VFR & IFR Aeronautical Chart & Symbols

1 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS

EXPLANATION OF VFR TERMS AND SYMBOLS

The discussions and examples in this section are based on the Sectional Aeronautical Chart (Sectional). Sec-tionals include the most current data and are at a scale (1:500,000) most beneficial to pilots flying under Visual FlightRules. A pilot should have little difficulty in reading these charts which are, in many respects, similar to automobileroad maps. Each chart is named for a major city within its area of coverage.

The chart legend lists various aeronautical symbols as well as information concerning terrain and contourelevations. You may identify aeronautical, topographical, and obstruction symbols (such as radio and television tow-ers) by referring to the legend. Many landmarks which can be easily recognized from the air, such as stadiums,pumping stations, refineries, etc., are identified by brief descriptions adjacent to small black squares marking theirexact locations . Oil wells are shown by small open circles . Water, oil and gas tanks are shown by smallblack circles and labeled accordingly, if known. The scale of an item may be increased to make it easier toread on the chart.

NACO charts are prepared in accordance with specifications of the Interagency Air Cartographic Committee(IACC) and are approved by representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Department ofDefense (DoD).

TERRAIN AND OBSTRUCTIONS

The elevation and configuration of the Earth'ssurface are certainly of prime importance to pilots. Car-tographers devote a great deal of attention to showingrelief and obstruction data in a clear and concise manner.Five different techniques are used: contour lines, shadedrelief, color tints, obstruction symbols, and MaximumElevation Figures. (MEF)

1. Contour lines are lines con-necting points on the Earth of equalelevation. On Sectionals, basic con-tours are spaced at 500' intervals.Intermediate contours may also be shown at 250' inter-vals in moderately level or gently rolling areas. Occasion-ally, auxiliary contours at 50, 100, 125, or 150' intervalsmay be used to portray smaller relief features in areas ofrelatively low relief. The pattern of these lines and theirspacing gives the pilot a visual concept of the terrain.Widely spaced contours represent gentle slopes, whileclosely spaced contours represent steep slopes.

2. Shaded relief is a depic-tion of how the terrain mightappear from the air. The cartogra-pher shades the areas that wouldappear in shadow if illuminated bya light from the northwest. Studieshave indicated that our visual per-ception has been conditioned to this view.

3. Color tints are used todepict bands of elevation. These col-ors range from light green for thelowest elevations to brown for thehigher elevations.

4. Obstruction symbols areused to depict man-made vertical features that mayaffect the National Airspace System. NACO maintains afile of over 109,000 obstacles in the United States, Can-ada, the Caribbean and Mexico. Each obstacle is evalu-ated by cartographers before it is added to the visualcharts. When the position or elevation of an obstacle isunverified, it is marked UC (under construction orreported but not verified).

The data in the Digital Obstacle File (DOF) is col-lected and disseminated as part of NACO’s responsibilityfor depicting the National Airspace System.

Source data on terrain and obstructions is some-times not complete or accurate enough for use in aero-nautical publications; for example, a reported obstructionmay be submitted with insufficient detail for determiningthe obstruction's position and elevation. Such cases areidentified by NACO and investigated by the FAA FlightEdit program.

The FAA Flight Edit crew conducts data verifica-tion missions, visually verifying cultural and topographicfeatures and reviewing all obstacle data. This reviewincludes checking for obstructions that may have beenconstructed, altered, or dismantled without proper notifi-cation. Unverified obstacles are subsequently photo-

VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS 2

graphed and the position and elevation are determinedphotogrammetrically.

Generally, only man-made structures extendingmore than 200' above ground level (AGL) are charted.Objects 200' or less are charted only if they are consid-ered hazardous obstructions; for example, an obstruc-tion is much higher than the surrounding terrain or verynear an airport. Examples of features considered hazard-ous obstacles to low level flight are antennas, tanks, fac-tories, lookout towers, and smoke-stacks.

Obstacles less than 1000' AGL are shown by the

symbol . Obstacles 1000' and higher AGL are

shown by the symbol . Man-made features which areused by FAA Air Traffic Control as checkpoints may berepresented with pictorial symbols shown in black withthe required elevation data in blue.

The elevation of the top of theobstacle above mean sea level (MSL) andthe height of the structure AGL are shownwhen known or when they can be reliablydetermined by the cartographer. TheAGL height is shown in parenthesesbelow the MSL elevation. In extremely congested areasthe AGL values may be omitted to avoid confusion.

Obstacles are portrayed wherever possible. Butsince legibility would be impaired if all obstacles withincity complexes or within high density groups of obstacleswere portrayed, only the highest obstacle in an area is

shown using , the group obstacle symbol.Obstacles under construction are indicated by

the letters immediately adjacent to the symbol. Ifavailable, the AGL height of the obstruction is shown inparentheses; for example, . Obstacles with high-in tens i t y s t robe l i gh t i ng sys tems a re shown

as:

5. The Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF) repre-sents the highest elevation, including terrain and othervertical obstacles (towers, trees, etc.), within a quadrant.A quadrant on Sectionals is the area bounded by tickedlines dividing each 30 minutes of latitude and each 30minutes of longitude. MEF figures are depicted to thenearest 100' value. The last two digits of the number arenot shown. In this example the MEF represents 12,500'.

MEFs are shown over land masses as well as over openwater areas containing man-made obstacles such as oilrigs.

In the determination of MEFs, extreme care isexercised to calculate the values based on the existingelevation data shown on source material. Cartographersuse the following procedure to calculate MEFs:

When a man-made obstacle is more than 200'above the highest terrain within the quadrant:

1. Determine the elevation of the top of theobstacle above MSL.

2. Add the possible vertical error of the sourcematerial to the above figure (100' or 1/2 con-tour interval when interval on source exceeds200'. U.S. Geological Survey QuadrangleMaps with contour intervals as small as 10'are normally used).

3. Round the resultant figure up to the nexthigher hundred foot level.

Example: Elevation of obstacle top (MSL) = 2424Possible vertical error + 100

equals 2524Raise to the following 100 foot level 2600

Maximum Elevation Figure

When a natural terrain feature or natural vertical obstacle(e.g. a tree) is the highest feature within the quadrangle.:

1. Determine the elevation of the feature.2. Add the possible vertical error of the source

to the above figure (100' or 1/2 the contourinterval when interval on source exceeds200').

3. Add a 200' allowance for natural or man-made obstacles which are not portrayedbecause they are below the minimum heightat which the chart specifications require theirportrayal.

4. Round the figure up to the next higherhundred foot level.


Example: Elevation of obstacle top (MSL) = 3450Possible vertical error + 100Obstacle Allowance 200

equals 3750Raise to the following 100 foot level 3800

Maximum Elevation Figure

Pilots should be aware that while the MEF isbased on the best information available to the cartogra-pher, the figures are not verified by field surveys. Also,users should consult the Aeronautical Chart Bulletin inthe A/FD or NACO website to ensure that your chart hasthe latest MEF data available.

RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION

On visual charts, information about radio aids tonavigation is boxed, as illustrated. Duplication of data isavoided. When two or more radio aids in a general areahave the same name with different frequencies, TACANchannel numbers, or identification letters, and no misin-terpretation can result, the name of the radio aid may beindicated only once within the identification box. VHF/UHF radio aids to navigation names and identificationboxes (shown in blue) take precedence. Only those itemsthat are different (e.g., frequency, Morse Code) arerepeated in the box in the appropriate color. The choiceof separate or combined boxes is made in each case onthe basis of economy of space and clear identification ofthe radio aids.

Radio aids to navigation located on an airportdepicted by the pattern symbol may not always beshown by the appropriate symbol. A small open circleindicates the NAVAID location when co-located with anairport symbol. The type of radio aid to navigation maybe indicated by letter identification; e.g., VOR, VORTAC,etc., positioned on and breaking the top line of the iden-tification box.

AIRPORTS

Airports in the following categories are charted asindicated (additional symbols are shown later in this Sec-tion).

Public use airports:

Hard-surfaced runways greater than 8069' orsome multiple runways less than 8069'

Hard-surfaced runways 1500' to 8069'

Other than hard-surfaced runways

Seaplane bases

Military airports:

Other than hard-surfaced runways

Hard-surfaced runways are depicted the sameas public-use airports.U.S. military airports are identified by abbrevia-tions such as AAF (Army Air Field), AFB (Air ForceBase), MCAS (Marine Corps Air Station), NAS(Naval Air Station), NAF (Naval Air Facility), NAASNaval Auxiliary Air Station), etc. Canadian militaryairports are identified by the abbreviation DND(Department of National Defense).

Services available:Tick marks around the basic airport symbol indi-cate that fuel is available and the airport is tendedduring normal working hours. (Normal workinghours are Monday through Friday 10:00 A.M. to4:00 P.M. local time.)

Other airports with or without services:

Airports are plotted in their true geographic posi-tion unless the symbol conflicts with a radio aid to navi-gation (navaid) at the same location. In such cases, theairport symbol will be displaced, but the relationshipbetween the airport and the navaid will be retained.

Airports are identified by their designated name.Generic parts of long airport names (such as "airport”,"field” or "municipal") and the first names of persons arecommonly omitted unless they are needed to distinguishone airport from another with a similar name.

The following figure illustrates the coded datathat is provided along with the airport name. The eleva-tion of an airport is the highest point on the usable por-tion of the landing areas. Runway length is the length ofthe longest active runway including displaced thresholds

{


and excluding overruns. Runway length is shown to thenearest 100', using 70 as the division point; a runway8070' in length is charted as 81, while a runway 8069' inlength is charted as 80.

Airports with Control Towers (CT), and theirrelated information, are shown in blue. All other airports,and their related information, are shown in magenta (red-dish purple).

The symbol indicates the existence of a rotat-ing or flashing airport beacon operating continuouslysunset to sunrise.

The symbol indicates that runway lights are onduring hours of darkness. A indicates that the pilotmust consult the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) todetermine runway lighting limitations, such as: availableon request (by radio call, letter, phone, etc), part-timelighting or pilot/airport controlled lighting. The lighted run-way may not be the longest runway available, and maynot be lighted full length. A detailed description of airportand air navigation lighting aids available at each airportcan be found in the A/FD. The Aeronautical InformationManual (AIM) thoroughly explains the types and uses ofairport lighting aids.

CONTROLLED AIRSPACE

Controlled airspace consists of those areaswhere some or all aircraft may be subject to air trafficcontrol, such as Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D,Class E Surface (SFC) and Class E Airspace.

Class A Airspace

within the United Statesextends from 18,000' up to 60,000' MSL. While visualcharts do not depict Class A, it is important to note itsexistance.

Class B Airspace

is shown in abbreviated formon the World Aeronautical Chart (WAC). The SectionalAeronautical Chart (Sectional) and Terminal Area Chart(TAC) show Class B in greater detail. The MSL ceiling andfloor altitudes of each sector are shown in solid blue fig-

ures with the last two digits omitted: Radials and

arcs used to define Class B are prominently shown onTACs. Detailed rules and requirements associated withthe particular Class B are shown. The name by whichthe Class B is identified is shown as:

Class C Airspace

is shown in abbreviated formon WACs. Sectionals and TACs show Class C in greaterdetail.

The MSL ceiling and floor altitudes of each sectorare shown in solid magenta figures with the last two dig-

its eliminated: . The following figures identify a sec-

tor that extends from the surface to the base of the Class

B: . The name by which the Class C is identified is

shown as: . Separate notes, enclosedin magenta boxes, give the approach control frequenciesto be used by arriving VFR aircraft to establish two-wayradio communication before entering the Class C (gener-ally within 20 NM):

Class D Airspace

is symbolized by a bluedashed line. Class D operating less than continuous isindicated by the following note: . Ceilings

of Class D are shown as follows: . A minus in frontof the figure is used to indicate "from surface to but notincluding .... .”

Class E Surface (SFC) Airspace

is symbolizedby a magenta dashed line. Class E SFC operating lessthan continuous is indicated by the following note:

Class E Airspace

ex is ts at 1200' aboveground level unless desig-nated otherwise. The lat-eral and vertical limits of allClass E up to but not including 18,000' are shown bynarrow bands of vignette on Sectionals and TACs. Con-trolled airspace floors of 700' above the ground aredefined by a magenta vignette; floors other than 700'


that abut uncontrolled airspace (Class G) are defined bya blue vignette; differing floors greater than 700' above

the ground are annotated by a symbol and a

number indicating the floor. If the ceiling is less than18,000' MSL, the value (prefixed by the word "ceiling") isshown along the limits of the controlled airspace. Theselimits are shown with the same symbol indicated above.

UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE

Class G Airspace

within the United Statesextends up to 14,500' MSL. At and above this altitude isClass E, excluding the airspace less than 1500' abovethe terrain and certain special use airspace areas.

SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE

Special use airspace confines certain flight activ-ities and restricts entry, or cautions other aircraft operat-ing within specific boundaries. Except for ControlledFiring Areas, special use airspace areas are depicted onvisual aeronautical charts. Controlled Firing Areas are notcharted because their activities are suspended immedi-ately when spotter aircraft, radar, or ground lookout posi-tions indicate an aircraft might be approaching the area.Nonparticipating aircraft are not required to change theirflight paths. Special use airspace areas are shown in theirentirety (within the limits of the chart), even when theyoverlap, adjoin, or when an area is designated withinanother area. The areas are identified by type and identi-fying name or number, positioned either within or imme-diately adjacent to the area.

