VCE Health and Human Developmentmissrothwellhhd.weebly.com/uploads/2/4/4/8/24483798/qats...QATs VCE® Health and Human Development Practice Examination Units 3 and 4 ©2015 Ser7HHU34EB

©2015 Ser7HHU34EB

Published by QATs. Permission for copying in purchasing school only.

NAME: ____________________________

VCE®Health and Human Development

Practice Written Examination

Reading time: 15 minutes

Writing Time Allocated: 2 hours

QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

Structure of book

Number of Number of questions Number of

questions to be answered marks

16 16 100

Students are permitted to bring into the examination room: pens, pencils, highlighters, erasers,

sharpeners and rulers.

Students are NOT permitted to bring into the examination room: blank sheets of paper and/or

white out liquid/tape.

No calculator is allowed in this examination.

Materials supplied

Question and answer book of 28 pages.

Additional space is available at the end of the book if you need extra paper to complete an

answer.

Instructions

Write your student name in the space provided above on this page.

All written responses must be in English.

Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic

devices into the examination room.

QATs VCE® Health and Human Development Practice Examination Units 3 and 4

©2015 Ser7HHU34EB

Published by QATs. Permission for copying in purchasing school only. 2

Question 1 (3 marks)

a. Define ‘burden of disease’. 2 marks

b. Define ‘determinant of health’. 1 mark


The Member States of the World Health Organisation (WHO) have been divided into five mortality strata.

The table below shows one example of a country for each mortality strata.

Mortality strata Country

A New Zealand

B Brazil

C Hungary

D Ghana

E Ethiopia

Briefly outline what criteria the WHO would have used to classify Brazil and Ethiopia into different

mortality strata.


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According to the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion shelter and peace are both considered to be

prerequisites for health. Outline why each of these must be available for improvements in health to occur.

Shelter:

Peace:


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Figure 2: Total Privately Insured People and Percent of Population in Australia, from 1999 to 2014

Source: PHIAC http://phiac.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Survey-Report-Dec-2014.pdf page 27 Adapted.

a. What is private health insurance and how is it funded? 2 marks

http://phiac.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Survey-Report-Dec-2014.pdf


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b. Using data describe the trend in the graph in Figure 2. 2 marks

c. Identify and describe one incentive that has been introduced by the federal government that may

have contributed to the trend in figure 2. 1+2 = 3 marks

Incentive

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Description


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Source: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2014. Australia’s health 2014. Australia’s health series no. 14.

Cat. no. AUS 178, Canberra, page 106.

a. Define incidence and explain how it differs to prevalence. 2 marks


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b. Describe the Cancer Control National Health Priority Area (NHPA). 2 marks

c. Select one NHPA cancer from the graph and identify two risk factors for this cancer. 2 marks

Cancer _____________________________________________________

Risk factor ___________________________________________________________________________

Risk factor ___________________________________________________________________________

d. Outline two examples of how the biomedical model of health can be used to reduce the burden of

disease associated with the cancer chosen in part c above. 2 marks


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e. State one Australian Dietary Guideline and explain how it could help prevent colorectal (bowel)

cancer. 2 marks


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The Australian Government’s Immunise Australia Program implements the National Immunisation

Program (NIP) Schedule, which currently includes vaccines against a total of 16 diseases. The seasonal

influenza vaccine is provided free under the Immunise Australia Program for people at high risk of

complications from flu, including Australians aged 65 and over, pregnant women, Aboriginal and Torres

Strait Islanders and those medically at risk.

The NIP Schedule provides information about the recommended and fully funded vaccine plan by age

group under the National Immunisation Program. The Immunise Australia Program funds the purchase of

vaccinations to State and Territory governments to protect millions of Australians from vaccine-

preventable diseases.

The Department of Human Services administers the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register, which

records all vaccinations given to children under seven years of age.

Source: http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/ (accessed 12th

April 2015).

a. Explain how the Immunise Australia Program reflects one of the values that underpin Australia’s

health system. 2 marks

Value

Explanation

b. State two other responsibilities the federal government has for health or health funding. 2 marks

i.

ii.

http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/nips

http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/nips

http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/


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Source: http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129544396 page 6.

a. Compare the hospitalisation injury cases for males and females evident in the graph. 2 marks

http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129544396


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b. Outline one indirect cost and one intangible cost of injury to the individual. 2 marks

Indirect cost

Intangible cost

c. Outline one social determinant and one behavioural determinant that may act as a risk factor for

injury. 2 marks

Social determinant

Behavioural determinant


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d. Describe one health promotion program that has been introduced in Australia to reduce the

burden of disease associated with injury. 3 marks


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Salt Reduction in Victoria

Victorians eat too much salt. High salt intakes cause high blood pressure which is the biggest risk factor

for cardiovascular disease. Salt reduction initiatives are one of the most cost-effective prevention

strategies.

VicHealth has established a Salt Reduction Partnership Group, including The George Institute for Global

Health, The Heart Foundation, Deakin University, and the Victorian Department of Health, to review the

evidence, consult with stakeholders and develop an action plan for salt reduction in Victoria.

The action plan has the ambitious goal of reducing the average daily salt intake of Victorian adults and

children by 1 gram by 2018 with four intervention strategies: generating public debate, strengthening

policy initiatives, supporting food industry innovation and raising consumer awareness. VicHealth have

recently released a video to the public that shows the links of high salt (sodium) intake to health problems

and practical steps to reduce salt intake.

Source: Adapted https://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/programs-and-projects/salt-reduction - accessed 14th

April 2015.

a. Outline one function of sodium in the body and provide two examples of foods that are typically

high in sodium. 3 marks

Function of sodium in the body Two examples of foods high

in sodium

i.

ii.

b. Outline one role of VicHealth. 1 mark

https://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/programs-and-projects/salt-reduction


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c. Forming partnerships to enable reduction in salt (sodium) intake in reflects which of

VicHealth’s strategic priorities? 1 mark

_____________________________________________________________________________________

d. Identify and explain two principles of the social model of health that are evident in the

Salt Reduction in Victoria initiative. 4 marks

i.

ii.


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The Australian government’s 2011-12 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS)

presents results from a 24-hour dietary recall of food and beverages, as well as some general information

on dietary behaviours.

Results from the survey showed that vegetable products and dishes were consumed by 75% of the

population, with potatoes making up around one-quarter of all vegetables consumed. Based on people's

self-reported usual consumption of vegetables, just 6.8% of the population met the recommended usual

intake of vegetables.

Source: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/4364.0.55.007main+features12011-12.

a. Discuss two ways the Australian government might use the information collected from nutrition

surveys. 2 marks

i.

ii.

b. List 2 nutrients found in vegetables and describe the function of each as a determinant of health.

4 marks

Nutrient Function as a determinant of health

1.

