLx idlentrt \-r vorbir dcspE ncccsirdlJ ca!,rthtrL \r F.im. r,Nri de corp ri cili ncuJice.u vno.. dr n u uoituri dc orcl. in rcqji p;odr

ldrihmLrr LqrLi \xcipoi. h.xni pcdru czun ne rcctrdl, c!!pdI J' 'f' u' , -': . , rn. ..p o ',.-ri\i ...,. :b..i r . ,.( .!r.rnur,rD.i.itrd tsr dn rdscr ii sc dcprar plnr rcrunul de l)c.r. r.t i r.., | "rmi nut(on.ftter,.ldr d..n ( 4donrt .dc.r.L\jlor \j trl semnrtelo.IicuG !uft!!.ldr.ID niridnabi biirliiitrtr dc pe Fro ul dc V.{ mai Djtrtrtrr|r.rL ron oc\. i' hirDlt drtrluL deii r,j rpiimc) () bntnlic lipicii: Neurc (,haDe c l9rs\ ,. .. . | | rt",e .,. , i. , r. ,.k.

in uullrcc unor ,llcrnativc, l915PFOBLEMA CHEIE Exisrau\r rjuE la dcpiis.nca mpasLld m.dbr sru rrcri.i dlreii ve crc

r;xic '; lupE|'na pc FmmLLl deL" r!:r cr u!t!r


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trrli cu rcvol!.rui. mri desnbi I nim{et'li. ni iEmLc. d'n .rb'n]rvionun'i. i" l9l5 alirrr rtr ibs iriridoni mihLi.ti.u rnl drerori,' pri., | ' d d.' o- D o'n'- 1n, p' e :.i r 3 -" A' _ h. nf b-," ' ' ." :.u\i ri imbnniriiteascil IDhdior 3ilDrforrmre supen!{3 in b.hb.i(dD iininr. Dff, N roarii hiiclnaulioxDclor. precum ldmosul b.ioi votr Rl.hrhohn. a.cdi foflnli dclL,pri Du r devenn u. Iador den nminrcde 1918,inhcar nid unrdi' Ei4i nu *r dovedtr \uperiorr cek'ldle.R:izboiul pudat ri subtenn. dupi ce baldioa'clc bnfutrLc. r!in.cpur sii f!.i a|cl la mDen Fnh \iprea unor tu.c D pc sub,.re'rorn'l nimiinui". Irn!tu a 4unce la rnn\eele 'namtrolul. crt puteru I'dsronarc cu rj drofl l cxllozibilulu i r\tiel pla\ar I liniEa t cotrllniuera d.vcnir o 1ri\:ltrd lrNrenri a rizboiului, (eNi kcicil a dls denaLxc on h jnlricolarolr scvcnre de lupti $bterdi Irnete cltctc alcerploziilor polo.dc itr mca itl, p.ccu'n cele de lr llesincs R gcdin 1917. pul.rrL fi llmrir chia lr Londm MiDeni ensLezi (lrcriiron'N $p:t ru loi tunc.ar1.nti dr |u rL furlr dctenn'nr o sbiipurlcE

O.r".,r.r''t !F i t'u.r'. bi'. iAquiln. de.ike pnm bd d Arnnrliriill. ws{on chmh l...rr&rcE ctr xbln avind rusarc.i!i .diJ!i$ hli"Jr. n uD .,anem declD si lhcinniit tictrlt dc un.BhimFri ,,toMe 60l r Idea d..rbc" aium.lc imcni ti i,itcriktrcare ene dat acentri vehi.ul.c.bip.ric'0 . n){ pririri cu dc{Ll$cl)tlcnDi, dr s a p.nit lucn'l1..!cv proior ni MiEi B'irrnc. suhcoordonN inlcnbrorului siu. Erngrk pAnI ni 1916.]t cind au lN railnxre, elc .rN niic vclil.ulEgeodc $ {Licnbih Au intn in lupri etectiv prima dadi h iic.pdulbiiriilici dc h Crnbni dirhn(nb iu f6r satr ru o mni cre x coDdu\ lr viclo.e. 'k .v.nrirrl....','nn'.I' r- .-a.dr-c.'l'.rC,..fon ref.xckfi l. rc.sd nb. ti a Cql


28/107

"l"i'""i.1'rrLo'' ".1^ ,,::' ::. t "r" ' " .";. " ,i;;,1"":'1" :Ji:;:" 4"..' ;,''l1l-If" J" 'p r' ' ,re\\' 'u. nd1"" 1' .', "';,, ::'' ,:-'.'t::1i",":f,,.,:l",i r :r . .',' ;'"; .::.i--:i^l'.. : ;: "."'.'.:'.:.. , ... ":,..t":,, u on.rhr ,n JF.'.]@ I, .,,.,:.,.,":1,,,:lu.Fni.r..,. n, ,nF a ,.' , -, ,,,,;. : . ." "r ",;, .,;1 "," ,- ",. "...,n ; i,i'i,,;,""1,.,'..","i.,.1 ..;',, l.:t:: 'a., . *i. lr.:".i.i',""'j:-r '; 1i;',:; 'l :l; ilil',-l':r1Tl;r",ili iHdln i{#*]ri*'i.r';ll il#iil :i:# r5 Hirtuireailantcutui, I9t6

gntu doborar vor muj fti $ldari ti ezi. Asdet. Frmh v. Ii ,,sieiricu prma pre$puee cm*atul a avur drepere Dupi cc ru to$supnre dc un xrac cumphr (unlr dt,re p,rmele in c!to s au fotosirarunclorcte