OTHER AIRSPACE AREAS

Mode C Required Airspace

(from the surface to10,000' MSL) within 30 NM radius of the primary air-port(s) for which a Class B is designated, is depicted by

a solid magenta line. Mode C is

required but not depicted for operations within andabove all Class C up to 10,000' MSL. Enroute Mode Crequirements (at and above 10,000' MSL except in air-

space at and below 2500' AGL) are not depicted. SeeFAR 91.215 and the AIM.

FAR 93

Airports and heliportswhere Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR93) special air traffic rules and airporttraffic patterns apply are shown by"boxing" the airport name.

FAR 91

Airports where fixed wing special visualflight rules operations are prohibited (FAR 91) are shownwith the type "NO SVFR" above the airport name.

National Security Areas

are indicated on VFRcharts with a broken magenta line. Unauthorized aircraft are requested to remain clear ofthese areas.

Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSAs)

areshown in their entirety, symbolized by a screened blackoutline of the entire area including the various sectorswithin the area.

The outer limit of the entire TRSA is a continuousscreened black line. The various sectors within the TRSAare symbolized by slightly narrower screened black lines.

Each sector altitude is identified in solid blackcolor by the MSL ceiling and floor values of the respec-tive sector, eliminating the last two digits. A leader line isused when the altitude values must be positioned out-side the respective sectors because of space limitations.The TRSA name is shown near the north position of theTRSA as follows: . Associated frequen-cies are listed in a table on the chart border.

Military Training Routes (MTRs)

are shown onSectionals and TACs. They are identified by the routedesignator: . Route designatorsare shown in solid black on the route centerline, posi-tioned along the route for continuity. The designator IR orVR is not repeated when two or more routes are estab-lished over the same airspace, e.g., IR201-205-227.Routes numbered 001 to 099 are shown as IR1 or VR99,eliminating the initial zeros. Direction of flight along theroute is indicated by small arrowheads adjacent to and inconjunction with each route designator.

The following note appears on Sectionals andTACs covering the conterminous United States.

There are IFR (IR) and VFR (VR) routes as follows:Route identification:a. Routes at or below 1500' AGL (with no seg-

ment above 1500') are identified by four-digitnumbers; e.g., VR1007, etc. These routes are


generally developed for flight under VisualFlight Rules.

b. Routes above 1500' AGL (some segments ofthese routes may be below 1500') are identi-fied by three-digit or less numbers; e.g., IR21,VR302, etc. These routes are developed forflight under Instrument Flight Rules.

MTRs can vary in width from four to 16 miles.Detailed route width information is available in the FlightInformation Publication (FLIP) AP/1B (a DoD publication),or in the Digital Aeronautical Chart Supplement (DACS)produced by NACO.

Special Military Activity

areas are indicated onthe Sectionals by a boxed note in black type. The notecontains radio frequency information for obtaining areaactivity status.

TERMINAL AREA CHART (TAC) COVERAGE

TAC coverage is shown on appropriate Section-als by a 1/4" masked line as indicated below. Within thisarea, pilots should use TACs which provide greater detailand clarity of information. A note to this effect appearsnear the masked boundary line.

INSET COVERAGE

Inset coverage is shown on appropriate Section-als by a 1/8" masked line as indicated below. A note tothis effect appears near the masked boundary line.

CHART TABULATIONS

Airport Tower Communications

are provided ina columnized tabulation for all tower-controlled airportsthat appear on the respective chart. Airport names arelisted alphabetically. If the airport is military, the type ofairfield, e.g., AAF, AFB, NAS, is shown after the airfieldname. In addition to the airport name, tower operatinghours, primary VHF/UHF local Control Tower (CT),Ground Control (GND CON), and Automatic TerminalInformation Service (ATIS) frequencies, when available,will be given. An asterisk (*) indicates that the part-timetower frequency is remoted to a collocated full-time FSSfor use as Local Airport Advisory (LAA) when the tower isclosed. Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) and/or Preci-sion Approach Radar (PAR) procedures are listed whenavailable.

Approach Control Communications

are pro-vided in a columized tabulation listing Class B, Class C,Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSA) and SelectedRadar Facilities when available. Primary VHF/UHF fre-quencies are provided for each facility. Sectorizationoccurs when more than one frequency exists and/orapproach direction dependent. Availability of servicehours is also provided

Special Use Airspace (SUA)

information iscomprised of Prohibited, Restricted, Alert, and WarningAreas. They are presented in blue and listed numericallyfor U.S. and other countries. Restricted, Danger andAdvisory Areas for Canada are tabulated separately inblue. A tabulation of Military Operations Areas (MOA) thatappear on the chart are presented in magenta and listedalphabetically. All are supplemented with altitude, time ofuse and the controlling agency/contact facility, and itsfrequency, when available. The controlling agency will beshown when the contact facility and frequency data isunavailable..

’


AirportName

Hours of Operation(local time)

Frequencies (VHF/UHF)

Runway dependent

Approachdirection

dependent

Radar InstrumentApproach available

AirspaceName

VHF/UHF

VHF/UHF

{ {

{{

{VHFUHF

{

{ Sectors forVHF and UHF traffic

local time

Sunrise to Sunset

Frequencies (VHF/UHF)

Radar Approach

Control

RestrictedDanger

Advisory

{

NOT F

OR N

AVIGATIO

NNNNO

NOO

NO

NO

NNNNNN

ATI

VIG

RNAV

FFFOFOOR

OR

ORR

OOT

OT

OT

OTTTTTT

FFFFOOOOO

TO

TO

TTTTTNNNNONONO

TOOOO

TO

TTTNNNNNNNNNONNONOONNNN

8

VFR AERONAUTICAL CHART SYMBOLS

AERONAUTICAL INFORMATIONAIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11AIRSPACE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16CHART LIMITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

CULTURE

RAILROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19POPULATED PLACES OUTLINED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20MISCELLANEOUS CULTURAL FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

HYDROGRAPHY

SHORELINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22LAKES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22RESERVOIRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22STREAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23MISCELLANEOUS HYDROGRAPHIC FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

RELIEF

CONTOURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26ELEVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27UNRELIABLE RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27SHADED RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27AREA RELIEF FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27MISCELLANEOUS RELIEF FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

9

HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTSAIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28AIRSPACE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTSAIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33AIRSPACE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

GENERAL INFORMATIONSymbols shown are for World Aeronautical Charts (WAC), Sectional aeronautical charts and Terminal Area Charts(TAC). When a symbol is different on any VFR chart series, it will be annotated thus: WAC or Not shown on WAC.

VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 10

AIRPORTS

LANDPLANE: CIVIL

Airports having con-trol towers (CT) are shown in blue, all oth-ers are shown in magenta.

All recognizable run-ways, including some which may be closed, are shown for visual identification pur-poses.