2.

http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/4364.0.55.007main+features12011-12


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The work of the United Nations is guided by four stated areas of action. One role or area of action of the

UN is to promote social and economic development.

a. Identify two examples of how the United Nations promotes social and economic development.

2 marks

i.

ii.

b. Select one of the examples listed in part a. and explain how this could contribute to an

improvement in global health. 2 marks


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Questions 11 (4 marks)

The Australian government contributes to improving the lives of people living in many developing

countries around the world. The responsibility of managing Australia’s overseas aid program and

delivering international aid initiatives is through the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT).

Identify one priority of Australia’s aid program and outline one example of how DFAT works to improve

sustainable human development in this area. 1 + 3 = 4 marks

Priority

Example


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‘Healthy food - Healthy future’

Five year-old Nicholas is one of the youngest children at the Mwingi Special School for the Hearing Impaired in

eastern Kenya. He is learning sign language for the first time in his life. School teacher Phillip Musembei says he

has seen a big difference in Nicholas, since he started school a few months ago. "He was very weak and falling over

frequently." … but now he's playing and running around in the yard."

Nicholas and 285,000 other children across Kenya have been eating a nutrient-rich porridge every day as part of the

drought response program run by Kenya Red Cross, with support from Australian Red Cross. The Mwingi Special

School is in an area prioritised by Kenya Red Cross due to the effects of the drought and the extreme poverty

experienced by many families. The breakfast supplied by Red Cross complements a healthy lunch, provided by the

United Nations World Food Program. In addition to the school feeding program, Kenya Red Cross is assisting

families and farmers across the region to grow food for their communities and cope better with future droughts.

Source: http://www.redcross.org.au/healthy-food---healthy-future.aspx

a. Identify a non-government organisation in the ‘Healthy food – Healthy future’ information

provided above. 1 mark

_____________________________________________________________________________________

b. Describe this type of aid and explain how it will improve Kenya’s health status and human

development. 2 + 1 + 2 = 5 marks

Description

Health status

http://www.redcross.org.au/healthy-food---healthy-future.aspx


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Human development


Source: http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf page 22.

http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf%20page%2022


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a. Identify one trend evident in the graph. 1 mark

b. Outline two factors that might account for the projected trend in tobacco related deaths in

developing countries. 2 marks

i.

ii.

c. Describe the impact of tobacco smoking on the health of people living in a developing

country. 2 marks


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Source: World Health Organisation Statistics 2014

http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112738/1/9789240692671_eng.pdf?ua=1

a. Name the Millennium Development Goal the data above relates to. 1 mark

_____________________________________________________________________________________

b. Describe the purpose of this goal. 2 marks

c. Discuss why this goal is important. 3 marks

Population using

improved drinking-

water sources (%)

2012

Population using

improved sanitation (%)

2012

Cambodia 71 37

Chad 51 12



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Under 5

Mortality

Rate (per

1000 live

births)

2012

Maternal

mortality

ratio (per 100

000 live

births)

2013

Population

living on

<$1 a day

(%)

2006-2012

Life

expectancy at

birth (years)

both sexes

2012

Years of life

lost from

Injuries

(per 100 000

population)

2012

Australia 5 6 0 83 1 326

Liberia 75 640 83.8 62 4 030

Burundi 104 740 81.3 56 8 809

Congo 96 410 54.1 59 5 576

Source: World Health Organisation Statistics 2014 http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112738/1/9789240692671_eng.pdf?ua=1

a. Use the data in the table to compare the health status of Burundi to that of the other two

developing countries. 2 marks

b. Describe how access to health care and education could contribute to the variations in health

status between Australia and Burundi. 6 marks

Access to health care



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Education


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News release: World Malaria Day - call to close gaps in prevention and treatment to defeat malaria

WHO is calling on the global health community to urgently address significant gaps in the prevention,

diagnosis and treatment of malaria. Despite dramatic declines in malaria cases and deaths since 2000,

more than half a million lives are still lost to this preventable disease each year.

“As we celebrate World Malaria Day on April 25, we must recognize the urgent need to expand

prevention measures and quality-assured diagnostic testing and treatment to reduce the human suffering

caused by malaria,” says Dr Hiroki Nakatani.

Updated "Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria" are being issued by WHO this week. They include the

latest recommendations on preventive treatment for infants, children under 5 and pregnant women. The

updated guidelines should help expand access to recommended treatments.

WHO has developed a new global malaria strategy for the 2016-2030 period. Developed in close

consultation with endemic countries and partners, the new strategy sets the target of reducing the disease

burden by 40% by 2020. The strategy provides a comprehensive framework for countries to develop

tailored programmes that will sustain and accelerate progress towards malaria elimination.

Source: Adapted http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/world-malaria-day-2015/en/

The WHO is the directing and coordinating authority on international health and their work is guided by a

six-point agenda.

a. Briefly outline one area contained in the six point agenda and provide an example of this from the

information above. 3 marks

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/world-malaria-day-2015/en/


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bi. Describe a program that has been introduced in a developing country to reduce deaths from

malaria. Include a description of the type of aid involved and how the program was implemented.

4 marks

bii. Evaluate the effectiveness of the program based on two elements of sustainability. 4 marks

i.

ii.


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biii. Explain how the malaria program described in bi. above could improve global health and

sustainable human development. 4 marks

END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK


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Solution Pathway

NOTE: This task is sold on conditionathat it is NOT placed on any school network or social media site

(such as Facebook, Wikispaces etc.)at any time.

Below are sample answers. Please consider the merit of alternative responses.

Question 1

Students should be awarded one mark for the definition of the ‘burden of disease’ and one mark for

stating how burden of disease is measured. Students are also awarded one mark for the definition of

determinant of health.

Responses from the VCAA Advice for Teachers Glossary, page 6 include:

a. Burden of disease

A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries. Specifically it measures the gap between current health

status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of

disease is measured in a unit called the Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY).

b. Determinant of health

Factors that raise or lower the level of health in a population or individual. Determinants can be

classified in many ways such as biological, behavioural, physical environment and social.

Question 2

To be awarded two marks students need to outline the criteria the WHO use to classify Brazil as a Strata

B country and Ethiopia as a Strata E country. The following criteria must be correctly stated for each

stratum.

Brazil has been classified as a Stratum B country by the WHO because this country has low child

mortality and low adult mortality.

Ethiopia has been classified as a Stratum E country because this country has high child mortality and

very high adult mortality.


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Question 3

Students should be awarded one mark for outlining why each prerequisite must be available for

improvements in health to occur.

Sample responses are:

Shelter:

Housing is important to ensure that people have shelter from the elements and protection from the cold,

rain and the sun which protects against diseases such as influenza, pneumonia and other respiratory

conditions.

Peace:

Peace allows people to achieve optimal health. The absence of war or conflict allows people to live their

lives free of injuries and disabilities caused by combat and other acts of violence that often occur during

war time. Mental health issues due to the effects of war such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder

are not evident when a country is at peace.