'ieiticirt) p 2r hbru.rie. dupi ce xu Dierdur FonulDourlnodr, pnrn zitc zite mr larz;u. g.ncntut :ona a ou, sero-tvedutr sub conmda seneratuttri pdr"i.. atu "- *cu;*m p.*",mli'esrie dc .erdoDaror al luBetor defensivc .Nu vor rrc.e-. a dectmrParii. arernr devciind parot! de lupd a fmnceTitor. ii @noadatehrudie iuliclrupck si prcvtine pedn ftrnc.zi ro$ i;dqulc.,u .orV d,n.b'J'io.,.'d..ni.d nid. o..-,cn rurJ,, tni' . n"' oru .."t" i ..n,. smJ . tu)i a..,.Lr-_,""o rlril lontHd l! io.d de vcdm, Fonut vaur. dupi cm .u reurr saf aliropien caiv. kilo-neb ds fonreF vsdtrr, unde enu adrpoj,nn Je o,tu ntr/,.In ',r .'u":,*,1,-, o. .u sflrr- ii FFd.1DU.s . tudad.,

or:, -d-.F . , , nu. . in b.m.. r;*,1'6,rj. e. n,.. iu ..:,o,vb!'tre r.i ',- ' \,.4trJ.flr... , .. p,,rr,u,,' r r pr.l1r h ir, : bl.rl." o.'",, .lutr'ihre de Drilion Je lirclri cizu! nr tupli si mai ,rux & 4m (xlo dcgcmrri Conlom airmdicii sni3.roae I dzboiului dc uzl,i ae


29/107


30/107

CHEIE cud .0 r'cA{ hFti J trd!ru

Ntr Duirl in un,Fl blilliLiei sc ronf.trntu $ldarii cu |]cn.olul dc ii.P-htr, r,,L|'" : 'a.'|moa'i din pricrm !.zului roxic dc rupr; *u sil fie ft.uli btrcirj de !shiii. n. o miii {u o bombi N.apre{ prdu etc er rin*(Ds!rutii /) ,.re'nornJ nimi'ui,.r si rdu. tuoriiis2u rryir.lisii riDiri. sli,rtrrc nmxnldlrl. si stoiczc immrcul. sii ia p,7otricrisatr s:i eic.'.,d , nr. I i,ti.Aidtcflc.iei sru..tcbreide tiD\cc,, pLovcar. de coDdrii[ nnzeirbjtc'n cir ri,au sufereatr de labrii dlndi cauaui de niLltrct, .tribnnj iihdne. pdqu sli n o i"t!!ric fu+i.i, cu,oscuri .J ..t,i.ior de riisr!,,.r'piinri drodlil trmyrl| \t nudutui. s.ldadicnu Dcvoiri sii { nrpnli.!l(it i nincftr.u \.bolnnii. ani,tule tunibm nc bori, !{, j.hrirrM cu trrulumea dc c.drvre rflarc in cufthclic Lr rcejor frriiusatr I botite !eicn.c dc.1trr sufcr.u mutrinrld,ri. chtu ii iiq{.,hirdnioi, cm.lnscsc rlcniztrr d. Knchencr si.!ynr or.e r.uu.. Ditr cruzr ruiuft ntbnh dc sotjcihr. Dhi.ii si lt.i cLLnert{!p$ dcsom',zgotrjotul ru,7id at mirrli.rcl04 . | 3xp toTr l.r. pi{r.kmpneretr(or. privclivitc insoznorre si petuotut lonjrrr. utlimlnxialtrrs.r, r.ol{s p\ibic. o h.oli1crrc cu ri'r rl I iiuN q rjc trtrmrai un rnrancnr e.vd j\lLili soldMi niod sdu vEo bor li !m $ ,.pcnn|li rii rxpc de rrtr.c. Ciriva \i-xu lrovocxr \jrluri r oe'rlroddmm dc nnc. mtmrrlsi rrtrgiiin Irh plLtuntrluidc c\ccde Drarc Henr s..rcntn arryrsco\ h lumini c renh a 3 030 de sedhle cu rnorncr i.oidesord'rilor bir,ricL, deri noDi Tccimi drn rccjea u fo{ qnrurdc nrr\,ndi !rni.: celetaxc armare de nc Frc.iut d. v,{ tru .frdor

pedepse 'naj nrici. proponionale cu numiirul ofccdvelo. frrdcczlD& nljoautca tiienlor cre luphu tn amata, peniru ti]nlc lor,Cemmia. Franb i Mma Bdbiq au eesit cii de ,.a se imbtubiu'Compmia veseli cu .an@ii. donnF nerbinte d. a plsa ii pemb'e.

dnhcdi simple pRcufr concan.le. filncle ri meciurile de lobrr.incurajarea oferita pin nilul de coiduccrc al m!l.or ofiten nnen,padolkmtrl. en{gir imprimaril dc otrimnm, toare a.e{ea riurru lasusti'erea nonldlui hpelor in cca md mm ! lmpului. Muld 8a\erumangtea in inv4ireile relisiei, mi rles in ajunul uDei bii.{ii. in timpa najoriE.@ sc ba:tr m'ljt F inttuirom pRcum romul. cd le didca,,cunjut unui olrndez si tirir de a infrunta pcricolul". ! Mrncar.ari i.ca int-un badion miliunr auvohi ca dotri dinte medrub obrinute datoriti suce*lor in luprl st rl.obrir btrcirailor Compmiile producitore & ris:in oleEau acc$cpr.duse e6ruir totelor, ni nqo,ihre soldrrii funrind foanc mult iiac6d 0erioad.i. Urii tlinre soldrti conside.ru rtboiul .htu inrdsaii,descnindul lpoi pe co nt Ilft avmtui a vietii lor ExisG mrdun'ci Drenbliuta,.ttest, dr listr si pe cel de 1ins, tine s:i djasi"*nhiit.aElmatele.caeficrunib l6ui. s fieru lnisritii neoti.iJe in rimpul micului dcjmDup[ cun sri, iii jumalul siu u! tinrr ofitei m posibn ca in te*osi vcn..ariir nooiul cat !i stlele .''

