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12/14/2015 VARIOUS TYPES OF FLOOR FINISHES IN ~ Construction Updates
http://constructionduniya.blogspot.ae/2012/02/varioustypesoffloorfinishesin.html 1/21
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VARIOUS TYPES OF FLOOR FINISHES IN
DEFINITION OF FLOORS:
Floors a re horizont a l element s of building st ruct ures which divide
building int o different levels for t he purpose of crea t ing more
a ccommoda t ion wit h in t he rest r ict ed spa ce, one a bove t he ot her
a nd a lso provide support t o t he occupa nt s , furnit ure a nd
equipment s of a building.
FLOOR FINISHES
A floor finish is a liquid which is a pplied t o a res ilient t ile floor a nd
dries t o a ha rd, dura ble a nd smoot h film. This film is a bout t he
t hickness of wa x ed pa per a nd is ex pect ed t o prot ect a nd ex t end
t he life of t he floor while providing a n a t t ra ct ive a ppea ra nce a nd
slip res ist a nt surfa ce.
WHAT’S IN A FLOOR FINISH
High qua lit y floor finishes ma y cont a in a s ma ny a s t went y-five
ingredient s . Some of t hese ingredient s eva pora t e while ot hers
rema in on t he floor a ft er drying. The ingredient s t ha t eva pora t e
a re ca lled, "vola t ile" component s a nd t he ingredient s t ha t st a y on
t he floor a re ca lled, "non-vola t ile" component s . The vola t ile
ingredient s a ss ist in t he film forma t ion, drying a nd cur ing of t he
finish a nd t hen eva pora t e. The non-vola t ile ingredient s a re t he
solid ma t eria ls which st a y on t he floor a nd ma ke up t he floor finish
film.
The ingredient s used t o ma ke floor finishes combine t o produce a
ba la nced blend of phys ica l a nd performa nce cha ra ct er ist ics . Some
of t hese cha ra ct er ist ics include: ha rdness, gloss , cla r it y, scuff
res ist a nce, s lip res ist a nce, wa t er a nd det ergent res ist a nce,
buffa bilit y, remova bilit y, recoa t a bilit y, a nd t oughness.
There a re five ba s ic ca t egories of floor finish ingredient s , ( 1)
polymer emuls ions, ( 2) film formers , ( 3) modifiers , ( 4)
preserva t ives a nd ( 5) wa t er.
SUMMERY OF FLOOR FINISHES FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF FLOORING
Author: The Civil Engineer 09:26
12/14/2015 VARIOUS TYPES OF FLOOR FINISHES IN ~ Construction Updates
http://constructionduniya.blogspot.ae/2012/02/varioustypesoffloorfinishesin.html 2/21
MATERIALS USED FOR DAMPPROOFING
Damp proofing in ResidentialBuilding Material used for damp
proofing 1. Property of the material Aneffective damp proofing materi...
The Civil Engineer. Powered by Blogger.
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• I t should be dura ble
• I t should be ea sy t o clea n
• Noiseless
• Ha ve Good Appea ra nce
• Free from da mpness
• Fire R es ist a nt
• Low Ma int ena nce cost
OPERATIONS REQUIRED BEFORE TAKING UP FLOORING WORK
• La ying of a ll services like ca bles , pipes , conduit s should be
complet ed
• Pla st er ing works should be complet ed.
• Fix ing of door a nd window fra me should be complet ed.
• Hea vy work in t he room where floor ing t o be done should be
complet ed.
• Ma rking of out let s a nd point s of level wherever t he s lopes in
t he floors required.
Level Stubs indicating the Finish tiled surface
OPERATIONS REQUIRED AFTER TAKING UP FLOORING WORK
Grinding of stone :
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• Grinding is the process of making the stone surface levelledand uniform.
• This step removes all ledges, roughness and brings flatness tomarble floors. Also, this step can remove the most deepestscratches and stains.
Honing of stone :
• Honing is the process of smoothening the surface.
• This step remove scratches,stains and make more uniform finishes.
Stone looks spectacular again.
Polishing Of Stone :
Polishing is t he process of crea t ing a smoot h a nd shiny
surfa ce by
using rubbing or a chemica l a ct ion.
• Polishing gives a mirror like look t o St one surfa ce.
• Polishing prot ect s t he st one surfa ce from scuffs a nd
scra t ches.
• Proper polishing of st one surfa ce increa ses it s dura bilit y.