Families will not be destroyed and children will not be left orphaned if peace exists. If peace exists

women will not be victims of war crimes such as rape and violence, and families will not be left homeless

or in refugee camps where access to shelter, food, water and sanitation is limited leading to poorer health

outcomes.

Infrastructure such as roads, water wells, schools, hospitals and farmland remains intact when peace

exists. Important infrastructure such as this is not targeted for damage during times of peace but in times

of war considerable strain is placed on the health care system, education systems and agriculture, to the

point where citizens are deprived of health care, education, food and water which causes ill-health and

premature death.

Question 4a

To be awarded two marks students must explain what private health insurance is and state how it is

funded. A sample response could include:

Private health insurance is health insurance that can be purchased in addition to Medicare to provide an

individual or family with a wider range of health care options and more comprehensive health cover.

There are two types of private health insurance: hospital & general treatment (ancillary or extras). They

can be purchased separately or most funds offer combined policies. Private health insurance is funded by

the individual - the amount that you pay is called an insurance premium.

Question 4b

To be awarded two marks students need to identify the trend in the number or percentage of privately

insured people in Australia. Students must include data to support the trend identified. Students only need

to make reference to either the percentage or number figures in their response. Sample responses could

include:


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The percentage of people in the Australian population with private hospital insurance has increased from

approximately 27% in 1999 to 46% in 2014.

The number of people in the Australian population with private hospital insurance has increased from

approximately 6.1 million in 1999 to11.3 million in 2014.

Question 4c

To be awarded three marks students must correctly identify one incentive (one mark) that has been

introduced by the federal government that has led to an increasing number of people taking out or buying

private health insurance over time, and explain what the incentive involves (two marks). Sample

responses could include:

Private Health Insurance Incentives:

Private Health Insurance Rebate: The Australian Government provides the Private Health Insurance

Rebate to encourage people to take out and maintain private health insurance. Most people are

eligible for a 30% rebate on their insurance costs. The rebate is income tested. This incentive reduces

the cost of private health insurance premiums which is desirable for many people.

Lifetime Health Cover: If you purchase hospital cover after the 1st of July following your 31st

birthday, you will have to pay Lifetime Health Cover (LHC) loading on top of your premium. The

loading increases for every year you are aged over 30 and because of this it encourages people to

take out private health insurance earlier in life to reduce the possible higher expense incurred if

private health insurance is not purchased until then.

Medicare Levey Surcharge: If you are not covered by a private hospital insurance policy and you

earn above a certain income threshold, you may have to pay the Medicare Levy Surcharge (between

1-1.5% of your income) when you lodge your tax return. The additional money a person without

private health insurance may have to pay depends on their level of income but for some people this

could be a high amount – more than the cost of buying private health insurance.

Question 5a

To be awarded two marks students need to define incidence according to the definition provided in the

VCAA Advice to Teachers glossary and explain how this measure differs from prevalence. Students

should not just state the definitions of the two terms, they must clearly state how the measures are

different. A sample response could be:

In relation to illness (morbidity) patterns, incidence is the number or rate of new cases of a disease

during a specified period of time. Incidence is usually reported in a 12 month period. This differs from

prevalence as this refers to the total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition

present in a population at a given time. So incidence refers only to the new cases of a disease whereas

prevalence is the total number of cases of a disease at a particular time.

http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/insurancerebate.htm

http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/insurancerebate.htm

http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/lifetimehealthcover.htm

http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/healthinsurance/incentivessurcharges/mls.htm


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Question 5b

For two marks students need to provide a description of the cancer disease area itself and correctly

identify examples of the range of cancers that are recognised in this NHPA.

The Cancer Control NHPA focuses on eight different types of cancer which include: lung cancer,

melanoma, non-melanocytic skin cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma,

cervical cancer and breast cancer. Cancer is a diverse group of diseases where the body’s cells become

defective and begin to multiply out of control. These abnormal cells invade and damage body tissue and

can also spread to other parts of the body to cause further damage such as tumours.

Question 5c

To be awarded two marks, students need to accurately identify two relevant risk factors for the NHPA

cancer. No marks are awarded for providing risk factors for a cancer that is not identified as part of the

Cancer Control NHPA and no marks are to be awarded if students provide risk factors for NHPA cancers

that are not represented in the graph. Examples for each appropriate cancer could include:

NHPA Cancer Risk factors

Prostate Advancing age: the risk of developing increases with age.

Family history: males who have a first degree relative with prostate cancer

have a higher chance of developing it than men with no such history.

Poor diet: diets high in fat and low in fruit and vegetables increase the risk.

Bowel (Colorectal) Advancing age: the risk rises sharply and progressively from the age of 50.

Family history: having a family history of bowel cancer increases the risk.

Poor diet: a diet high in red and processed meat and drinking too much

alcohol has been linked with an increased risk. A diet low in fruit and

vegetables and other fibre foods can increase the risk.

Overweight/obesity: being overweight or obese may increase the risk.

Breast Sex: women are 100 times more likely to develop breast cancer than men.

Advancing age: for both men and women the risk of breast cancer

increases with age particularly from age 50 onwards.

Family history: having a family history of breast cancer increases the risk.

Hormonal factors: some factors that may increase the risk include older

age at menopause, use of contraceptive pill, younger age at menarche.

Overweight/obesity: being overweight or obese is thought to slightly

increase the risk.

Alcohol: drinking more than three standard drinks a day may also increase

the risk.

Melanoma UV radiation exposure: overexposure to UV radiation from the sun or

sunbeds.

Family history: individuals with a family history of melanoma have an

increased risk

Skin: those with fair skin and have a high mole count have an increased

risk.

Lung Tobacco smoking: people who smoke tobacco are at an increased risk

Environmental factors: exposure to passive smoking, radon and asbestos

increases the risk


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Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Weakened immune system: people with a weakened immune system are at

an increased risk. Weakened immune system can be caused by viruses.

Environmental factors: exposure to radiation and certain chemicals

increases the risk.

Question 5d

For two marks students should outline two different examples of how the biomedical model of health can

be used to reduce morbidity/ mortality associated with the cancer selected in question 5c.

Suitable examples for breast cancer include:

The biomedical model of health could be used to diagnose and treat breast cancer. Diagnostic tests may

help to identify breast cancer in the early stages of the disease where the cancer can be treated more

successfully. Early diagnosis may lead to a decrease in the mortality associated with breast cancer.

Detecting possible cancerous cells (tumour) may occur using the following:

A doctor or breast care nurse may perform a breast examination which involves carefully feeling

the breasts and under the arms for cell changes (tumours).

A mammogram which is an x-ray of the breast or an ultrasound may also be performed to detect

any changes.

Biopsy: the surgical removal of cells/tissue which can be viewed under a microscope by a

pathologist to check for signs of cancer.

If breast cancer is diagnosed a number of treatments can be used to prolong life and increase life

expectancy. The type of treatment chosen will depend on the type of cancer. Examples include:

Surgery: often needed to remove the breast tumour.