Refueling and repair facilities for normal traffic.

Runway patterns will be depicted at air-ports with at least one hard surface runway 1500´ or greater in length.

SEAPLANE: CIVIL AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION

LANDPLANE:CIVIL-MILITARY

LANDPLANE:MILITARY

Refueling and repair facilities not indi-cated.

LANDPLANE:EMERGENCY

No facilities

or

Complete informa-tion is not available.

Add appropriate notes as required:"closed, approximate position, existence unconfirmed.

SEAPLANE:EMERGENCY

No facilities or com-plete information is not available

HELIPORT

(Selected)

ULTRALIGHT FLIGHT PARK

(Selected)

AIRPORT DATA GROUPING

AIRPORTS

11 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information


VHFOMNI-DIRECTIONAL RADIO (VOR) RANGE

VOR

VORTAC

VOR-DME

NON-DIRECTIONAL RADIOBEACON (NDB)

NDB-DME

{

ILS COMPONENTS

Shown when compo-nent of airway sys-tem or used in the description of Class B airspace.

BROADCASTSTATIONS (BS)

On request by the proper authority or when a VFR Check-point.

FLIGHT SERVICE STATION (FSS)

REMOTECOMMUNICATIONS OUTLET (RCO)



AIR FORCE STATION (AFS)

LONG RANGERADAR STATION (LRRS)

OFF AIRPORTAWOS/ASOS

AIRSPACE INFORMATION

CLASS B AIRSPACE

Appropriate notes as required may be shown.

Only the airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL are shown.

(Mode C seeFAR 91.215 /AIM)

All mileagesare nautical (NM).

All radialsare magnetic.


’

LAS

002

CLASS C AIRSPACE



CLASS D AIRSPACE


’


CLASS E AIRSPACE

The limits of Class E airspace shall be shown by narrow vignettes or by the dashed magenta symbol. Individual units of designated airspace are not nec-essarily shown; instead, the aggre-gate lateral and verti-cal limits shall be defined by the follow-ing:

Airspace beginning at the surface (sfc) des-ignated around air-ports ...

Airspace beginning at 700 feet AGL ...

Airspace beginning at 1200 feet AGL or greater that abuts uncontrolled air-space (Class G) ...

Differentiates floors of airspace greater than 700 feet above the surface...

When the ceiling is less than 18,000 feet MSL, the value, pre-fixed by the word "ceiling,” shall be shown along the lim-its.

OFFSHORE CONTROL AREAS


’

CANADIAN AIRSPACE

Individual units of designated Canadian airspace are not nec-essarily shown; instead, the aggre-gate lateral and verti-cal limits shall be portrayed as closely as possible to the comparable U.S. air-space.


AIRSPACE OUTSIDE OF U.S.

Other than Canada


FLIGHT INFORMATION REGIONS (FIR) and /or (CTA)

OCEANIC CONTROL AREAS (OCA)



AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE (ADIZ)

Note. Delimiting line not shown when it coincides with Inter-national Boundary, projection lines or other linear features.

LOW ALTITUDEAIRWAYSVOR and LF / MF (CLASS E AIRSPACE)

Low altitude Federal Airways are indicated by centerline.

Only the controlled airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL is shown.

MISCELLANEOUS AIR ROUTES



Only the airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL are shown.

The type of area shall be spelled out in large areas if space per-mits.

MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES (MTR)

SPECIAL MILITARY ACTIVITY ROUTES (SMAR)

Boxed notes (as in text) shown adjacent to route.



SPECIAL AIR TRAFFIC RULES / AIRPORT PATTERNS (FAR 93)

Appropriate boxed note as required shown adjacent to area.

SPACE OPERATIONS AREA(FAR 91.143)

MODE C (FAR 91.215)


MISCELLANEOUS AIRSPACE AREAS

Parachute Jumping Area with Frequency

GliderOperating Area

UltralightActivity

Hang GliderActivity

SPECIAL CONSERVATION AREAS

National Park, Wildlife Refuge, Primitive and Wilderness Areas, etc.


SPECIAL AIRSPACE AREAS

SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS (SFAR) AREAS


SFAR AREARELATING TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Example: Washington DC


TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTION (TFR)RELATING TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Example:P-40/R-4009



WASHINGTON DC METROPOLITAN AREA SPECIAL FLIGHT RULES AREA IN EFFECT (See SFAR 94 description in chart border).

CAUTIONP-40 AND R-4009 EXPANDED BY TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTION.CONTACT AFSS FOR LATEST STATUS AND NOTAMS


NATIONAL SECURITY AREA


HIGH ENERGY RADIATION AREAS


TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREA (TRSA)



’


IFR ROUTES


Arrival

Departure

TRANSITION ROUTES


Uni-directional

Bi-directional

NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION

ISOGONIC LINE & VALUE

Isogonic lines and values shall be based on the five year epoch magnetic variation model.

LOCAL MAGNETIC NOTES

Unreliability Notes

COMPASS ROSETTE

Shown only in areas void of VOR roses.

Compass rosette will be based on the five year epoch magnetic variation model.

VFR TRANSITION ROUTEATC CLEARANCE REQUIREDSEE SHOWBOAT GRAPHIC

ON SIDE PANEL


INTERSECTIONS

Named intersections used as reporting points. Arrows are directed toward facili-ties which establish intersection.

AERONAUTICAL LIGHTS

AERONAUTICAL LIGHTS


Site #

MARINE LIGHTS

With Characteristics of Light

VISUAL GROUND SIGNS

Shore and Landmarkers

VFR CHECKPOINTS



VFR WAYPOINTS

Stand-Alone

Collocated with VFR Checkpoint

OBSTRUCTION

GROUPOBSTRUCTION

HIGH-INTENSITY OBSTRUCTION LIGHTS

High-intensity lights may operate part-time.

MAXIMUM ELEVATION FIGURE (MEF)

(see page 2 for expla-nation).

WARNING ANDCAUTION NOTES

Used when specific area is not demar-cated.


’

’

’

’

’

’

’

CHART LIMITS

OUTLINE ON SECTIONAL OF TERMINAL AREA CHART

OUTLINE ON SECTIONAL OF INSET CHART

19 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information

CULTURE

RAILROADS

All gauges

Single Track TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

Double Track

More Than Two Tracks

Electric

RAILROADS IN JUXTAPOSITION

RAILROAD-NONOPERATING, ABANDONED, DESTROYED OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION

RAILROAD YARDS

Limiting Track To Scale

Location Only

RAILROAD STATIONS

RAILROAD SIDINGS AND SHORT SPURS

ROADS

Dual Lane Category 1

Primary Category 2

Secondary Category 2

TRAILS

Category 3

Provides symboliza-tion for dismantled railroad when com-bined with label "dis-mantled railroad."

ROAD MARKERS

Interstate Route No.