• Fine polishing give a glossy look t o t he st one surfa ce.
• Polishing adds smoothness to stone’s surface.
• Polishing of stone will diminish the finger prints and smudge.
• Well polished stone is easy to clean and maintain.
• Polishing is the most important tool for beautification ofstone.
• Polishing of stone also shield it from permanent stains.
12/14/2015 VARIOUS TYPES OF FLOOR FINISHES IN ~ Construction Updates
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Steps to Polish Stone
• Clean the Stone surface appropriately. Ensure that no stainssmear left on it.
• Wipe the stone surface and wait till it gets properly dried.
• Spray the good quality polish on stone surface
• Take a white terry cloth and buff it properly.
• Buffing may be done by machine provided, expert to handleit.
• If observe any blotch then stop buffing for few minutes andthen restarts the buffing.
• If the smudging continues, just spray again stone polish andwithout delay buff it. It will give a stripe free shine.
TOOLS USED FOR FLOOR FINISHES :
Polishing machines : Electrically operated machine used for polishing the tiles
• Chisels and Hammers : To cut and dress larger thickness of tiles.
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• Wooden Mallet : For hammering of tiles to get proper line and level
• Polishing Stone : Used to polish the cement based tiles and natural
stone tiles.
• Skirting Farma :Used to measure proper line and level of skirting tiles.
• Set Square : To check the right angle of tiles at corners.
• Measuring tape : For measuring works
• Line Thread : For layout and levels
• Water Tube : To check levels
• Trowel : Use for laying mortar
• Plumb Bob : To check the verticality of the surface in case of fixing vertical
tiles on vertical surfaces.
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• Floating rule : used to check the level of mortar
• Tile Cutter : This is hand tool to cut the tiles manually wherever odd size
gaps are required to be fixed.
Tile Spacer
Power Float : Over all height 980 mm, Floating speed 120 RPM, Over all
length 980 mm ,Equipment weight 140 kg, Working diameter 890 mm
Disc weight 30 kg.
12/14/2015 VARIOUS TYPES OF FLOOR FINISHES IN ~ Construction Updates
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Power Trowel: Over all height 980 mm, Floating speed 120 RPM ,Over alllength 980 mm, Equipment weight 145 kg ,Working diameter 890 mm,Disc weight 9 kg.
Types of floor finishes :
1) Natural stone floor finish
a) slate
b) Limestone and Sandstone
c) Granite
d) Marble
e) Mosaic
Slate
Slate is another form of metamorphic rock that consists of silica alumina
and iron oxide.
It is easily split into layers that provide a rugged rustic look.
It has good abrasion resistance and high durability if it has been correctly
cut.
It is impervious to water, cold hard and noisy under foot and can be
slippery.
A non-slip variety is available.
It is difficult to lay as the product is quite brittle and heavy.
It is usually laid into a bed of cement over concrete.
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Limestone and Sandstone
These are derived from sedimentary rocks; deposits of sediment being
laid down under water or air formed these.
Sandstone comes from deposited sand grains i.e. quartz, pressed and
held together by silica, calcium carbonate or other cements.
Limestone comes from deposited organic origin materials i.e. bones shells
and consists mainly of calcium carbonate.
Limestone is rarely used for floors today as it becomes slippery when it is
worn and not all products are hardwearing.
It is grey or beige in color.
Sandstone - is used more in outdoor paving than indoor, but looks great
in an area that flows to the outdoors such as a conservatory.
Its irregular natural pattern is its best feature and can range from a
grainy timber look to stripes and speckles.
It is beige, brown, reddish brown, in color and some stones are
hardwearing.
Granite
Granite used for steps to a commercial building entry.
Granite is a form of Igneous Rock, created by the cooling of molten
magma.
It is made up of feldspar quartz and mica.
This is a luxury floor covering and one that needs careful consideration
before specification, as it is an expensive product.
The floor structure needs consideration, as it is very heavy.
Once laid, it will last for a very long time, as it is hardwearing and
resistant to chemicals.
It has a timeless look.
If highly polished it is slippery, but a honed finish provides a more
manageable finish.
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It comes in limited colors - black, red, green, grey, blue, pink.
It is supplied in a slab form and is cold and noisy underfoot. But it looks
great!
Marble
This is a form of metamorphic rock, a combination of igneous and
sedimentary rocks undergoing a major change due to extreme influences
of heat or pressure.