Radiation therapy: is treatment with high-energy rays that destroy cancer cells.

Chemotherapy: is treatment with cancer-killing drugs that shrink tumours and kill cancer cells.

Question 5e

For two marks students need to accurately name an appropriate Dietary Guideline and provide an

explanation of how the guideline could help prevent colorectal cancer.

Suitable answers could include:

Guideline 2: Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from these five food groups every day and drink

plenty of water.

This dietary guideline promotes the consumption of a variety of foods from the five food groups each

day. Part of this includes recommendations to consume lean meats and poultry, fish, eggs nuts, seeds

and legumes/beans. By following the recommendation of this guideline an individual is not likely to

consume processed meats which have been associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer. Other

recommendations suggest the consumption of grain foods with wholemeal/high fibre varieties

preferred and to drink plenty of water. Consuming foods high in fibre in addition to water helps

improve digestion and waste removal which is a protective factor for the development of colorectal

cancer.


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Guideline 3: Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.

By following the recommendations of this guideline when choosing foods there is less risk of an

individual gaining weight from the consumption of energy dense foods especially foods high in fat

and sugar (simple carbohydrates). Avoiding becoming overweight or obese will help to protect an

individual from developing colorectal cancer. Further, limiting alcohol intake will also help to

reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer as consuming alcohol is considered a risk factor.

Question 6a

For two marks student must state the correct name of a value that underpins the Australian health system

and using the information in the Immunise Australia Program explain clearly how this value is

represented. Not all values are suitable to use when answering this question – marks should only be

awarded for the discussion of a value that is relevant to the stimulus material. Suitable examples include:

Sustainable:

This value involves ensuring there is adequate funding for health care initiatives (infrastructure,

workforce) in the present time but also in the future. This value is reflected in the Immunise Australia

Program as it funds the purchase of vaccinations for State and Territory governments to protect

millions of Australians from vaccine-preventable diseases.

Accessible:

The Immunise Australia Program implements the National Immunisation Program (NIP) Schedule

with vaccines for 16 diseases. Routine childhood vaccinations are free making it accessible to

Australians at the right time and place. The influenza vaccine is provided free for people at high risk

of complications from the flu.

Continuous:

The Department of Human Services administers the Australian Childhood Immunisation register to

record vaccinations given to children under the age of seven. This allows the tracking of vaccination

status and individuals can access their records to enable continuity of care.

Question 6b

To be awarded two marks, students could provide any one of the following examples of a responsibility

for health or health funding for the federal government. No marks are to be awarded if students refer to

the National Immunisation Program as an example of a responsibility. Suitable examples include:

Administration of Medicare - includes the funding of the Medicare system

Administration of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

Quarantine - the federal government is responsible for protecting Australia's borders

Provision of grants to state and territory governments to run hospitals and other health services

Establishes and funds strategies considered to be of national importance e.g. BreastScreen, NHPAs,

National Mental Health Strategy, National Bowel or Cervical Screening programs

Provides a 30% rebate on the costs of Private Health Insurance

Funds and regulates residential aged care.


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Question 7a

For two marks students need to compare the hospitalisation injury cases for males and females. Accurate

and clear statement about males and females is required and data should be used to support the

statements. Suitable responses include:

In 2010-2011 the hospitalised injury cases for males was greater than the cases for females from

birth right through to age 64 years with the greatest variation seen in the 15-19 and 20-24 year age

groups e.g. At age 15-19 years the female cases of hospitalised injury was approximately 1,000 per

100,000 population compared to males which was 3000 per 100,000 population.

In 2010-2011 the hospitalised injury cases for females was greater than that of males aged 70+

years. For example, at age 75-79 years the male hospitalised injury was approximately 3000 per

100,000 population compared to 4500 per 100,000 for females.

Question 7b

For two marks students must outline one indirect cost of injury to the individual and one intangible cost to

the individual. Suitable examples could include:

Indirect costs to the individual of injury:

An individual may have to take time off work to recover from the injury and may experience a loss of

income.

The cost of transportation if the person is unable to drive e.g. taxis.

The cost of employing home help if the person is unable to undertake tasks at home including

cleaning or yard maintenance.

Intangible costs to the individual of injury:

Experiencing pain as a result of the injury.

Stress - an individual may become stressed from financial strain.

If the injury results in permanent disability the individual make no longer be able to work or may

have to change occupation. This change in circumstances may cause depression.

Loss of self-esteem if the injury leads to disability in the short or long term or the individual can no

longer participate in activities that were once enjoyed.

Question 7c

For two marks students need to outline one social determinant and one behavioural determinant that may

act as a risk factor for any type of injury. Suitable examples may include:

Social determinants:

Socioeconomic status - low SES status groups have higher rates of injury. This may be due to lower

levels of education about how to carry out safe behaviours and lack of income to maintain motor

vehicles in safe working order.

Occupation: some occupations are by their nature considered more dangerous than others and can

be a risk factor for injuries including back strain, burns, scalds and fractures due to falls.


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Social isolation – some people may have infrequent contact with others due to their personal

circumstances such as ill-health, disability, living in a rural setting – this may lead to mental health

issues and increased possibility of injury through self-harm.

Behavioural determinants:

Alcohol use – people affected by alcohol may be more likely to take risks which can result in higher

rates of injury from falls, drowning, injuries from assault and pedestrian injury. People under the

influence of alcohol are more likely to drink and drive and be injured or disabled in road crashes.

Physical activity – people who participate in sport/games are more likely to be injured particularly if

the sport is a contact sport or an extreme sport. Typical injuries may include fractures, head injuries,

strains and sprains.

Drug use – being under the influence of drugs when driving can lead to injuries sustained in road

crashes. Drug use can also increase the likelihood of developing a mental health issue which may

increase injury levels from self-harm.

Question 7d

Students should identify an existing health promotion program in Australia that could be effective in

reducing the burden of disease associated with injury – no marks are awarded for the name of the

program. To be awarded three marks, students should describe key characteristics of the program

including how it addresses the risk factors associated with injury and therefore reduces the burden of

disease. There may be a range of programs students choose when responding to this question so teachers

will need to consider the merit of these. Examples of suitable programs may include:

SpinChat

SpinChat is an initiative of Independence Australia. The SpinChat program aims to raise awareness,

promote prevention and educate secondary students about spinal cord injury. The program sees young

people with a spinal cord injury (SCI) and in wheelchairs, visits high school students to talk about life

before their injury, the cause of their injury, and life since. A strong focus of the presentation is on risk

minimisation and the consequences of careless or high-risk activities such as dangerous driving or diving

into shallow waters. The sessions include an introductory DVD, the speaker sharing their personal story

and experiences of spinal cord injury, and time for questions from students. Accompanying the program

is a teacher’s pack containing extension activities, a speaker biography and further information about

spinal cord injury.