Dovrda ci soldrtii din Jifeilele mde a! r cxpcicnlc !i emohi.omplexe vine din suse vdide (Acedin teni aparc ii inrEbli' e*uprecum cea tu la Fgina 39)siesft'd S6s@n, u {ditor ensls, aduce om.giu bdalio.ului siu.

Acesri oamniven ^d d6 posr6 roi din lmel6 Ta'il Gariror on d no.6er6rcoion Mdand.dnlabici magazinasaudnmin:,aurecui r.sr pusa a inerdr6 sia ies rs ldumraoari cino ii Poal6 l,sPa


31/107

au dal dovade s penrru arda vesor e ca @ bd i ftirrsea? Monoonn

"1:-* " "'pahan u ur!ae,isrenrsoneneasra ar).'..h' d, tu'irotul\sidN fnLn.s rild BrbNc r rol6ir cr su^r]dc 'i\pnde iuniJut si! dc cm0rric pdin, ,oDjJod l2 rir ,\ r.n m!.. ub:!' i.|,,p,,,tr"J,,,h irrf l]}ii \olJ4iinin badiontrl stu trr.di de c \rpnj.j^oirt:

s .Da da irebuiesEostcemdeai.i .ar ceciuFnnoiai.rlNUn ooroood . , r'1l 0 'o, ",; ,u"i qd _ ..

ru r,zbo u ui eramlanararunciAcum, va'r ucrurue atlre, sunrmaiinoidubr.,Trobuiesi i/eipelotiasacumsun|i

rf 1916. $riironl En.h Ma.ir RcnE(ue, duci ii vt{i d. ri anj,'-11'.. -scxer. r.,nrn cr. . lbs publi.d io re2e in prajut dr nrip\ s

vorbx dcspre sroul pin.iFl, care ficer pade diirun bahlioi rhrp! rronl. hucurindu se dc o scun:i periddil dc rcsPrc1 in acesi rer o wme aveam ceemurrumr mancae bund s odihna Nu prca mull daca sIal sa $oan;edi. cu c6liva aniin mma ne_am I dispreld I mul dace am fi;ndur a asa dova. Dar acum dam reiclli E o chssli6deobisnulnla,s :hiff rapru cateariinfl marine.obsnunlaeexp calasrpeni,uceuiEm lucru imoodante a9a d6 rcped eliei6nsublrultocuuiaszin6 pudh nisle n6bun, me'sdd prn sale dupa mancarcmeinosud6miarinlran*e.oerapr,cuad6vaEl,nuuir6mnmc oar1o.. cn6 ste pe noic ne maiasteaptE? sE neracemculcuiulmmdsaoo- 1. a aal an i "n rd 'ca s5 nu p erdem vrcmea viala scun; eMuhi d'ntc conrbdami si au dcs.jn exprienlele jn jdi,'ale si rubbio$trtii. iuun jmalcre nu a ro$ dar publi.irilii. Philip Heath it'na iDtei. de klalia pc cm a Nut{.u omnil sii. d avand atu'crl3.ri Pe duci d m i. x.el.si timp si subordond. ds 5i set ftbuindr Nu am maiinlanil pe nimgnlca e in companie Erau un stup d6oamenicanneciop ri dar imlp iceau p6mtu ci erau veseli simnhicesopunaucucrdules bunAlarocomine.demulleodimioxpiucum so lac rebutre ca si m iie maiusor5 Dfl dsplah eu ad devenil unpenrru c, maiodrdea erau ana rabri.'Una dinte lrlc mri tuimoase aulobiogntlL rereirtoat la p.no?d^i'zbolulli slc Gd,/br! t n/l7rar, s.ristin 1929dep]rcnulrictm. .o ,nltu.Fob, urF..ln..l -.1ienu;J.s sl i\i a'nimci! de\prc pdrulclc dc ioapre,

."d';az-!" Arommem6runc roalrr n@pre6 ca s5 cidh rinilii d n diviziile Rova we ch lrreMiddesex,pedeidnAQylls SulherandHshandsrsrcata'asAd


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5 d'n lEnsee. Ge.frani au bn gn6neala s a ora aia so pulea vedea bne tn rur;apo au tras carevaimpuscaiufdeavensment,dupaane aDofi Lhrrrenudoe

r0 conliitrar s: re interelrlo'i doar carva do.a noird au tosl n I in

Nltrlri didr 1rtntrr 0drnun'i dvbor ndirltal \i jmesnrlnnrintcir b dli. Ul,!k Burlic dcane condril. dn hnselee'ge! nr d,q4h:lillid de lr Ptr*.hcndrctc1 Poarenuvrrmaginar cunarErau

5 ceva reDinre in ea se prorinOda! pe pre[ darc de benzine Sibininr es ca {rin aceas cauza od ale dar let,u au sa bea liclr du|abod. co dii.r-F c,I of , c oo "frag nez agonia un ui camarad re sE{e. veme de douilz eci si oauur0 de 016 insrcpal panS a b.au in noro, inceda.d. cu doui cut doconseee sa 6 apidnt ogauradeobuzcarelusese ldnsrormariscoro zisinoapre llmp d6.proape o s5pl5mana. Asra era vala rd.Mu I sodalise imbo niivaau d6 dveree boti prccum.picoaredecamarad a avul,ebra mare ir d;ded zenl6ie dar ava d areo conlinuuPi. Gre de lranse erao b@H muzAproape ci ir putrczeau deselee in5unttu Au nurrma murr din