It is made up of calcium carbonate; it comes in numerous colors, white,
grey, green, ochre, beige and is usually veined.
It is a hardwearing beautiful product, expensive to purchase and lay as it
is heavy and comes in slab form.
It is cold and noisy underfoot.
From a designers point of view like granite it has a timeless quality.
Marble used of floor and walls of a hotel bathroom, very stylish.
2) Artificial semi hard floor finishes
a) Linoleum
b) Rubber
c) Cork
d) Flexible vinyl
Linoleum
Linoleum is made up from natural ingredients, linseed oil, ground cork, resin,
fillers and pigments. These are baked slowly at high temperatures and pressed
onto a jute or Hessian backing.
It is a misunderstood product as in its early form it was thin and brittle but with
new production methods and design development it is fast becoming a popular
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flexible flooring choice. It is available in numerous color combinations and can be
plain, patterned or in a marbleized look.
It is warm and quiet underfoot. It requires sealing with a polish as if water
penetrates under the surface it will lift. It comes in sheet or tile form and is fixed
to the floor with an adhesive.
Rubber
Rubber is made from natural or synthetic rubber, fillers and pigments. It is
available in single colors with relief patterns or marbled. It comes in sheet form or
tiles cut from sheets. The sheet form is available with foam rubber backing which
provides a form of sound insulation. It has good wear properties, is resilient and
tough, warm and quiet underfoot. It can be loose laid on concrete.
Cork
Cork is a natural product that comes from the bark of the evergreen oak. It is mostcommonly available in tiles. These are cut from blocks of granulated cork that has beencompressed with binders Cork is a natural product that comes from the bark of theevergreen oak. It is most commonly available in tiles. These are cut from blocks ofgranulated cork that has been compressed with binders
3) Artificial hard floor finishes
a) Cement Resin
b) Terrazzo
c) Concrete Screeds
d) Epoxy Resin
e) Polyester Resin
f) Polyurethane Resin
Cement Resin
This comprises of cement polyester resin and an aggregate (crushed stone or
sand). It can be laid over concrete or a timber base. It provides a hardwearing
non-slip surface, which has a slight texture.
Terrazzo
This is a composite material made up of cement and marble aggregate, it is then
mixed and poured in situ onto a concrete base. It is then ground waxed and
polished. It has a mosaic look. It can also be premade and is available in slabs or
tiles. It is very hard wearing, if it is polished or wet it is very slippery. It is a suitable
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product to be used with under floor heating.
Terrazzo flooring in a mall situation.
It is very useful in commercial situations i.e. malls and shopping centers as it is
very durable and easy to clean.
Over large expanses control joints are required to reduce the risk of cracking. It is
expensive but worth it in these situations. It can be used to great effect in design
work, using brass strips to define the edges with the use of different colored
terrazzo between can be very effective.
Concrete Screeds
These are usually used as a base for other floor finishes. There are many forms,
monolithic, laid over the concrete base within a few hours of the base being laid.
Bonded - existing concrete base with aggregate exposed has a cement screed
laid over it. Unbounded - a cement screed is laid over a plain existing concrete
base. Floating - is laid over thermal or sound insulation materials.
Colored Concrete Screed in a mall situation.
Epoxy Resin
Produced by combining epoxide resin, fillers, aggregate and hardener. It can be
laid over a cement screed, plywood or other surfaces. It provides a thin
hardwearing layer available in numerous colors and textures. It can be made non-
slip if required.
Polyester Resin
Produced by combining polyester resin, aggregates, fillers, glass fibers pigments
and catalyst. It can be laid over a cement screed or plywood. It is a hardwearing
product with a wide color range.
Polyurethane Resin
Produced by combining polyurethane resin and fillers. It can be laid over a cement
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screed or plywood. It provides a hardwearing non-slip surface available in
numerous textures and colors.
All the hard flooring examples above are joint less liquid floor finishes. They start
as a liquid form then harden to form the desired finish. Terrazzo and cement
screed floors are required to be laid in bays with control joints to reduce the
possibility of cracking and shrinkage. The majority of these products are best
suited for commercial industrial and institutional applications.
4) FALSE FLOORING :
A FALSE FLOORING IS also called raised floor (also raised flooring) is a type of
floor used in office buildings with a high requirement for servicing, such as IT data
centers, to carry cables, wiring, electrical supply and sometimes air conditioning
or chilled water pipes. Additional structural support and lighting are often
provided when a floor is raised enough for a person to crawl or even walk
beneath.