Elmo Stay’s Safe – Road Safety Campaign

The Elmo stay’s safe road safety campaign was developed by the Sesame Workshop, Kidsafe, the TAC,

RACV and Holden. The program targets parents/carers, teachers and young children. By educating

parents, children and teachers about the importance of simple road safety practices, the program hopes

to lower death and disability in young children from motor vehicle accidents and pedestrian injuries. The

program aims to teach people about how to be a safe pedestrian and how to behave in a safe manner

around driveways, carparks, roads and when driving in vehicles. The program delivers its message by

providing a ‘Storybook’ - there is a free site to download the storybook titled ‘Elmo Stays Safe: How

Furry Little Monsters – and Children – Play Safely’. This book features Elmo and his mum on their

journey to the playground, and focuses on the importance of practising safe behaviours around roads,

driveways and carparks. The ‘Elmo Stays Safe’ iPad App was developed for use by adults with young


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children to provide a fun and engaging way for families to learn about the importance of road safety. The

App features Elmo on a car trip with his mum – children are able to make sure Elmo has his seat belt

buckled, to decide when it is safe for Elmo to get out of the car and to make sure the coast is clear for

Elmo and his mum to cross the road together. Posters and interactive learning games are available on

the website which features Elmo and Grover that help to reinforce key messages involving safe play in

vehicles, carparks, drive-ways and around roads.

Question 8a

For three marks students need to outline one function of the mineral sodium in the body and provide two

foods that are typically high in sodium. Suitable examples include:

Function of sodium in the body Two examples of foods high in sodium

Sodium facilitates muscle contraction and nerve cell

transmission.

Sodium helps to maintain normal fluid balance in the

body. It therefore helps to regulate blood volume and

blood pressure.

Table salt

Processed meats - sausages, salami

Pre-packaged sauces - tomato sauce,

soy sauce

Dehydrated or packet foods such as

instant pasta or soups

Most snack and fast foods such as

potato chips, savoury biscuits

Question 8b

For one mark students need to outline one role of VicHealth. There are a number of roles carried out by

VicHealth. Suitable response could include:

VicHealth’s role is to promote health in the community by targeting the broader determinants of health

including the social, economic and environmental factors that influence health.

VicHealth forms partnerships and works with organisations, communities and individuals to promote the

health and wellbeing of Victorians.

VicHealth funds health promotion projects that are delivered in communities to promote health and

reduce the health inequities that exist in different population groups.

VicHealth provides sponsorship for a range of cultural and sporting organisations in Victoria to raise

awareness about the opportunities provided by such groups and to encourage community participation to

promote health and wellbeing.


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Question 8c

To be awarded one mark students should identify the following VicHealth priority area:

Promote healthy eating

Question 8d

To be awarded four marks, student should identify two principles of the social model of health (two

marks) and briefly outline how each principle is evident in the Salt Reduction in Victoria initiative (two

marks). No marks are to be awarded for principles of the social model of health not evident in stimulus

material for the program. Examples could include the following:

Empowers individuals and communities:

The Salt Reduction in Victoria initiative aims to increase consumer awareness about salt intake and

educate people about the ways to reduce daily salt intake. One strategy used to raise awareness about

sodium intake was through a video that was release to the Victorian public that shows the link between

high sodium intake and ill-health. The video also provided practical steps an individual can take to

reduce their intake of salt. This initiative increases knowledge and understanding about salt intake and

provides practical ways to reduce sodium intake. By providing such information people can make more

informed choices about their food intake and take action to improve their health.

Involves inter-sectoral collaboration:

The Salt Reduction in Victoria initiative involved the establishment of a Salt Reduction Partnership

Group to develop an action plan for salt reduction in Victoria. The George Institute for Global Health,

The Heart Foundation, Deakin University and the Victorian Health Department supported this initiative

in conjunction with VicHealth. These groups represented a variety of sectors including the education

sector, state government and other key stakeholders such as non-government agencies and they worked

together to help bring about improvements in the health of Victorians by developing an action plan for

salt reduction.

Question 9a

For two marks students need to discuss two different ways the Australian government could use the

information collected from nutrition surveys. Suitable responses include:

The government could assess changes in dietary habits and nutritional status over time to determine

trends and make policy changes based on the trends.

The government could assist with developing health related goals and the results could be used as a

basis for nutrition guidelines modification or the development of public health promotion strategies.

The results could help the government to assess the effectiveness of current nutrition education

strategies and food models such as the Dietary Guidelines and the Australian Guide to Healthy

Eating. The government can then modify or develop appropriate food and nutrition policy based on

the findings.


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The government can provide the findings/information to other organisations such as Nutrition

Australia to help them with their education programs and resource development to promote healthy

eating.

The government can analyse selected population groups and their food and nutrient consumption and

therefore respond according to the needs of that particular group.

The results could be used to inform national food regulations – this might include a recommendation

to mandatory fortify foods with a particular nutrient that may be lacking in the diets of many

Australians.

Question 9b

For four marks, students must identify two nutrients found in vegetables that have been studied this year

(two marks) and for each of the nutrients identified provide a description of how each one functions as a

determinant of health (two marks). Suitable responses include:

Nutrient Function as a determinant of health

Carbohydrates

The main function of carbohydrates is as an energy source for the body. It is the

preferred source of fuel for the body’s energy. Over-consuming carbohydrate foods,

particularly simple carbohydrates, contributes a high number of kilojoules (energy).

Carbohydrates that are not used for energy are converted and stored in the body as

fat. This can lead to a person becoming overweight or obese, which then places a

person at greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

Fibre

Fibre is a type of carbohydrate that is needed for the efficient functioning of the

digestive system. It assists in the transport of food through the intestines helping in

the regular elimination of faeces. Because fibre adds bulk to faeces it assists in the

prevention of constipation and colo-rectal cancer.

Fibre foods are bulky and therefore filling and they are also low in fat. A person

consuming a high-fibre diet is likely to eat less food because the fibre foods make

them feel fuller for longer therefore they consume less kilojoules. Apart from

reducing weight gain, this also reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and

cardiovascular disease.

One other role of fibre is to lower blood cholesterol levels in the body. A fibre rich

diet assists in lowering Low Density Lipoproteins (harmful cholesterol) levels in the

body and therefore may offer protection against cardiovascular disease.

Water

Water is needed to help regulate body temperature (through sweating). Not drinking

enough water can cause dehydration and increases the risk of kidney stones.

Water filters out waste and helps with the excretion of waste products from the body. Water is needed for efficient digestion and importantly it helps to maintain a healthy

digestive system by helping to remove waste from the body and prevent constipation.

This in turn has the benefit of helping to protect against colorectal cancer.


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Question 10a

To be awarded two marks students need to identify two example of how the UN promotes social and

economic development. There are a range of examples students could include and teachers may need to

consider the merit of each of these. The following examples could be included:

The UN is the largest provider of grants and funds for sustainable human programs development

worldwide.

