VCE PHYSICAL EDUCATION THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM...2019/04/06 · Lungs – Gas exchange Pulmonary diffusion explains the gaseous exchange that occurs in the lungs. Once air enters the

© Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2017 1

Study design dot points:

• the structure and function of the respiratory system, including: the structure and function of the lungs, the mechanics of breathing, and the gaseous exchange at the alveoli/capillary and the capillary/muscle interfaces.

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMVCE PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Presented by Chris Hudd



This lesson

Gas exchange

Tidal volume, respiratory rate and ventilation

Breathing

The respiratory system


Respiratory systemThe respiratory system includes the lungs and airways that are responsible for gas exchange in the body.• The system is responsible for the following functions:• Deliver air from the atmosphere into the lungs• Transfer oxygen into the bloodstream• Remove carbon dioxide from the blood

Gas exchange


Breathing


Image used under license from Pixabay


Respiratory systemThe respiratory system includes the lungs and airways that are responsible for gas exchange in the body.• The system is responsible for the following functions:• Deliver air from the atmosphere into the lungs• Transfer oxygen into the bloodstream• Remove carbon dioxide from the blood

Gas exchange


Breathing


Image used under license from Wikimedia Commons

Nasal cavity

Trachea

BronchiBronchioles

Lungs

Diaphragm


BreathingInspirationThe movement of air from the external environment into the lungs.

Gas exchange


Breathing


ExpirationThe movement of air out of the lungs to the external environment.

Source: https://c2.staticflickr.com/8/7111/13578797865_8fcbed38ca_b.jpg


Breathing – Key termsLung capacity is the volume of air that can be held in the lungs after maximum inspiration.

Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration.

Residual volume is the amount of air left in the lungs at the end of a conscious, maximal expiration.

Gas exchange


Breathing


https://www.youtube.com/v/8NUxvJS-_0k


Breathing – Key termsTidal volume is the amount of air that is inspired per breath.

Respiratory rate is the amount of breaths taken per minute.

Ventilation is the amount of air that is inspired and expired per minute.

Gas exchange


Breathing



𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑇𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒×𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

Image used under license from Pixabay


Multiple choice activityThe amount of air that can be inspired and expired with each breath is known as:

A. vital capacity.

B. residual volume.

C. tidal volume.

D. expiratory reserve capacity.

Insight 2011 Exam 1 Section A Q2


Multiple choice – ResponseThe amount of air that can be inspired and expired with each breath is known as:

A. vital capacity.

B. residual volume.

C. tidal volume.

D. expiratory reserve capacity.

Insight 2011 Exam 1 Section A Q2


Respiratory control centreThe control of breathing is performed by the brain’s respiratory control centre.

The CO2 and O2 sensors constantly monitor levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the bloodstream, and make adjustments to breathing rates to maintain homeostasis.

This control centre ensures that the right amount of oxygen is inhaled, and the right amount of carbon dioxide is exhaled.

Gas exchange


Breathing



Pons Medulla

Breathing control centers stimulated by:

&

CO2 increase /pH decrease in blood

Nerve signals indicating CO2

and O2 levels

CO2 and O2

sensors in aorta

Nerve signals trigger contraction of muscles


Changes during exercise –Respiratory rateContent and information

Gas exchange


Breathing


SummaryAs exercise intensity increases, respiratory rate increases to maximal levels.


Changes during exercise – Tidal volume

Gas exchange


Breathing


SummaryInitially – as intensity increases from rest, to submaximal intensity, to maximal intensity – tidal volume increases until it reaches its maximum volume at a submaximal intensity. Any further increase in intensity is done without any further increase in tidal volume.


Changes during exercise –VentilationContent and information

Gas exchange


Breathing


SummaryAs intensity increases from rest, to submaximal intensity, and then to maximal intensity, ventilation is able to also increase until maximum levels are reached. Increases in ventilation are able to occur beyond submaximal intensities, as respiratory rate continues to increase.


Short answer activity – Write a responseDiscuss the immediate changes you would expect to see in respiratory rate, tidal volume, and ventilation, during the following stages of the 20 metre shuttle run test.• As you progress from Level 1 to Level 4• As you progress from Level 6 to Level 10

(3 marks)

Written by the author

Image used under license from Pexels


Short answer activity – Read this top band exemplarDiscuss the immediate changes you would expect to see in respiratory rate, tidal volume, and ventilation, during the following stages of the 20 metre shuttle run test.• As you progress from Level 1 to Level 4• As you progress from Level 6 to Level 10

(3 marks)

Exemplar response:When progressing from Level 1 through to Level 4 in the 20 metre shuttle run test, we would expect to see increases in all of respiratory rate, tidal volume, and ventilation as we effectively move from rest to submaximal intensity work.When progressing from Level 6 through to Level 10, we would expect a further increase in the respiratory rate, but not in tidal volume, as its maximal capacity is reached at a submaximal intensity. There would be a further increase in ventilation as the intensity increases, due to the increased respiratory rate.