Filete nrdL.ol. alc rinpului \ud si cle blo\irorf. li!trrL isro.cr.Md jos su lnrrc iindude trtrui .hntrrg ser seflnxr lrrc .aponx

umeoase soc. conluze piedrcavodn i. isreie crdfrpe, de|ns aredcarcamnorarinmodspacardsb ibreamihrlinbeirlacal sdeneeodbiledecamaquinmas5dintunereeintuneteaehnu u, rognea5 dadaweror zddbire o'ib r, pde ca

NliLirarii iil4i in k'plii pe toxlc fronturile atr hm,r rcr\ii celo' dirgin r,.,-J |i . D-., nu FeFrr".rimrbil. In $'jiotrcr .irdi n[i jos. se tr P:*dtriltelc tlc 26 oronbncl9lr), n porelene sore' sxle delp'e rovtr.irli caru l..u codsolar in

inGcam sa ne impafttsim neUd eali un i arrora sunl oamni pe a ci.Bieiu simrie! de shoiy, unu din5 imiporeslea brurdespre ranam d.u ea cadd p eaci de a ci s crosevnicuape a mine sia sa t{prcz nre s rie. MatSa sa lad cu voiredinnemnjEmsmaiEd:niccdalSberu mtrpiisrs .MaOendsds6or a l bidu de e nu cred ci aG un momani. cred d za@ p610 unrlM pe mp. Totusidga nes.i iria'* cum ne aium rci ra n*z E minunalsa fiprolen ac.Alu[i.mt Doadne ci nu o s: lreace mui panS * se lemire rizboiu]asta simrc:irimpinqeminap. pe hahlnurFdrz nu cred c5 ma @zdamu r in tara biliel or islia engrezi si apo o *t incecim s o sE avem ss no un crm n rtuhos, rcum sliu @ inseamna asla.lO dcricr ncdi dc pde semNludd d.9.c dtn,o lizrer inrmictrlui ntr {r irrix rorul .nccri I',, omrd ,'ronui /. ,rl ptrblcrL t!{Lri\mne em.!tr l{.ci pc clrc I bnl o h cubrn tu l9lr:I Bubuiluddeldznel neinsoleau pdrun n spale p usri si mitaliere.zullalur. s0nren doja mu r in rara


33/107

riniiror Doske. Din lMto pddite suila qtoankre in luru| caeibr noasr0ore sau ss zbesccu p.cnet de margins lEnseoi. Apoineamabc LupracuEenadadneniGd

I'tubrbd d s.nrimeDtut clt mri de\ iditdn jn riTnoi cne.to de p!cc.c\pnm,r ii .linrtrelc soklarilor, cr acal ciinld eriric cimd p nEodrd'miulu',,whd x Fn.od we Hrvc in JesuJ.

o:Lrri $'sii dc umu o oNlnoial zmlc dc rnnse pa.um r]rdtr.1cr,n.m.Ir.{unb tu' Bru.o Baimstnner fi( hz de ilciu auronl-P- drt..t.,, um.rr.ilrni dii rmala enslczl Exe'npld dc maijo\ (crrc I lircuta' \i\,bIbnni dc cde p.$ilil iluinia) ah8c arenria xsun und sfir oranL jnP:n.dr dfi derr sc Eferi nonlr t. o.rrd,,rd . o ! nner.r.oa.r,rc c. desc . tu povcnncx T/ir 5!!.r. E!s. scdsii in !rD\c. dcscrjilorurbnhic HI|. tvft,nro G,ri) !! pudn dft iijinLe si mor:, in

1 can'lcinevasegend6slelanoo aruncisesandeslcusisu,an6raocarena la o esbnner.. o eshDrher esre un te de baraci. cevcnrE un masaz n de Mnu.tsio ca'enea, tu un mc barinlr on cott,'n


34/107

impoho ii in norcais, rs17Prccumptrurnegrua uneirele.penirucAeavieazEciaicinu.sSau ca serurur ee unde un saF srA ascuns.!

hhiuruncp;nd6 ampe.ro.umltilA.est drun orrivit de bonbecase de*hidc spro bb5G noa*a .uide voh dohitu si. s pdn

Z impotmolili in norolie,1917PBOBLEMA CHEIE De e si cu ce frer r cortinuri blmrjul lx

l9l? . roi a(ul uior imle$irL Deinftnpre p. ftoniul de Ven Dincnur pie .rilor 'DDgnhre t', luptele de lt sommq nemrii si au scudrlli'nr de hnsq ErigmJu $ ctr 10 dc Ulodcd din panca cstuaE arfoDiulu' sp.e o reter delen\ivli supene..niz.rl situalA La 10 13kilomeEi in dincime .J-inia Hinncnbu!' lJi klit6 ALLalilo' au rvrrl shimbini In virl ln Md. Brihnic. dinaincul Dinnrtu de rizbo,Davd Lloyd Corxq a lGlnumil pnh'niniso iii l6ul luiA,tuid. 'n1916 ln Franra genenlul Nivellc l{ nrlo.uit pe Jorte n' tuncrir dePrimelc lunirle anuhLi N loi Ibde dificilc pcfuu Allai. Li Rtrsixrver roc o Evorurie. iar su^ nu inrse in.il in rrlzboi chiar dupi.hcl rir de rizboi a amencuilor, din vnlie. rve.u ri nai ta&l Diultelu intntc cr hpele Lor \i fie prcgiitib ii luple pe FrcoNl dc vc$

r) RebeliDnile arancczilor,.' .n nou. 14. N !pnmun'inrinnrru cii Alillii !rc!u st rjuig, cui;nd,,lx BeLlin" ln a6r$op, el a ladet in .pnlic o nxrc olcNivi t" 'rgiuEr ch:npagne. ln.nda rrcri.li nhbuiti!ln!. a narclu' c'otr trlo$anlor r nurtutrlLLii'ncns dc !ldim..!u lon clccd[ du aa$&lc dir FDi]liDie, pozitiiledelensir alc lonrmilor fiind prua I &n'nc t nh a n captude. sper.naele nrdi p. .:trc lc nimise Nivcll! nnpami.u cotrdiriilc trvrnbilede lupri ru dur,jn lum mai.la tblrmcca. Mii d. soLdill. rua.nufrilii rarlr, ru dc.I ftr' ii si'nplu dirranse. ftluzend sil sc i'purii onliiclor ofirdnhr dD a reveri '_n lupri.Tnp t,p!iFr". rt.';i,; u'_li ". n''o -cind N.villc a fon dcn N.ul c.mrldDr, P6biD, r lini*ir risculri