The UN is actively involved in attaining the agreed Millennium Development Goals.

The UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) is working for the long-term survival, protection and

development of children.

Question 10b

For two marks students need to select one of the examples they have identified in question 10a. of how

the UN promotes social and economic development and explain clearly how this example aims to

improve global health.

Example - The UN is actively involved in attaining the agreed Millennium Development Goals.

The Millennium Development Goals aim to improve global health by eradicating extreme poverty and

hunger, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health and combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and

other diseases by the year 2015. If the targets for these goals are met global health and health status will

improve because globally there will a reduction in the proportion of those who earn less than a dollar a

day and a reduction in diseases of poverty such as malnutrition and diarrhoea. There will also be a

dramatic reduction in child mortality due to reduced deaths from vaccine preventable diseases such as

measles and tetanus and a reduction in maternal mortality for pregnancy related causes such as

haemorrhaging. As a result of these improvements in health, burden of disease will decline and life

expectancy will increase in the most affected countries.

Question 11

To be awarded four marks students need to identify one priority of Australia’s aid program (1 mark) and

provide one example of how DFAT promotes this priority (one mark). In their discussion of this example

students must explain how sustainable human development will be improved (two marks).

Students could identify any one of the following six priorities of Australia’s aid program but they must

then outline one clear example (program) of what the Australian government has done in response to this

priority and how it aims to improve sustainable human development.

Economic development, including encouraging trade and private sector investment

Health, including supporting the fight against HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis

Education

Empowering women and girls

Effective governance

Humanitarian aid.


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A suitable example could include:

Education:

Through the Education and Literacy Materials Partnership, DFAT is supporting the Alola Foundation, a

local Timorese Non-Government Organisation, to train primary and pre-school teachers, and provide

mobile library services to schools and communities throughout Timor-Leste. The partnership is

developing multilingual learning resources, including reading materials for early grades of primary

school. Literacy packs have been distributed to every primary school in Timor-Leste. More than 200

scholarships are provided each year for disadvantaged girls to complete secondary school, assisting with

education costs and living expenses such as transport, food and clothing.

By providing the opportunity for children to attend primary school and with the resources needed for

learning, literacy rates will increase for these children. If a child can stay at school for longer and

receive many years of school it provides current and future generations with an opportunity to achieve

their full potential and go on to lead creative and productive lives in accord with their needs and

interests. With higher levels of education and improved literacy skills current and future generations will

be better able to participate in the lives of their communities and the decisions that affect their lives and

reduce the levels of poverty in their communities.

Question 12a

For one mark students need to identify that the non-government organisation mentioned in the ‘Healthy

food – Healthy future’ information is Red Cross.

Question 12b

For students to be awarded five marks they need to describe non-government organisation aid (two

marks) and for a further one mark explain how the type of aid provided by Red Cross will improve

Kenya’s health status. A further two marks out of the possible five is awarded for an explanation of how

the assistance provided by Red Cross in Kenya will improve human development. A suitable response

could be:

Description of NGO aid:

The role of non-government organisations (NGOs) is often critical in developing countries. In drought or

famine for example NGOs have provided food to the poorest and in the ‘hard to get at’ places. NGOs

provide essential services in the developing world that in developed countries governmental agencies or

institutions would provide. Their efforts are often more effective because more of the poor people benefit

from it. NGOs deliver community based programs such as safe water programs or malaria prevention

programs, often in places where other aid may not be able to reach. Better health outcomes can usually

be achieved by NGOs because of this.

Health status:

A school feeding program for the children in the Kenya will improve their health status by reducing the

number of children who are suffering from diseases of malnutrition. Providing nutrient dense porridge

will increase growth and immune functioning and allow children to more likely survive the effects of


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infectious disease and diarrhoea thereby reducing the Under 5 Mortality Rate. Assisting families and

farmers to grow food for their communities will increase food security and decrease infant, child and

adult morality rates from undernutrition and increase the life expectancy of Kenyans.

Human development:

The provision of a food program in school and assisting farmers to grown food in drought regions will

improve the health of individuals and communities. When children are malnourished suffering diseases

such as marasmus and iron deficiency anaemia, they are unable to attend school and parents may be

forced to remain home to care for them. By providing healthy food at schools and teaching communities

to grow their own food children can continue to attend school and be given the opportunity to develop to

their full potential. As their level of education increases they increase their chances of leading

productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. When children are well nourished they

can continue to attend school. Their choices are expanded and their capabilities are enhanced. Attending

school increases literacy and numeracy and provides increased opportunities to earn an income and

improve their standard of living – where they no longer live in extreme poverty. When children are

healthy and educated they are more able to participate in the life of their community and are more

empowered to make decisions affecting their lives.

Question 13a

To be awarded one mark, students must interpret the data to identify the trend evident in tobacco-related

deaths over time. Students should identify any of the following trends:

Cumulative tobacco-related deaths are increasing at a significantly higher rate in the developing

world when compared to the developed world.

From 2005 to 2030 the cumulative tobacco related deaths in developed countries is predicted to be

40 million compared to developing countries where the death rate is predicted to be 135 million.

Cumulative tobacco-related deaths are predicted to increase worldwide in both developed and

developing countries.

Question 13b

For students to be awarded two marks they need to outline two factors that might account for the

projected (increase) in tobacco related deaths in developing countries, both in the present and into the

future. Examples may include:

The increase and projected increase of tobacco related deaths may be attributed to the tobacco

industry continuing to identify developing countries as new markets for the promotion and

consumption of their tobacco products. Children, youth and women are now seen as the targets of

choice by these companies. When people are exposed and enticed to smoke from a young age

through unregulated advertising and sponsorship promotions they are more likely to become life-long

smokers who suffer the effects of tobacco related illness and premature death.

The increase and projected increase of tobacco related deaths may be due to tobacco companies

using aggressive marketing tactics to promote cigarettes to the public – including children. Because

of the lack of regulation in many development countries, it is not uncommon for new smokers to be


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encouraged to take up the habit by offering free samples and selling small and cheaper packages of

cigarettes. This makes tobacco more accessible and affordable which leads to an increasing number

of people smoking and suffering the effects of smoking related illness and death.

Poor governmental controls and lack of infrastructure to enforce any bans that do exist on tobacco

advertising and the sale of tobacco products may lead to higher numbers of people smoking. Also

there may not be legislation in place where it is illegal to advertise and sell tobacco products to

minors. There may be no/fewer laws about health warnings on cigarette packets.

There may be lack of education about the effects of smoking in the community and in schools. The

governments in developing countries may not be able to fund widespread health promotion

campaigns about anti-smoking messages and there may not be funds available to provide a

prevention program such as the Quit campaign.