This type of floor consists of a gridded metal framework or understructure of
adjustable-height legs called pedestals, that provide support for individual floor
panels which are usually 2×2 feet or 60×60cm in size. The height of the
legs/pedestals is dictated by the volume of cables and other services provided
beneath, but typically arranged for a clearance of at least six inches or 15cm.
MATERIALS FOR FALSE FLOORING :
• Steel Clad Particle board with cementitious internal core.
• Carpets
• High Pressure laminates
• Marble stone
To Remove Panels :
• Floor Puller or
• Tile Lifter or
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• Suction lifter and
• Hook and Loop Lifter on carpet
FIXING FALSE FLOORING :
STEPS FOR EXECUTING FALSE FLOORING :
• Identify the area where FALSE FLOORING is required to execute.
• Clean the area by removing all loose,liatences etc..
• Floor to be coated with epoxy paint for reducing friction for airflow.
• Floor to be insulated in the case of higher floors since the floor is likely to
be very cold and can cause sweating on the ceiling of lower floor causing
damage to their false ceiling etc.
• Complete the services works like data cable,Wiring,lighting etc.. Before
false flooring work.
• Fix the frame work of false flooring like pedestals etc..
• Fix the panels by using nut and bolts of suitable size.
• Make provision for opens and fix these opens with openable panels
provided with hinges.
• Mark the ducts for repairs and maintenance of wires,cables inside the
false flooring.
• Before closing the false flooring,prepare a diagram showing the rooting
of the cables to enable for quick searching of cable.wires etc..in case of
failures.
5) Concrete Floor Finishes
Concrete has a proven record for strength, durability, and cost effectiveness for a
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variety of applications including floors, walkways
and driveways. Concrete floors are found in a variety of residential settings, from
high-rise condominiums, to basements remodeled for extra living space, and to
slab-on-grade construction. Interior concrete is commonly covered with carpet,
vinyl, or other flooring materials. For exterior surfaces, materials like slate,
granite, or brick are preferred to standard concrete when budgets allow.
An increasingly popular alternative to covering concrete is to make the surface
both decorative and functional. Concrete can be treated with stains or colorants
to create a rich variety of hues and textures, or stamped with patterns to mimic
natural
surfaces from marble to wood planks. The resulting floor finishes combine beauty
and creativity with the economy, durability, and practicality of concrete.
The life expectancy of concrete slabs far exceed that of flooring materials often
used to cover them. Carpeting and vinyl are subject to tears, staining, damage
from flooding, and general wear. Persons with allergies may also have concerns
about dust or molds that may be harbored in carpet fibers. In addition, many
floor coverings need to be replaced every few years.
Decorative finishes can be applied to existing or new slabs. The finish can last the
lifetime of the concrete, and are durable, sanitary, and easy to maintain. A wide
range of effects is possible. The treatment may be as simple as coloring
walkways to match architectural features or blend into the landscape. If the look
of natural materials is preferred, a slab might be stamped to create the
appearance of slate or granite, complete with subtle color shifts, surface texture,
and real grout placed in the formed joints between pavers. A stained and scored
surface can imitate terra cotta tile, or present a colorful palette of abstract
intersecting shapes .
Below are brief descriptions of several methods used for creating decorative
concrete surfaces. None of the materials listed below are paints, which would
have a much shorter expected lifespan. Except as noted, the treatments become
permanent elements of the concrete slab:
Chemical Staining - Special stains are formulated to chemically react with the
concrete's lime content. They lightly etch and bond color into the concrete
surface. This method can be used on new or old concrete slabs. However, the
results are not always predictable due to lime leaching, weathering, surface
texture, or exposure to other chemicals, and results may vary widely from project
to project. Mottling that occurs in the stain process can create rich tones and
complex, almost translucent textures to mimic granite, marble, or to highlight
natural variegations in the concrete. Patches or cracks in existing slabs will not be
concealed, but may add character and uniqueness. Skilled artisans can create a
wide range of effects using, brushes, mops, sprayers, etc., or by creating
patterns with leaves, sawdust, rags, or other inert materials. The full depth of
color may not become apparent until waxes or sealers are applied to the surface.
This is the most versatile and creative method of coloring concrete.
Scoring - Shallow-cuts can be made in existing concrete surfaces to suggest tile
grout lines or simply create geometric designs and patterns to separate colors.