U.S. Route No.

Air Marked Identification Label

ROAD NAMES

ROADS UNDER CONSTRUCTION

Features Related to Railroads and Roads

CULTURE

VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information 20

BRIDGESAND VIADUCTS

Railroad

Road

OVERPASSES AND UNDERPASSES

CAUSEWAYS

TUNNELS-ROADAND RAILROAD

POPULATED PLACES OUTLINED

Large Cities Category 1

Cities andLarge TownsCategory 2

POPULATEDPLACES

Towns and Villages Category 3

CULTURE

FERRIES, FERRY SLIPS AND FORDS

PROMINENT FENCES

BOUNDARIES

International

State andProvincial

Convention or Mandate Line

Date Line

CULTURE


TIME ZONES

MINES AND QUARRIES

Shaft Mines and Quarries

POWERTRANSMISSION & TELECOMMUNICA-TION LINES

PIPELINES

Underground

DAMS

DAM CARRYING ROAD

PASSABLE LOCKS

CULTURE

SMALL LOCKS

WEIRS AND JETTIES

SEAWALLS

BREAKWATERS

PIERS, WHARFS, QUAYS, ETC.

MISCELLANEOUS CULTURALFEATURES

OUTDOOR THEATER

WELLS

Other Than Water

CULTURE


RACE TRACKS

LOOKOUT TOWERS

Air markedidentification

LANDMARK AREAS

TANKS

COAST GUARDSTATION

AERIAL CABLEWAYS, CONVEYORS, ETC.

HYDROGRAPHY

OPEN WATER

INLAND WATER

CULTURE

618 (Elevation Base of Tower)

(Site Number)

SHORELINES

Definite

Fluctuating

Unsurveyed

Indefinite

Man-made

LAKES

Label as required

Perennial

When too numerous to show individual lakes, show represen-tative pattern and descriptive note.

Non-Perennial

(dry, intermittent, etc.) Illustration includes small perennial lake

RESERVOIRS

Natural Shorelines

Man-made Shorelines

Label when neces-sary for clarity

Too small to show to scale

Under Construc-tion

HYDROGRAPHY


STREAMS

Perennial

Non-Perennial

Fanned Out

Alluvial fan

MISCELLA-NEOUS HYDRO-GRAPHIC FEATURES

Braided

Disappearing

SeasonallyFluctuating

with undefined limits

with maximum bank limits, prominent and constant

Sand Deposits In and Along Riverbeds

HYDROGRAPHY

WET SAND AREAS

Within and adjacent to desert areas

AQUEDUCTS

Abandoned or UnderConstruction

Underground

Suspended or Elevated

Tunnels

Kanats

Underground aque-duct with air vents

HYDROGRAPHY


FLUMES, PENSTOCKS AND SIMILAR FEATURES

Elevated

Underground

FALLS

Double-Line

Single-Line

RAPIDS

Double-Line

Single-Line

CANALS

HYDROGRAPHY

To Scale

Abandoned or UnderConstruction

Abandonedto Scale

SMALL CANALS AND DRAINAGE / IRRIGATION DITCHES

Perennial

Non-Perennial

Abandoned or Ancient

Numerous

Representative pat-tern and/or descrip-tive note.

Numerous

HYDROGRAPHY


COASTAL HYDRO-GRAPHIC FEATURESSALT EVAPORATORS AND SALT PANS MAN EXPLOITED

SWAMPS, MARSHES AND BOGS

HUMMOCKS AND RIDGES

MANGROVE AND NIPA

PEAT BOGS

TUNDRA

CRANBERRY BOGS

RICE PADDIES

Extensive areas indi-cated by label only.

HYDROGRAPHY

salt pans

mangrove

peat bog

LAND SUBJECT TO INUNDATION

SPRINGS, WELLS AND WATERHOLES

GLACIERS

GLACIAL MORAINES

ICE CLIFFS

SNOWFIELDS, ICE FIELDS AND ICE CAPS

ICE PEAKS

FORESHORE FLATS

Tidal flats exposed at low tide.

HYDROGRAPHY


ROCKS-ISOLATED

Bare or Awash

WRECKS

Exposed

REEFS-ROCKY OR CORAL

MISCELLANEOUS UNDERWATER FEATURES NOT OTHERWISE SYMBOLIZED

FISH PONDS AND HATCHERIES

ICE

Permanent Polar Ice

Pack Ice

HYDROGRAPHY

RELIEF

CONTOURS

Basic

Approximate

Intermediate

Auxiliary

Depression

Illustration includes mound within depression

Values

2000

1000


SPOT ELEVATIONSELEVATIONS

Position Accurate

Position Accurate, ElevationApproximate

UNRELIABLE RELIEFApproximatelocation

Critical

Highest on Chart

MOUNTAIN PASS

HACHURING

UNSURVEYED AREAS

Label appropriately as required

UNCONTOURED AREAS

Label appropriately as required

DISTORTED SURFACE AREAS

LAVA FLOWS

RELIEF

12632

RELIEF DATA INCOMPLETE

lava

SAND OR GRAVEL AREAS

SAND RIDGES

To Scale

SAND DUNES

To Scale

SHADED RELIEF

ROCK STRATA OUTCROP

AREA RELIEF FEA-TURES

QUARRIES TO SCALE

STRIP MINES, MINE DUMPS AND TAILINGS

To Scale

CRATERS

MISCELLANEOUS RELIEF FEATURES

ESCARPMENTS, BLUFFS, CLIFFS, DEPRESSIONS, ETC.

LEVEES AND ESKERS

RELIEF

HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 28

AIRPORTS

LANDPLANE

All recognizable run-ways, including some which may be closed, are shown for visual identification.

HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS

HELIPORT

SEAPLANE

ULTRALIGHT FLIGHT PARK

AIRPORT DATA GROUPING

Boxed airport name indicates airport for which a Special Traf-fic Rule has been established.


VHFOMNI-DIRECTIONAL RADIO (VOR) RANGE

VOR

VORTAC

VOR-DME

NON-DIRECTIONAL RADIOBEACON(NDB)

NDB-DME

{

29 HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information

NAVAIDS USED TO DEFINE CLASS B AIRSPACE

BROADCAST STATIONS (BS)

On request by the proper authority or when a VFR Check-point.

FLIGHT SERVICE STATION (FSS)

REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS OUTLET (RCO)



CLASS B AIRSPACE

Appropriate notes as required may be shown. (Mode C see FAR 91.215/AIM)

All mileages are nautical (NM)

All radials are magnetic.

CLASS C AIRSPACE

Appropriate notes as required may be shown. (Mode C see FAR 91.215/AIM)

CLASS D AIRSPACEHELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS

HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 30

CLASS E SURFACE (SFC) AIRSPACE


SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS (SFAR) AREAS RELATING TO NATIONAL SECURITY




Note. Delimiting line not shown when it coincides with Inter-national Boundary, projection lines or other linear features.