Developing countries may not be able to cope with burden of treatment of tobacco related diseases

and may not have the financial resources to diagnose and treat patients in the early stages of disease

where death may be prevented. Developing countries are often faced with the burden of the double

burden of disease and there are not enough resources to treat and prevent all conditions, including

tobacco related diseases. This can increase mortality rates in developing countries.

Question 13c

For students to be awarded two marks they must outline two examples of the impact tobacco smoking can

have on the health of people living in a developing country. Students could refer to the physical, social or

mental dimensions of health in their response. Example could include:

Physical health - tobacco smoking can impact on the efficient functioning of the body and cause:

Cancer of the lung, mouth, throat, pancreas.

Lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which

includes emphysema.

Coronary artery disease, heart disease, heart attack and stroke.

Poor blood circulation in limbs, which can lead to pain and, in severe cases, gangrene and

amputation.

Loss of income which could mean no money to buy food which can lead to malnutrition and no

money to buy or access safe drinking water which can lead to diarrhoea, when a parent who is

the main income earner suffers from a tobacco related disease such as lung cancer or

emphysema they may be no longer able to work.

Social health:

Due to suffering a tobacco related disease such as heart attack or cancer, a person may be

unable to continue working – this may reduce the opportunities to socialise with others and

interact with other colleagues and family members on a daily basis. Due to illness, a person is

unable to participate in community events, therefore reducing social health.

Mental health:


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Due to suffering a tobacco related disease such as a heart attack or cancer, a person may require

care from a partner or children. This may lead an ill person to feel as though they are a burden

on their family and therefore reduce their self-esteem. If the ill person is the main income earner

of the family they may feel distressed and worthless due to not being able to contribute to the

family’s income. If a person is diagnosed with a terminal illness, this can lead to stress, anxiety

and worry about how the family will survive. The ill person will need to manage the difficulties

faced by ill-health and cope with the effects of the illness.

Question 14a

For one mark students need to state that access to improved drinking water sources and improved

sanitation facilities data relates to MDG 7 – Ensure environmental sustainability.

Question 14b

For two marks students need to provide a description of the purpose of MDG 7 - Ensure environmental

sustainability . The description should include two key points about the purpose. A suitable response

includes:

The purpose of this goal is to incorporate principles of sustainable development into country policies and

programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources including reducing biodiversity loss. This goal

also aims to increase access to safe water and sanitation, and improve the lives of slum dwellers.

Question 14c

For three marks students need to discuss three key points about the importance of MDG 7 - Ensure

environmental sustainability. A suitable response could be:

The reason why MDG 7 is important is so that future generations can then provide for themselves and

their children. Biodiversity is essential for future food supplies and income. Increasing greenhouse gas

emissions increase temperatures on a global level. This can result in changing weather patterns such as

drought, hurricanes, tsunamis and floods which contributes significantly to the burden of disease in

affected areas.

This goal is also important because lack of water is responsible for many preventable deaths each year.

Without access to safe clean water there is an increased risk of diseases such as diarrhoea and malaria.

Hundreds of millions of people live in urban slums where the physical environmental results in many

deaths. Improving the physical environment in slums is important in reducing the risk of infectious

disease.

Question 15a

To be awarded two marks students need to use the data in the table as the basis for comparing the health

status of Burundi to that of Liberia and Congo. A sample response might include:

The overall health status of Burundi is lower compared to that of Liberia and Congo. Burundi has the

highest under 5 mortality rate with 104 deaths per 1000 live births as opposed to 75 deaths in Liberia and

96 in Congo. Burundi also has a life expectancy at birth of 56 years, which is the lowest of the three

developing countries as Liberia has a life expectancy at birth of 62 years and Congo has a life expectancy

at birth of 59 years.


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Question 15b

To gain six marks, students will be awarded three marks for describing how access to health care could

contribute to variations in health status and three marks for describing how education could contribute to

variations in health status. In order to receive full marks students should compare access to health care

and education in Australia to Burundi. Sample responses could include:

Access to health care:

Most people in Australia are able to access basic health care services through a government subsidised

public health insurance scheme where if they become ill they can be more easily treated and return to

optimal health quickly. During pregnancy and childbirth for example, women have access to medical

care to monitor pregnancy and identify any early signs of complications. In Burundi most of the

population do not have access to basic health care services such as immunisation for their children and

monitoring during pregnancy. If illness occurs, then families are left to take care of the sick members and

without medical assistance, premature death is high. This is evident in their low life expectancy and high

under 5 mortality rates. Lack of access to reproductive health services means the health of the mother

and the developing child is not monitored throughout pregnancy and conditions such as pre-eclampsia

and breech birth positions go undiagnosed. During labour, there is often a lack of trained birth

attendants and complications such as haemorrhage and infections can lead to much higher maternal

death rates in Burundi. In Australia people are able to access emergency health care more easily – if

emergency treatment is required due to accidents/injuries this can be provided in the many hospitals

provided. Life-saving surgery can take place and death rates are reduced as a result. In Burundi,

emergency health care is scarce and there are fewer skilled health workers therefore deaths rates from

injury would be higher.

Education:

Education is important to enable children to gain the skills needed to get a well-paid job and break the

cycle of poverty. Children in Burundi are much less likely to be provided with the opportunity to attend

school and receive an education. This is because Burundi being a low income and poor country is not

able to devote the financial resources to build and provide resources to schools and train teachers.

Children in Australia are by law required to attend school and must remain in school until the age of 17

years. This compulsory education ensures that all individuals have a high level of knowledge of health

and how to prevent ill health therefore having lower levels of morbidity and mortality and increased life

expectancy. In Burundi girls are often the group who miss out on education yet educating girls means as

mothers, they have the knowledge to enable them to make decisions about the importance of

immunisation and undertaking preventative health behaviours. Educated women tend to have fewer

children and have greater control over their fertility. This leads to reduced infant and under 5 mortality

rates. Educated individuals are more likely to obtain employment and to earn a living which helps to

break the cycle of poverty.


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Question 16a

To be awarded three marks, students are to select one area or priority contained within the six point

agenda of the WHO and one that is represented in the information, and briefly outline it (two marks).

Students must also provide one example from the information provided that would support and show an

understanding of the area or priority (1 mark). Teachers are advised to be flexible when considering

whether examples provided by students should rest with one or another of the areas. Not all the WHO

area or priorities are represented in the stimulus material provided.

The WHO has six priorities that provide the agenda for its work. The WHO priorities that could be used

in this question include:

WHO Priority Brief outline Example from the information

Universal health

coverage

The aim of universal health coverage is to

ensure all people have access to the health

services they need regardless of their

ability to pay. The WHO responds to the

demands from countries needing practical

advice on how to move forward with

achieving the goal of universal health

coverage .

The WHO recognizes the urgent need

to expand prevention measures and

quality-assured diagnostic testing for

malaria to all. The significant gaps

that exist in the diagnosis and

treatment of malaria need to be

addressed to improve health outcomes

globally.