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.eoiviindu le pltnemlE siin{rur;idd in r!t.di dnD o da.irtin: Nnri.ui. 6 'd ,t,-l ,"1, ." .. | ., p".n, r.1.r . on,.,. .o, d

n.rnl(lttr a fo! limp.dc.ii Drk tnLner iu lver nojrtut n-...sd Enrru Iintrr i,md ( in & paah a dcrr, lri er jj a{.:'Pri F u;!.u, !rr rcvoc dc 4uotul rd.ujtut) Bltnlia dr la PN\.hcndaet.iii. nl lxNlor lrglc?x nu srr trrdirijd ..re d. rtr.iirir. & Fiontuld. vcj. dd\i Biitlft d. ta vrny Ridge si ^ms GD Lic teji) tu ro{rnmo -s'erc TDlet. mmdienc. cre.rdnd; rsNi h y,m].nnc8ntrn ailel o vicroric \!rzrtrotrtr li. ru ln{ impredi..re si"'".':' ' ', n'J n'd. h'pli'"

^exru lolu!unpnncn. ficd de ofilcnrl s2sRx)n ctue. rc t5 !ruu,dupir liii,criin ltr|)la de tr Atus, a ii.( o dcdrD(ic Dtrbtr:i. n, !.u!sNner .i i-:7bon I e{c ,.in md ltctibsl |rctL ngit dD cri cm ru oucElpcDh :csr 'd de \6Jre rbicdiLlii r ilionrib,Tilr '. .1r'tu r tr .', . .ihms h spik'hl d. crmp ic cnielocthd Aliird de atlj olire! ..trJ"mibl. \imiu", pndrc ca! sipcrulwitricd owcn.I0,i.ri1l xDjcDruHk n. ,. An.t.o,sx\smtr I loi iulccar \i .lLiheur rlii narljd dnLntu,.tu decsnu,cri re! rimr. !cne lui Htrig c.r o0rimij, ..cr cc comrcrl.spuDda I dc, rigi,.tr. rnfu ||inc.4. dcsp,e (ru jj Dorenisc

impohoirih norcais. isrT 61rlacee v dor a iina e s:le mai

sisura si a cares-arPutea alunqee{sclive puiem ce. si da.i ttrPo 6 qrobabi ca obiecivu nostru drgio esrecoaslabes anisal o beinrdngeriesuleile.relrupele gomanoseduce acoapsullor'

Lloyd ceorse rtr doL.r del( ! io$ betilLe nr zom lonilcrd Ypras,Jr.t-' .. 1\ 1i -ron'u.J' .".. Oncn lAto.".dr in n'nic \i r dd rcclNl PentuCaDdan'e]lrarrctrl.I':3l iulie,avuseseledcjautrh'nbrdrmenrp.elimiiar. i,i crc lusu{ri roloiie peie 4 ni[oaE de obuze Ploilcrorenli.lc cx' r,'ztrscfii,.clc mri md in 10 di. nnp'uni cu clddtrcbombclor firu\e$ .a ^nx si devini o adclldn nhiLni cu rolcr.en.a, HaLs err mulld n de reztr1l.le1e obiiuE n' prima I dt/zis.a munctbne.Goneru Gough eslimeaze da a tual pesreun slr srcsdeQeman moni ucisi5 ALan FLslchers pecdronoul RyanLa pundeled6prmaiutor M a ldponal numercas ezu uioare malor hlea prcwcate de $hteRen[ auunmora buninrFadovar.. I'mspusluiG.ushcarclnem

jr dmpuL b:iilic, rcm$ ! din$ umedi, ploaia lonliiurfd pini p 6nonmbnc. ...r .c a ft c. tlanul lui Lloyd Ceollc $ iu Frle firespechri { ,ndr n,ai,ac dc lum NLeDrbrie. cn saopnrpbai,.nonuleri tM dc dtic sidc moulc iicit o ren' s cai sc nulu ir el, irtin]p.c r.hrulcle si lunudlc cntr inghi e complcr lecTi i'mgifo de'.J^ ne D.7i' -. bu. ' Fts- i

Pleded in O slal pentu apeE rca I nioi do up6 au losl insmril@ree mla ed 9iu^a doua in detanseedela nanic in acesl alac, darcu Dnprclinsptimanrstorde