WASHINGTON DC METROPOLITAN SPECIALFLIGHT RULES AREA IN EFFECT (See SFAR 94description in chart border). Special regulations applyto all aircraft operations below Flight Level 180 in the WashingtonDC Metropolitan Area. Pilots should contact a local AFSS for NOTAMinformation prior to flight in the Washington DC Metropolitan Area.

CANADIAN AIRSPACE


HELICOPTER ROUTES


31 HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information


Only the airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL is shown.

The type of area shall be spelled out in large areas if space per-mits.


SPECIAL AIR TRAFFIC RULES / AIRPORT TRAFFIC AREAS (FAR PART 93)

Appropriate boxed notes as required shown adjacent to area.

MODE C(FAR 91.215)



Parachute Jumping Area with Frequency


UltralightActivity

Hang GliderActivity

SPECIALCONSERVATION AREAS

National Park, Wildlife Refuge, Primitive and Wilderness Areas, etc.



AIRSPACE INFORMATION NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION

VFR CHECKPOINTS

VFR WAYPOINTS

Stand-Alone


OBSTRUCTIONS

MAXIMUMELEVATION FIGURE (MEF)

(see page 2 for expla-nation).

NAVIGATION DATA

’

’

’’

’’

’’

HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Topographic Information 32

WARNING ANDCAUTION NOTES

LOCAL MAGNETIC NOTES

Unreliability Notes

CULTURE

RAILROADS

Single Track

Double Track

ROADS

Dual Lane

Primary

BRIDGES

POPULATED PLACES

Built-up Areas

BOUNDARIES

International

State and Provincial


POWER TRANSMISSION LINES

PROMINENT PICTORIALS

LANDMARKS

HYDROGRAPHY

SHORELINES

MAJOR LAKES AND RIVERS

RESERVOIRS

RELIEF

SPOT ELEVATIONS

Position Accurate

CULTURE

33 VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Aeronautical Information

AIRPORTS

LANDPLANE

No distinction is made between air-ports with services and those without services. Runways may be exaggerated to clearly portray the pattern. Hard-sur-faced runways which are closed but still exist are included in the charted pattern.

FAR 91 - Fixed wing special VFR opera-tions prohibited.

VFR FLYWAY PLAN-NING CHARTS


VHFOMNI-DIRECTIONALRADIO RANGE (VOR)

VOR

VORTAC

VOR-DME

NON-DIRECTIONAL RADIOBEACON(NDB)

NDB-DME

NAVAIDS USED TO DEFINE CLASS BAIRSPACE


CLASS B AIRSPACE



All mileages are nautical (NM).

All radialsare magnetic.

CLASS C AIRSPACE


(Mode C seeFAR 91.215/AIM)

CLASS D AIRSPACE

CLASS E SURFACE (SFC) AIRSPACE

VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 34


SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS (SFAR) AREAS RELATING TO NATIONAL SECURITY



TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTION (TFR)RELATING TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Example:P-40/R-4009



WASHINGTON DC METROPOLITAN AREASPECIAL FLIGHT RULES AREA IN EFFECT (See SFAR 94 description in chart border).Special regulations apply to all aircraft operations belowFlight Level 180 in the Washington DC Metropolitan Area.Pilots should contact a local AFSS for NOTAM informationprior to flight in the Washington DC Metropolitan Area.

CAUTIONP-40 AND R-4009 EXPANDED BY TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTION.CONTACT AFSS FOR LATEST STATUS AND NOTAMS.

SUGGESTED VFR FLYWAY AND ALTITUDE

IFR ROUTES


Arrival

Departure

TRANSITION ROUTES


Uni-directional

Bi-directional


Only the airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL is shown.



VFR TRANSITION ROUTEATC CLEARANCE REQUIREDSEE SHOWBOAT GRAPHIC

ON SIDE PANEL

35 VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Aeronautical Information

SPECIAL AIR TRAFFIC RULES / AIRPORT TRAFFIC AREAS (FAR Part 93)

Appropriate boxed note as required shown adjacent to area.

MODE C (FAR 91.215)





Parachute Jumping Area


UltralightActivity

Hang GliderActivity

AIRSPACE INFORMATION NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION

VFR CHECKPOINTS

VFR WAYPOINTS

Stand-Alone


OBSTRUCTIONS

Only those obstacles specified by the FAA shall be shown.

Above Ground Level (AGL) heights are not shown.

NAVIGATIONAL DATA

’

’

’’

’’

’’

VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Topographic Information 36

CULTURE

RAILROADS

Single and Multiple Tracks

ROADS

Dual Lane

Primary

POPULATED PLACES

Built-up Areas

Towns

BOUNDARIES

International

POWER TRANSMISSION LINES

PROMINENT PICTORIALS

LANDMARKS

HYDROGRAPHY

SHORELINES

MAJOR LAKES AND RIVERS

RESERVOIRS

HARBOR FREEWAY110

POWER PLANT

RELIEF

Spot Elevations

Position Accurate Mountain Peaks

37 IFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS

EXPLANATION OF IFR ENROUTE TERMS AND SYMBOLS

The discussions and examples in this section will be based primarily on the IFR (Instrument Flight Rule)Enroute Low Altitude Charts. Other IFR products use similar symbols in various colors (see Section 3 of this guide).The chart legends list aeronautical symbols with a brief description of what each symbol depicts. This section willprovide a more detailed discussion of some of the symbols and how they are used on IFR charts.

NACO charts are prepared in accordance with specifications of the Interagency Air Cartographic Committee(IACC), and are approved by representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Department of Defense.Some information on these charts may only apply to military pilots.

AIRPORTS

All active airports with hard-surfaced runways of3000' or longer are shown on FAA IFR Enroute Charts.All active airports with approved instrument approachprocedures are also shown regardless of runway lengthor composition. Charted airports are classified accordingto the following criteria:

Blue

– Airports with an approved Department ofDefense (DoD) Low Altitude Instrument Approach Pro-cedure and/or DoD RADAR MINIMA published inDOD FLIP (Flight Information Publication or the FAAU.S. Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP).

Green

– Airports and seaplane bases with anapproved Low Altitude Instrument Approach Proce-dure published in the FAA TPP volumes.

Brown

– Airports and seaplane bases that do nothave a published Instrument Approach Procedure.

Airports are plotted in their true geographic posi-tion unless the symbol conflicts with a radio aid to navi-gation (NAVAID) at the same location. In such cases, theairport symbol will be displaced, but the relationshipbetween the airport and the NAVAID is retained.

Airports are identified by the airport name. In thecase of military airports, the abbreviated letters AFB (AirForce Base), NAS (Naval Air Station), NAF (Naval AirFacility), MCAS (Marine Corps Air Station), AAF (Army AirField), etc., appear as part of the airport name.