International

health

regulations

The International Health Regulations

outline the rights and responsibilities of

countries in relation to reporting public

health events. Countries must report certain

disease outbreaks and public health threats

to the WHO to prevent public health risks

that may cross country borders and

threaten people worldwide. The WHO has a

leadership role in this area and is

responsible for co-ordinating the response

to public health emergencies.

The WHO is releasing updated

guidelines for the treatment and

preventive treatment of malaria.

There is an expectation that the latest

recommendations about malaria will

be adopted in all countries and that

each country will respond to WHO

processes for managing malaria so

this health concern can be contained.

Increasing access

to medical

products

Equity in public health depends on access

to essential, safe, high-quality and

affordable and effective medicines.

Improving access to medical products is

important to the achievement of universal

health coverage.

The updated Guidelines for the

Treatment for Malaria should help

expand access to recommended

treatments for all citizens in affected

countries. Providing access to

effective treatments for all is essential

to improve health outcomes.

Social, economic

and

environmental

determinants

Improving people’s health outcomes and

increasing healthy life expectancy requires

action across the range of determinants

that contribute to ill-health. The WHO

works with other sectors to act on what

causes disease and ill-health and they work

to address health determinants and promote

equity.

WHO has developed a new global

malaria strategy and this has been

developed in close consultation with

the most affected countries and

partners which recognises that the

most vulnerable of communities (the

poorest, geographically isolated,

uneducated) need to be targeted to

enable countries to work towards

malaria elimination.


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Health related

Millennium

Development

Goals

The world must maintain the gains that

have been made towards the 2015

Millennium Development Goals and help

create more equal levels of achievement.

MDG 6 – Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria

and other diseases aims to halt and

reverse the incidence of malaria. This

goal is important as malaria

contributes significantly to the burden

of disease in developing countries but

with simple cost effective methods of

prevention the number of cases can be

dramatically reduced.

Question 16bi

For four marks student must describe a program that has been introduced in a developing country to

reduce deaths from malaria (two marks). For a further mark student must provide a description of the type

of aid involved in the delivery of the program and for a further two marks students should describe how

the malaria program was implemented. Students should be drawing on their knowledge of a program

they have studied. No marks are awarded for the name of the program. One example of a suitable

program includes:

‘Stop Malaria’ Campaign in Uganda

Description of the program:

World Vision, in collaboration with the Ugandan Ministry of Health and with the support of the UN,

launched the ‘Stop Malaria Campaign’. Malaria is the leading cause of sickness and death and hospital

admissions in Uganda - one out of 11 children dies from the disease before the age of 5. Uganda’s

Ministry of Health aims to reduce preventable malaria-related deaths by 70 percent by the end of 2015.

Millions of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated (bed) Nets (LLINs) will be freely distributed in Uganda this

year to help achieve this goal.

Type of aid:

To achieve the goal of reducing preventable malaria-related deaths in Uganda the Global Fund to Fight

AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria in conjuction with the United Nations, the United Nations Foundation

and World Vision, are supporting this goal – this approach represents multilateral aid. Multilateral aid is

being provided and World Vision – a non-government organisation, is responsible for the delivery of the

program.

How the program was implemented:

World Vision is taking the lead in the country-wide campaign by distributing the first half a million

insecticide treated nets. World Vision’s malaria elimination program in Uganda also includes the

delivery of community education programs on preventing the malaria, as well as anti-malarial drugs and

rapid diagnosis kits provided to health centres. As part of the community education program women in

the community health centres are shown how to hang the LLINs and taught about the importance of

replacing nets when they are worn out. The Global Fund has also pre-positioned doses of anti-malarial

medication in the health centres that women visit, to ensure there is prompt treatment to save children’s

lives, regardless of their family’s income.


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Question 16bii

To be awarded four marks students need to identify two elements of sustainability evident in the program

and draw conclusions about each based on examples drawn from the program. Two marks should be

awarded for identifying the elements of sustainability and the remaining two marks for relating each to

the program and drawing conclusions about the effectiveness of the program. A sample response based on

the Stop Malaria Campaign in Uganda includes:

Appropriateness:

The Stop Malaria Campaign in Uganda is appropriate because it addresses the specific needs of the

community in Uganda – malaria is a big killer of children and contributes to high levels of morbidity. The

Ugandan community is poor and by providing this program it is targeting people and communities who

need it the most. The program is also appropriate because it focusses on education programs about

preventing malaria in the health centres. These programs also target women because they are often the

ones who visit the centres and bring their children. The community health centres are a place where

women are shown how to hang the LLINs and taught about the importance of replacing them when they

are worn out and it is a place where they can learn about other malaria prevention measures.

Affordability:

The Stop Malaria Campaign in Uganda is affordable because the LLINs are provided free of charge to

the poorest people of Uganda therefore they can access a resource that will prevent their family members

from being bitten from a mosquito carrying the malaria parasite. The Global fund also provides anti-

malarial medication in the health centres for families to access if required, free of charge. This allows

infected people to receive treatment regardless of their ability to pay for medication.

Equity:

The Stop Malaria Campaign in Uganda is equitable because it targets the poorest and most vulnerable

people in the Ugandan community and teaches important skills about the prevention of a killer disease.

Prevention measures and treatment is provided free of charge which means that people who are poor are

not missing out on the program because of their inability to pay.

Question 16biii

To gain four marks, students will be awarded two marks for outlining how the malaria program described

in 16bi. above could improve global health and two marks for explaining how the malaria program could

improve sustainable human development. Sample responses could include:

Global health:

By preventing the spread of malaria by using insecticide treated nets and by having testing kits

available in health centres to detect malaria in its early stages the health of Ugandans will improve.

Less people will become infected with the disease and therefore in the country we will see a reduction

in malaria morbidity, U5MR and adult mortality rates. The economic burden placed on the provision

of health care for malaria patients will be reduced and can be redirected into other key health


©2015 Ser7HHU34EB


programs for children such as immunisation and HIV prevention programs – this too will contribute

to the achievement of global health.

Sustainable human development:

By preventing the spread of malaria through the use of insecticide treated nets and by having access

to testing kits to detect malaria quickly the number of people contracting and suffering the effects of

this killer disease will be reduced. If people do not contract malaria they remain healthy and can

attend school and work as well as participate in family and community activities. By providing access

to malaria prevention education programs and providing the resources needed to test and treat the

condition the health and health status of the current and future generations will improve. Current and

future generations will have the capacity to achieve their potential and go on to lead creative and

productive lives in accord with their needs and interest. A malaria free community will also enable

both current and future generations to participate more fully in the lives of their communities and the

decisions that affect their lives because they will not be suffering from malaria and falling victim to

the health side effects of disease which can increase morbidity and disability.

Documents

VCE Health and Human Developmentmissrothwellhhd.weebly.com/uploads/2/4/4/8/24483798/qats...QATs VCE® Health and Human Development Practice Examination Units 3 and 4 ©2015 Ser7HHU34EB