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inpdr'o I h redia rerT 63ti,rx. r lj.r!:|on. ci lr c nn' ' .m ' n/Lo,ire r.:|asr trio.ifii. nr sc poLr. i!!. Ier]r .ii brliililh din 1915.r Droxner. dt+i!!oFr, o,brtr r Diid. riN.rh sirtr 0,nL( rlbmrc miiiirc. ruin !! rulburin pihicci dlarbioq,ihr rl Hr! John Teir i.. ui \ciiror prLn de rc\Fcr lxlli desubic.rul \iu. !iinl d.\me Icdi Fnordii ! riizboiultr' de trnHDtr4,viL .n. dr.ii nlernl {urd in mod !0!.irl de orrnsivel. bndnce

ri Lui Haig susri'r .ii ncm(ii ]u tutcrr riin. \ii'iirtrii pc poliriilc ..d! deren\isisi.ri rndx iranezi r ri\c rpLi^4 i'i.mLcul dclir riizboiuidr !^rii Dq,ii piir.'cr hiCr,rysl,!rrirld. pir.derle L,nN entr inskr. rn'm.rn qurgc lr (ncruTir ci Htri! n{rli r/eorl fotfl.LoLr.ir sr inriirrririiril' \i .ii et rulL' ' lorrine iD|]im(ne drcrer r!, Hijg.onnnri .irch vid.nx

cdtrcile D,ri \.o1iD elidcmlr rllDrt cil Hai!cdo lfr rc.e s 'idr.ltrerri \i. duF tilrerr lui Kcr|tr{, ..ctu nepiisitd tari dc sulann{eleolnenil.''r': NlJi mtrlr. cr DU \..r ti ldaprd strriclem 'lc repcde hbrxn,eri. n' dcriw)mr Drrri.,ri ii . pu{ii ruron'xre A xdoprn o-q'ru hd'.llc hurlc p! ifi.giRr dire'iei t'r ufl. inf.dr.ne" c.F r hpurlr \,1llr rldic narlrn $tlldi. in \chinb. rt I insild r dtrlr pelnl.\ ri (ruiRrodc i.i,l\pime. condu.ii,rrtr piedcn Drd. NEer tr.rb.uil., (nr.nLnrc Je J lligulumi rm.!iDs' x rr.'tulri D.firlrilni Nrc u/nL dr ..Dcgl$rir lnmindi' ,, Cctu rl dD Crdr , . udecinxi ri'trr'. .fnr dndu r ,.rn produs rl s..LcriitLi ri,rNl'r'; 5' ,.err brn.on'ddrn dii ca\i exnhu dq idauci 1. ..r.u{a ne sPuncryr Hils insusi'"


37/107

D.nh,.x,'d ui,.Pr . r' \n ii wq,J o" sl$rru a \. ijmse h d.g{icri: rDtimp:trd rl Aulro unsri.i. crru1.i mccrcr \i srj*! un ffmlincnl ( Fmflai R.ichlrsut (pfllnennrr lcmuD r vorir o '.zoltrric pentr! 1)]c!: papi BeD.did xvjnltez, ! lLdctotconumr,trr Lcdnau dar plblicitili .pclun poku I se puD. crpiir r'zboilluj Din picnb.Itrvciruc nu eeu prcgilre pcnh coic.siL. ncccs:ne cr rls p.elrDnntrfll'- "'.,"u"', - \ourr'trni' uu"./ .r"'1,.'lrDierc' Depohlilor cii jtr co jnum unno !i fic .rizboL sj ninn. rhccvldc.rir zboi" t_r!ryJ ceoBc a dstmr .ii N crili,!,!d h iLDibrctftc vicr.i ic \i intnieerc" 15 in c.rrhja, td rlindcibu! si Ltrdcidor[

Le i los c.cu :ii kcaci pare dec'ir RctlhjrsutuAir .i nisi lrl de rl pfuola c.rlcitri i rizboitrlu ru r rdus dorltrt .p-rrn 11. - Prjoor.. n" ,.,1, I t.elc. spoeDdu-i cli si a tcrEcn cridiuDul tuprtrd. bc,nlj in r.cdl7ii n r I'', r,..',. ' r,n '.b. ',',.h''.'''.ar & dc urilcde rtrptu b.1 A rost c6a ma cumpriri lu metato de ore din viara frea Au oe[rmur

ma, pur n oe paru camen a cEr.rcapiusesrezat. poarek,,!" b,no s" ipo.o-o.nu.h rac grlr asaca n0{,ace nicraduru d asup,aE,delamaru Pdar s' nor n6.aminlart. Dum ntce aio zuadesodii.Amom0lmcdelisrt sto pipi srozave, asa c, sunre ste6 iul rdzboiu u poaEcadocd.unu v ro,os; am haimurs riniqiA {In'rprorr, cl .dea rsn i".inre d. cr;ciunul rui tgrR

Pa.olk (.dtror), ce, rt! ov*ten FotAs,(6lot. vor rNo 2 P6r J wFu & B Rrgs.l.71? Crdr Mr lPcrgri" Bmk\ r9!6). P 6ir Nr c lb!n. rtn worl./ tre (wcjdc4 r Ke,!o../i( /ru ttdzw4.(l{mdiNoi, Le3).p r424r!rrolwolr wdr o,. (^r@ srtur.r A r P liyroi, tu ru tr ././ tt r(H!D,sh H4ilror rr)63). r 299 D o nN\j. fi1JiJ,| 0',r R4 (Mlt L Jnn \. hryr iqt ||atut: f^. Ll! a't 1rt!: '[ FiLLMa ihit v''!wr1/l?rrl $tidedeLd & NrcoLq, rr9r).]r75

r R Brdo Gdiroa rrn@ r4rr it,i!(/4' iilir (Fjro & slDnNro{c. rei2) Pp r51 & Ls1(o,rn.!! ,r(r(rees)16 P wi&oP Gdiro), ctrDdi sr/f(McdiDr 1919), p. 219 2r0 D4!d .r'/E czd rtu (Porcoi ' Books.13 i E Lsr Gditr) ?t( |irt htr ft 'sdryr (Rohr$\ rqr7l P 2lJ3q kqth. ||{ta" Fut lBc^ tetl).T ! $.** rh' - Bri ,/d "d*tr R tsd Dxvh (Frbe.& her. "r3r). pr rr B{hussq Ln.tr F .1Eycry,irfrLibi,q r$q).@ ldlTrr E N1 Rcn4u,. n' 0,r, @' ,rtr sk(FuMd{ reze). m Ls+r55lr r G HdL! rid! rnr ^,t!4 Nrs,rc?1 R cnks 6,di4. ro nr/ r,,1 (Peosun Bdk re.O nD :rr- r1 ! 1r7

n B@r!.ltu Fna \|,,] v( \si'J!\|ttk2sTNqh,'EnnjuDgaslonI'drri( tg nais..hotr (rlo CoPi rs6), pp l? i 2?2