Standard circular saws with abrasive masonry blades are used to make cuts no
more than 1/8" deep. With tile patterns, borders are incorporated into the
design a few inches from walls or other vertical surfaces that would prevent the
saw from scoring lines all the way to the edge.
Integrally Colored Concrete - Colorant added to concrete during the mixing
process produces uniform tinting throughout the slab and consistent results
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from batch to batch. The colorant may be in liquid or powder form. For small
projects, home centers or concrete-product retailers may carry bottles of liquid
colorant which can be added to bags of ready-mix. For larger flatwork projects
like foundation slabs, walkways, patios, or driveways, bags of powdered water-
reducing color admixtures can be ordered at the mixing plant. Admixtures are
used to improve plasticity, workability, and to control set time. When pattern
stamps are used, a longer period of workability may be needed to complete the
process in large areas. Some manufacturers offer their products in pre-measured
disintegrating bags designed to treat particular amounts of concrete. The
unopened bags are simply tossed into the mixer with water and aggregate prior
to adding cement and sand. When pattern stamping is planned, integral
colorants may serve as a base tone that can be modified by color hardeners and
release agents to achieve a more mottled natural look.
Colored hardeners - Hardening agents in powder form consist of colored, finely-
ground, cementitious aggregates that are sprinkled (or "broadcast") onto freshly
placed concrete. Moisture seeps from concrete into the powder to activate and
monolithically bond it, creating a denser, harder finished surface. Surface
strength may be increased up to 7,500 PSI compared to 3,000 to 4,000 PSI for
standard 4" concrete. Because the colorant is concentrated into the top layer,
hues can be more intense than integrally colored concrete. For improved surface
durability, use of colored hardeners is recommended prior to pattern stamping,
or in conjunction with chemical staining to produce brighter or deeper finished
colors, but the results may vary slightly from batch to batch.
Colored release agents - Pigmented powder or liquid agents are used with
pattern stamps to reduce friction and facilitate their removal from fresh concrete
surfaces. Applicators may choose release agent colors that contrast or
compliment hardener colors to produce a mottled patina or "antique" look on the
patterned surface. Unlike the other methods described here, these pigments do
not penetrate the concrete surface and must be protected by sealers or wax
finishes.
Sealers and Waxes - Colored materials are available to seal and waterproof
concrete surfaces, the final step in any finishing process. Manufacturers offer a
broad range of products for different applications, ranging from buffing waxes
for interior floors to industrial sealers for high traffic exterior settings. Choosing
a matching color wax or sealer for integrally-colored concrete can intensify the
hue and add gloss. Clear coatings can bring out the depth and luster of antiquing
patinas or variegations from chemical staining. Depending on the how heavily the
floor is used, sealers or waxes may need to be periodically renewed or reapplied,
but maintenance might be as simple as occasionally mopping with floor wax.
Limitations –
Very hard floor surfaces like tile, granite, or decorative concrete may not appeal to
consumers with a preference for softer coverings like carpet or resilient vinyl.
Objections may involve warmth underfoot, sound deflection, the likelihood of
dropped objects shattering, or the safety of very young children who may crawl or
fall on the floor surface. Many people with hard surface floors use area-rugs or
runners for walkways, play areas, or aesthetic enhancement, but the additional
cost of these items should be added to budget calculations when comparing
flooring options.
Representative samples may be difficult to produce in some circumstances,
especially when staining an existing slab. Color uniformity often cannot be
guaranteed and may vary according to the composition of the concrete. Glue
residue from previous floor coverings may be difficult or impossible to remove and
can involve additional expense.
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Ease of Implementation
Most areas have contractors who are trained and outfitted for pattern stamping
and tinting exterior concrete surfaces. Some may advertise their specialties in
local phone directories or the home improvement sections of newspapers or
magazines. Staining specialists can be more difficult to locate. Some work
through urban design centers or commercial referrals. The internet can be a
valuable search tool in locating skilled local craftspeople.
Representative samples may be difficult to produce in some circumstances,
especially when staining an existing slab. Color uniformity often cannot be
guaranteed and may vary according to the composition of the concrete. Glue
residue from previous floor coverings may be difficult or impossible to remove and
can involve additional expense.
6) Wood Flooring :
Wood flooring is a type of flooring made from the timber of hardwoods, or of
spruce or hard pine.
Thickness of the hard wood is 19mm,10mm and 8mm.