Short answer – Teacher’s analysisDiscuss the immediate changes you would expect to see in respiratory rate, tidal volume, and ventilation, during the following stages of the 20 metre shuttle run test.• As you progress from Level 1 to Level 4• As you progress from Level 6 to Level 10

(3 marks)Exemplar response:When progressing from Level 1 through to Level 4 in the 20 metre shuttle run test, we would expect to see increases in all of respiratory rate, tidal volume, and ventilation as we effectively move from rest to submaximal intensity work.When progressing from Level 6 through to Level 10, we would expect a further increase in the respiratory rate, but not in tidal volume, as its maximal capacity is reached at a submaximal intensity. There would be a further increase in ventilation as the intensity increases, due to the increased respiratory rate.

Marking rubric:

Key points Mark allocation

Discussion of the changes in respiratory rate in both instances mentioned. 1 mark

Discussion of the changes in tidal volume in both instances mentioned. 1 mark

Discussion of the changes in ventilation in both instances mentioned. 1 mark



Short answer activity – Mark your responseDiscuss the immediate changes you would expect to see in respiratory rate, tidal volume, and ventilation, during the following stages of the 20 metre shuttle run test.• As you progress from Level 1 to Level 4• As you progress from Level 6 to Level 10

(3 marks)

Marking rubric:


Discussion of the changes in respiratory rate in both instances mentioned. 1 mark

Discussion of the changes in tidal volume in both instances mentioned. 1 mark

Discussion of the changes in ventilation in both instances mentioned. 1 mark



Lungs – Alveoli The alveoli of the lungs are microscopic air sacs connected to the airways that carry air in and out to them. They are thin sacs of tissue that hold a network of capillaries.The thin walls of the alveoli and the thin walls of the capillaries allow gas to be exchanged between the two with ease, exposing each passing red blood cell to the fresh, oxygen-filled air we breathe in.

Gas exchange


Breathing


Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/121935927@N06/13578791885



Lungs – Gas exchangePulmonary diffusion explains the gaseous exchange that occurs in the lungs. Once air enters the alveoli, oxygen moves from the higher concentration in the alveoli, to the lower concentration of the capillaries.This is called diffusion.

Gas exchange


Breathing





Lungs – Gas exchangeAt the same time as the oxygen diffuses, the carbon dioxide moves from its area of high concentration in the capillaries – into the alveoli of the lungs – so that we can expel it as we expire.

Gas exchange


Breathing



O2

CO2

O2

O2

O2

O2

CO2

CO2

CO2

CO2


Short answer activity – Write a responseAt the commencement of exercise, a greater activation of alveoli occurs.Discuss the impact this acute response has on oxygen intake.

(2 marks)


Source: https://www.pexels.com/photo/sport-running-shoes-park-7432/


Short answer activity – Read this top band exemplarAt the commencement of exercise, a greater activation of alveoli occurs.Discuss the impact this acute response has on oxygen intake.

(2 marks)

Exemplar response:An increased activation of alveoli results in more sites being available for gas exchange between the lungs and the bloodstream.With the increased sites available for gas exchange, it means that more pulmonary diffusion is occurring, which ultimately results in increased levels of oxygen intake.


Short answer – Teacher’s analysis

At the commencement of exercise, a greater activation of alveoli occurs.Discuss the impact this acute response has on oxygen intake.

(2 marks)

Exemplar response:An increased activation of alveoli results in more sites being available for gas exchange between the lungs and the bloodstream.With the increased sites available for gas exchange, it means that more pulmonary diffusion is occurring, which ultimately results in increased levels of oxygen intake.

Marking rubric:


Discussion of the increase in sites for gas exchange 1 mark

Discussion of an increase in oxygen intake as a result 1 mark


Short answer activity – Mark your responseAt the commencement of exercise, a greater activation of alveoli occurs.Discuss the impact this acute response has on oxygen intake.

(2 marks)

Marking rubric:


Discussion of the increase in sites for gas exchange 1 mark

Discussion of an increase in oxygen intake as a result 1 mark


Bringing it all togetherThe respiratory system includes the lungs and airways that are responsible for gas exchange in the body.

The respiratory control centre in the brain is responsible for monitoring and adjusting breathing to provide adequate oxygen.

During exercise, tidal volume increases from rest to submaximal intensities, at which point it plateaus.During exercise, the respiratory rate increases from rest to maximal levels.

Pulmonary diffusion explains the gaseous exchange that occurs in the lungs. Once air enters the alveoli, oxygen moves from the higher concentration in the alveoli to the lower concentration of the capillaries.

Gas exchange


Breathing




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VCE PHYSICAL EDUCATION THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM...2019/04/06 · Lungs – Gas exchange Pulmonary diffusion explains the gaseous exchange that occurs in the lungs. Once air enters the