38/107

l': "le *r: s Aldo n koE u n,/ nf Bqrq!r r

l:Y' " ,19 J lrtune e4l.rr s4s (HtuhEson, r$:rr D 18 |

14 c 6 crer 'ailh roi3 (c,wm Hyoao, jgsr ,6.16 M&tandt, vat6 akt rMs{ aJ h I

754 Sr b'r' or our drrrq dd nF ,osla"b|nb) s,.db1_ r, an,r or LiFa o de

,,-"d'e i;a$6oPs.nena6.ddriro'deret6nr


39/107

Fronturile de Estqi de Sud .t9r4-1917 Noemb,e,coilinuaFevoutad n Ru5 astapungcrc ausl, a.i a caporeio

i'i t p rcbdllcniilLg. din \n.lc j,tdLr. tlr trL*I. Xrnc tr.xJlre ii oli'sirii. in rlL n 19r1.!,_nxNirii r dooii rnndt nr$Li ni

rs14 lnccpe.amptr a ausr aanrngera FFie in prusaorenraa19ls In.epe.anrpaniadetaCa Inr5inr;zbo aurqarid.nfta in razboi la i..au o.cee patu bah depe sonzo.rn,rjngereaFuseiinGa lt3

Arcocc.nlednlaAlialol.Jeacl]anlilV

se desti soad orens va a Brrtadi in m unli Dorom rioransiva ui Brusi ov imootriva AuslneinliihrizboiRomana1917 Made.incepeFevo utia djn Fosia

o Nmen.L opriLDc d'drilli ru [rL d. tuL r ri l{l !d o]L i i o f rilii t|].1 J]i ANro Ungi:t lg\ud.tr sdbrL ii lL,lir si !dr Lir nortL$L ( R!!,. Ru!., r.h! r nLtd,,j.fru rhtntntc Fnr!lde l*1. rre Lc !u.r o, n,.',i !irLo\vtr.OLLr,in'iif rcin, ith.Lrum rlrr lnlt'ii lin or b!k!c,rr! ru ni'sir t,, tr i li li,nL'ri diD iilc ptuile,fllnl i,:r,r \L rLr|o qr!n.l.trl12 Oprir.d ,,liiriilueului : fr'i'runh '1, lul,li Jir' Ru.i.'PROBLEMA CHEIE Cc ri.itr rh priibn\i--r Ru\ cl Lmlc'


40/107

rlricnirtisi din catitir, l9l4 l9j5 ri..!ru'riL Leirhrr! i L\olLrLr i rt rnr00 000 d. rLin..r n\$!r:i Jiq,l, pnrotrL.,lprin riirle n,ssL.:jprr 0.nlL'dl! dD MDrri(r0.iL K.fsrric tja,rin d*cre tr \r dor tr lNri(i. dl

.0a.n5ni nrflr ieern,ru,.rr\rx.:i.Ll.irei tr, c,.i i,irnrg.,r.L JciniLriirRx\11. Nsr0.n.rd.L.rux J..tr!r. r turil.r Idr ulimlir.trr rilLv; ill.ri Ir rrlftrln,\ iirlLr ioDr ir sD.i

J,r nr ! Dnf rd.i.L I i)n nri,^a u.rdn,l sdrei Ll..onlnurnr, I lklnf !fu Ri],r r. h (ir (. \i ulr.si \. rcrrli Jm c tltrPolori i trtr cu.hr pc 5 r!!sr !, rnfo [!run Ndd,LD shrt j (

nnl pLrm ttdN ri ntlri !)]drL.rr ur hturj. r.l)f dc rxi rjrc.inmlicull. LLLnsrlc Li{e dc bolrnate{i. ro[i. .denoft]nrr.x N \.!..n1 \ u]|l.1[ \ h]. ! (tL.r/idrr ru rl tLL rr.(i n\[ ]. ui

Cramno in dzboiu ,na? DoaiiCu ce se vor. eqe a sJ;Gr


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ldsi. ni dda iDrNdr v..ijcii: 7j 0i)O de idm. \i r pierlcdi(u' rrb,r dc.11X) ki. Rsn I cusn sii o inue ruth o druj ctr rcoFcn m.jnenr !l:m Bnhie sirniFiD.drii \ii ftdr: l(\iurer drr sp{els rkdr trilor Frmind ahcut6usd|ui!f in I'erir{rh cdtiFti(rc, prq tc 75 r8) Ntcnri de aaftKEJrrJr (ii r{e orBni r dd m 0utfrtc eli.r trlgNjy rsuD! murerd.!( t . Rtrsic. ua\r daronlii \otdljjorcre ro\cne dir dnqwritri al. Dllnultri D.7drftx !i pr\tma h nr.mic enu ,nanir.estu arspoEstutuijirii de tradrtDtutdf \irdiite fotur de Djii.&h rutun 1915, rjr lrLl Nid,trc irtn hi ri.r $umd.u n{hib7!.inlii..fnrh n prcDii I unre nrc. nu r nd cine ,a jt\ invinsi.ord,n r..{ ,:tlroi Ebnldle diptoDlrtlc licft !6utmuhrinc puredtcCetrrrL..,rc I iirheir lllc .u Rtr\i., nu s 3tr fintLljar.u dnnic mDcELb) ()f.n\ir. lui Brusilav, 1916I i conterLio df h chriiltr. din FinLr. in deccnb.ie 1915. IqmannrJic. F:n!.I(dir \ Rulia xu d.cn sii si co.rdoneze sh+tri brrexrtr puleate C.dr.rte Rolut Rusierum de n N.i m!eq! t imp.!rv3 Au\trieL Altel de plriun \ audo!.dtr i'Ji n\or d. discdar dccijr dc p$ nr aDli.m