Airports marked "Pvt" immediately following theairport name are not for public use, but otherwise meetthe criteria for charting as specified above.

Runway length is the length of the longest activerunway (including displaced thresholds but excludingoverruns) and is shown to the nearest 100 feet using 70feet as the division point; e.g., a runway of 8,070' islabeled 81.

The following runway compositions (materials)constitute a hard-surfaced runway: asphalt, bitumen,concrete, and tar macadam. Runways that are nothard-surfaced have a small letter "s" following the run-way length, indicating a soft surface.

A symbol following the elevation under the air-port name means that runway lights are in operationsunset to sunrise. A symbol indicates there is PilotControlled Lighting. A symbol means the lighting ispart-time or on request. The pilot should consult the Air-port/Facility Directory for light operating procedures. TheAeronautical Information Manual thoroughly explains thetypes and uses of airport lighting aids.

RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION (NAVAIDs)

All IFR radio NAVAIDs that have been flight-checked and are operational are shown on IFR enroutecharts. VHF/UHF NAVAIDs (VORs, TACANs, and UHFNDBs) are shown in black, and LF/MF NAVAIDs (Com-pass Locators and Aeronautical or Marine NDBs) areshown in brown.

MARTINSBURGEastern WV Rgnl (MRB)

Longest runway length to nearest 100 feet with 70 feet as the dividing point (add 00)s indicates soft surface

Part-time or established by NOTAM. See A/G tabulation for times of operation.In Alaska see Supplement Alaska

Airport Name

Associated City Name

1. Airport elevation given in feet above or below mean sea level.2. Pvt - Private use, not available to general public.3. A solid line box enclosing the airport name indicates FAR 93 Special Requirements- see Directory/Supplement4. "NO SVFR" above the airport name indicates FAR 91 fixed-wing special VFR flight is prohibited5. following the airport name indicates Class C or Class D Airspace.6. There is no A/G tabulation on Alaska Low Altitude Charts.7. Airport symbol may be offset for enroute navigational aids.8. Associated city names for public airports are shown above or preceding the airport name. If airport name and city name are the same, only the airport name is shown. The airport identifier in parentheses follows the airport name. City names for military and private airports are not shown.

or

AutomaticTerminal

InformationService

AirportElevation

Part-time Frequency

LOW ALTITUDE - U.S. & ALASKA

AirportIdentifier

L

L

L

IFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS 38

On enroute charts, information about NAVAIDs isboxed as illustrated below. To avoid duplication of data,when two or more NAVAIDs in a general area have thesame name, the name is usually printed only once insidean identification box with the frequencies, TACAN chan-nel numbers, identification letters, or Morse Code identi-ficat ions of the di fferent NAVAIDs a l l shown inappropriate colors. The decision to use separate or com-bined boxes is made in each case on the basis of reduc-ing chart clutter and providing clear identification of theradio navaids.

In extremely congested areas, the NAVAID boxwill contain only the 3-letter identifier, and you will find thecomplete NAVAID box in the nearest open area on thechart.

NAVAIDs which may be, or are, scheduled forsome future corrective action within the life-span of thechart shall be indicated by the note “CHECK NOTAMs”.The affected component is indicated by diagonal linesover the frequency or channel which indicates an abnor-mal status.

CONTROLLED AIRSPACE

Controlled airspace consists of those areaswhere some or all aircraft may be subjected to air trafficcontrol within the following airspace classifications of A,B, C, D, & E.

Class A Airspace

is depicted as open area(white) on the Enroute High Charts. It consists of air-space from 18,000 MSL to FL600.

Class B Airspace

is depicted as screened bluearea with a solid line encompassing the area.

Class C Airspace

is depicted as screened bluearea with a dashed line encompassing the area.

Class B and Class C Airspace

consist of con-trolled airspace extending upward from the surface or adesignated floor to specified altitudes, within which allaircraft and pilots are subject to the operating rules andrequirements specified in the Federal Aviation Regula-tions (FAR) 71. Class B and C Airspace are shown inabbreviated forms on Enroute Low Altitude charts. Ageneral note adjacent to Class B airspace refers the userto the appropriate VFR Terminal Area Chart.

Class D Airspace

(airports with an operatingcontrol tower) are depicted as open area (white) with a

following the airport name.

Class E Airspace

is depicted as open area(white) on the Enroute Low Charts. It consists of airspacebelow 18,000 MSL.

Airports within which fixed-wing special VFRflight is prohibited are shown as:

NO SVFR

AIRPORT NAME

Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) areestablished to provide Air Traffic Control to aircraft oper-ating on IFR flight plans within controlled airspace, par-ticularly during the enroute phase of flight. Boundaries ofthe ARTCCs are shown in their entirety using the symbolbelow. Center names are shown adjacent and parallel tothe boundary line.

ARTCC sector frequencies are shown in boxesoutlined by the same symbol.



Special use airspace confines certain flight activ-ities or restricts entry, or cautions other aircraft operatingwithin specific boundaries. Special use airspace areasare depicted on aeronautical charts. Special use air-space areas are shown in their entirety, even when theyoverlap, adjoin, or when an area is designated withinanother area. The areas are identified by type and identi-fying number or name (R4001), effective altitudes, oper-ating time, weather conditions (VFR/IFR) during whichthe area is in operation, and voice call of the controllingagency, on the back or front panels of the chart. SpecialUse Airspace with a floor of 18,000' MSL or above is notshown on the Enroute Low Altitude Charts. Similarly,Special Use Airspace with a ceiling below 18,000' MSLis not shown on Enroute High Altitude Charts.

OTHER AIRSPACE

Mode C Required Airspace

(from the surface to10,000' MSL) within 30 NM radius of the primary air-port(s) for which a Class B airspace is designated, isdepicted on Enroute Low Altitude Charts. Mode C is alsodepicted within 10 NM of all airports listed in Appendix Dof FAR 91.215 and the Aeronautical Information Manual(AIM).

Mode C is required within the limits of a Class C airspaceup to 10,000' MSL.

INSTRUMENT AIRWAYS

The FAA has established two fixed route systemsfor air navigation. The VOR and LF/MF (low or mediumfrequency) system—designated from 1,200' AGL to butnot including 18,000' MSL—is shown on Low AltitudeEnroute Charts, and the Jet Route system—designatedfrom 18,000' MSL to FL 450 inclusive—is shown onHigh Altitude Enroute Charts.

VOR LF/MF AIRWAY SYSTEM (LOW ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHARTS)

In this system VOR airways—airways based onVOR or VORTAC NAVAIDs—are depicted in black andidentified by a "V" (Victor) followed by the route number(e.g., "V12"). In Alaska, some segments of low-altitudeairways are based on LF/MF navaids and are charted inbrown instead of black.