Hard wood finished with polyurethane that has made of aluminium oxide
Also,metal oxides like titanium dioxide is used to finish hard wood for better
wear.
HARD WOOD FLOORING
Fixing of wood floor:
• Clean the floor thoroughly and ensure there are mimnimum variations in
the substrata level.The sub floor should be clean and free from dust. Use
a broom or vacuum cleaner. The sub floor should not be washed or
exposed to water prior to installation always make sure the floor is fully
dry prior to installation.
• Apply the concrete sealer on the floor to ensure the moisture in thesubstrata does not affect the wood floor.
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• Using good quality adhesive fix the wood floor panels from one end of thefloor.
• Commence laying the flooring at the corner of the starting wall with thetongue of the first row of boards facing away from the wall.
• Glue the boards at the end joints together.
• Any excess of adhesive should be immediately wipedoff with a clean dampcloth. Wipe dry with a dry cloth to avoid "smearing".
• The first board of the next row is pressed into position and tapped into theother board by using a rubber mallet and a tapping block. Never hit theboard directly with the mallet. This will increase the risk of damaging theboard.
• Chances are that the last row will be less than the width of the boards – soyou will have to cut it along the length of the board.
• Take the expansion gap into account when installing the last row of
boards and thus cut the timber to the width of the gap of the last row
minus the expansion gap (min. 15 mm for expansion joint) (don't include
the tongue in this width).
• Apply the adhesive in the groove and put the boards into place with the
spacing bar and wedges using a protective piece between wall and tool
and between spacing bar and boards. Place the timber as low on the wall
as possible and with the spacing bar force the board into position.
• Do this as many times as necessary to close the gap.
• Remove all the spacing wedges once all boards are glued and fitted and
the glue is sufficiently dry (see advice on glue bottle).
• Install the trims by nailing or gluing directly to the perimeter walls or
existing skirting. Never attach them directly on the installed floor.
Types of wood floor finishes
1. Oilmodified urethane is generally the most common surface finish and is easy
to apply. It is a petroleum base with a blend of synthetic resins, plasticizers and
other film forming ingredients that produces a durable surface that is moisture
resistant. It is a solventbase polyurethane that dries in about eight hours. This type
of finish ambers with age and comes in different sheen levels.
2. Moisturecured urethane is a solventbase polyurethane that is more durable
and more moisture resistant than other surface finishes. Moisturecure urethane
comes in nonyellowing and in ambering types and is generally available in satin or
gloss. These finishes are extremely difficult to apply, have a strong odor and are
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best left to the professional.
Curing of this type of finish is by absorbing minute quantities of moisture vapor from
the air, which causes them to dry and harden. The curing process is very dependant
on relative humidity.
3. Waterbased urethane is a waterborne urethane with a blend of synthetic
resins, plasticizers and other film forming ingredients that produces a durable surface
that is moistureresistant. These finishes are clear and nonyellowing and are
different sheen levels. They have a milder odor than oilmodified finishes have and
they dry in about two to three hours. Waterbased urethanes are generally more
expensive.
4. ConverstionVarnish Sealers(Swedish Finishes) A twocomponent acid
curing, alcoholbased sealers. Because of their origin (country), conversion varnish
sealers are often referred to as Swedish finishes
5. Penetrating Sealers These sealers are spread on the floor and allowed to
penetrate and are solvent based. The excess sealer is removed with rags or buffed
in with synthetic or steel wool pads. This type of finish often have a color and can
be used to stain and seal the wood floor. Penetrating Oil Sealers are made from
tung or linseed oil, with additives improve drying and hardness.
6. Paste Wax The oldest, and in some ways the best. Wax is the easiest to apply,
least expensive, fastest drying, easiest to repair, and with proper care will survive
forever. Wax over a penetrating stain, and the system is in the wood so you wear
the wood, not the finish. Wax is spread in thin coats for a surface protection after
the stain and/or sealer is applied, then buffed to the desired sheen.
7. Varnish Vinylalkyd varnishes have superseded natural varnish made from
vegetable oils. This product was commonly used before urethane finishes where
introduced.
8. Lacquer The flammability and incompatibility of this floor finish is NOT a
recommended by many manufacturers. This finish should avoided.
9. Shellac This product (natural shellac) contains wax and is not widely used for
top coating in today's wood flooring market. Dewaxed shellac is becoming used
more and more for a wood floor sealer.
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