o,.q tri, t-'lc .r Crizr de obua Jnsesc dlpilsirr, dcn ofireni rnli h.o,n jilpetrrl oricc er! ntresisrd u|irn, pe'nd.l! dc inxr! trc tnrr:r Rtrsir r!.r in ronbDurr. lsdnn i.e si sillniiprcnNjukr ti.uti trChmdty Dnpi ce ccmann' l\'r'.'n,., uro I,tI9l'5. h tr&rurd neno.dei de dclghc{ rujiau po.rn lf fnntul d.nord vcv. olcniv: p.oj coDc.ftrlil. vduritc infinE.iei tu\. xu r^,

rc.cixre de dilci,L 3.,Drri liLir irti un ',!lrrt f!Libi Nlrjdrtlo6rcilor rx\i (rrlrL dinft c. onic'i biitiiriir in rtRtr\.'i de :.uD'Mririni\e\e Lou^ dn.vr rmbLli.! in Ru\.r uD. I luii!trlsidemonnt4 ci Pxtia luL crr trr rlr! rlloft. rrnx n rr'ci !BR'siLov u'usiLov e tri ..niidnslilsirc \ii nnbu:riirtr.i nr it.o|sclr'1d. nx oilcl trkTtrLpnmul riltioi nondid li !n'dx liL ,lu' .i ntr rlti JrM oorsf !!tri \lil tlii Pe rturruLl! J' nrdrcn. elen domn si rofrerrii LDtrF i cnsc prcli,irL. xruns!.! s.ilr1. )L.trpii r rutrii riit; i,:cm'domr! | rniL.,ri inlinlca.', rl!ir in.cNl pltrul.;" trr'. F-.ir.Drul d'n Cdi,i,,c.lsmxim$ vld..,' xk tubon,luL. rerii\r !iinlnu? p/rc I bno lui

dacifu r li inlcaoiir ,.lxltii lurc utrl,tr ( dnkL Itri!i hiniinu c'a o prnn[r..:]lrstrultrr I Ipulcr.onpcisr pi.nlsLLc seiosc. irneli:rl |iiDii ir r!cL itunenrdII c!.omadr.Lril! lui lliDdcnbtr.q. or!r vr. ir tcr LLU ] d'tr1pNic r tritrlui. rvmrs'l.ln-!xl ddizlert de !d rj dc N F$aLl tL! ven. p., kL r orar irnid id I]do 5!lverduD rlon !Ll\r Al]oi. { I t.trlibtr I l.L 'h.r Rofm. d.r intr i'i liThoide pdc.rprtrDc monrLr tr'ilre' rrt.!t tstrll !! I d.!m L ddl Erq{'.i;.. J, R*i^ d,r r hudn,r ".de h soni{i. i,i rre rrerird.d,rDtr:c inchc t trr nxi.iFcd. u \ii fi'.nonL'.) Pribusirc! Rusicitriste, l9l7Dnl. r.r \oLddilor ru! \emiL (r cr x miljo'ik' lrri.., ( 't sruN.lDr i,i 1917. sold.(', dn DndtL


42/107

Jt& tunitjitc lor donndfnuDc,, vblrDr ftF]b ni linut rmr{cirr* io di rqritf !ft s afl& tunitiitc lor donnd prc. DN ce(cr rr*. in 'utic l9l7 in rinp.erni.tu lirr.zii I to{ itri( miri .tr m:Luirc nde dc plhinlF,r.roDl..u.itrl r& r dtr\ h vhucnrcr fcvoheL a foi slrrr euno.Dr.i rr{i D.^ol[u indstici ]mputlio.ari d. .iizbor : .ozotvrrI o nDrcmj.li infldte. Ehctul cq 0a,!,.'r i'nhr ct r 10{ iletr ci rillLnijru rroLlir;ir Drid.gnbi \a h.in{Ln c c,rtLlc ddn si te vr li pc bxjj devrlonzdi iD .onkc,n,.rrirfu,L.rc rnrytii c. tt.cd, s|.c lioDl a \cirizur. tm si\reiNltnDsp.fmLo. nnbnrin t sidcfi.nr, rtr a\ieu,i nrmic:ttuvizionrrl.limpu (1. llprji \au in b}iL.i, tin Nl.el usor.lc n.olir de c&c'','." ,1 "' ' -ri Irdmpar rdn tus$e ru* smkr pd*!b*c"rr ,.,, .id,-, ;;ft @u,ri.L i Lr ,l! tr ndo.iiLrmol oltoritr.lt i pftlLBr lpoi connrLt x horirir li coilinL-.n.,1 . "r,rh,. .j..,,.t -roDlr!('e na si pnriTlid.pqu l\,ttrLd dLd(:soldxrjtrtr tondluquu

""", , , ^, o,t"rtrdirul utrLr ic did.r mtdabld (trcflur lqncnesi runci .n!i nu,!ru de tDdlplinil sxfiii mi]ir]D. ctrc x r-ijiinhr svicrs i, dndi, r'nt(|s r,iNlc dc ,cnrice d. adresrc ! | decltr,rr lii hEtc qauobl'-rxr \ii i' ctjrcrci ordi.rtc guv.rn,LuiDm.iJri.rc;tr inrouii (,n,d d -lr ile sv dds Bn^ilor a x.uzrr ..blrncmarut,ll'-t"*\ii ier r.1 \i.hi.r !i fum.7.Lu

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