LF/MF airways—airways based on LF/MFNAVAIDs—are sometimes called "colored airways"because they are identified by color name and number(e.g., "Amber One", charted as "A1"). Green and Red air-ways are plotted east and west, and Amber and Blue air-ways are plotted north and south. Regardless of theircolor identifier, LF/MF airways are shown in brown. U.S.colored airways exist only in Alaska, those within theconterminous U.S. have been rescinded. (Note: In Mexi-can airspace on FAA charts, LF/MF airways are chartedin black).

AIRWAY/ROUTE DATA

On both series of Enroute Charts, airway/routedata such as the airway identifications, bearings or radi-als, mileages, and altitude (e.g., MEA, MOCA, MAA) areshown aligned with the airway and in the same color asthe airway.

Airways/Routes predicated on VOR or VORTACNAVAIDs are defined by the outbound radial from theNAVAID. Airways/Routes predicated on LF/MF NAVAIDsare defined by the inbound bearing.

AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) ”T” ROUTE SYSTEM(LOW ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHARTS)

The FAA has created new low altitude area navi-gation (RNAV) routes for the en route and terminal envi-ronments. The RNAV routes will provide more directrouting for IFR aircraft and enhance the safety and effi-ciency of the National Airspace System. To utilize theseroutes aircraft will need to be equipped with IFRapproved Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). InAlaska, TSO-145a and 146a equipment is required.

Low altitude RNAV only routes are identified bythe letter “T” prefix, followed by a three digit number (T-200 to T-500). Routes are depicted in aeronautical blueon the IFR Enroute Low Altitude charts. RNAV routedata (route line, identification boxes, mileages, way-points, waypoint names, magnetic reference bearings,

3500G

V4

5500

*3500

30 310

Victor Route (with RN AV/G PS MEA shown in blue)

IFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS 40

and MEAs) will also be printed in aeronautical blue.Magnetic reference bearings will be shown originatingfrom a waypoint, fix/reporting point or NAVAID. A GNSSminimum IFR en route altitude (MEA) for each segmentwill be established to ensure obstacle clearance andcommunications reception. MEAs will be identified witha “G” suffix..

Joint Victor/RNAV routes will be charted as out-lined above except as noted. The joint Victor route andthe RNAV route identification box shall be shown adja-cent to each other. Magnetic reference bearings will notbe shown. MEAs will be stacked in pairs or in two sepa-rate columns, GNSS and Victor. On joint routes, RNAVspecific information will be printed in blue.

OFF ROUTE OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTI-TUDE (OROCA)

The Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude(OROCA) is represented in thousands and hundreds offeet above mean sea level. The OROCA represents thehighest possible elevation including both terrain andother vertical obstructions (towers, trees., etc.) boundedby the ticked lines of latitude and longitude. In this exam-ple the OROCA represents 12,500 feet.

OROCA is computed just as the Maximum Ele-vation Figure (MEF) found on Visual charts except that itprovides an additional vertical buffer of 1,000 feet in des-ignated non-mountainous areas and a 2,000 foot verticalbuffer in designated mountainous areas within the UnitedStates. Unlike a MEF, when determining an OROCA thearea 4 NM around each quadrant is analyzed forobstructions. Evaluating the area around the quadrantprovides the chart user the same lateral clearance an air-way provides should the line of intended flight follow aticked line of latitude or longitude. OROCA does not pro-vide for NAVAID signal coverage, communication cover-age and would not be consistent with altitudes assigned

by Air Traffic Control. OROCAs can be found over all landmasses and open water areas containing man-madeobstructions (such as oil rigs). OROCAs are shown inevery 30 x 30 minute quadrant on Area Charts, everyone degree by one degree quadrant for U.S. Low Alti-tude Enroute Charts and every two degree by twodegree quadrant on Alaska Low Enroute Charts.

MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES (MTRs)

Military Training Routes (MTRs) are routes estab-lished for the conduct of low-altitude, highspeed militaryflight training (generally below 10,000 feet MSL at air-speeds in excess of 250 knots IAS). These routes aredepicted in brown on Enroute Low Altitude Charts, andare not shown on inset charts or on IFR Enroute HighAltitude Charts. Enroute Low Altitude Charts depict all IR(IFR Military Training Route) and VR (VFR Military TrainingRoute) routes, except those VRs that are entirely at orbelow 1500 feet AGL.

Military Training Routes are identified by designa-tors (IR-107, VR-134) which are shown in brown on theroute centerline. Arrows indicate the direction of flightalong the route. The width of the route determines thewidth of the line that is plotted on the chart:

Route segments with a width of 5 NM or less,both sides of the centerline, are shown by a .02"line.

Route segments with a width greater than 5 NM,either or both sides of the centerline, are shown by a.035" line.

JET ROUTE SYSTEM (HIGH ALTITUDE EN-ROUTE CHARTS)

Jet routes are based on VOR or VORTACnavaids, and are depicted in black with a "J" identifier fol-lowed by the route number (e.g., "J12"). In Alaska, somesegments of jet routes are based on LF/MF navaids andare shown in brown instead of black.

AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) ”Q” ROUTE SYS-TEM (HIGH ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHARTS)

The FAA has adopted certain amendments toTitle 14, Code of Federal Regulations which paved theway for the development of new area navigation (RNAV)routes in the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS).These amendments enable the FAA to take advantage oftechnological advancements in navigation systems suchas the Global Positioning System (GPS). RNAV “Q”Route MEAs are shown when other than 18,000’. MEAsfor GNSS RNAV aircraft are identified with a “G” suffix.

NGOZIGRANT

T270T270

087268

70

5000G 088

67

54006000G

269

MagneticReferenceBearing

Waypoint

VAL100008000G6700

100007000G67007000G

4400T228 V333333

10 10

BILLY TOMMY YATESJES

1094940

332


MEAs for DME/DME/IRU RNAV aircraft do not have a“G” suffix.. RNAV routes and associated data are charted

in aeronautical blue. Magnetic reference bearings areshown originating from a waypoint, fix/reporting point, orNAVAID. Joint Jet/RNAV route identification boxes will belocated adjacent to each other with the route charted inblack. With the exception of Q-Routes in the Gulf ofMexico, GNSS or DME/DME/IRU RNAV are required,unless otherwise indicated. Radar monitoring is required.DME/DME/IRU RNAV aircraft should refer to the A/FD forDME information. Altitude values are stacked highest tolowest.

TERRAIN CONTOURS ON AREA CHARTS

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)recently recommended that terrain be added to AreaCharts to increase pilots’ situational awareness of terrainin the terminal area and to increase the safety of flight.When the terrain on an Area Chart rises at least 1000’above the airport elevation, terrain will be depicted inshades of brown. The initial contour value (lowest eleva-tion) depicted will be at least 1000’, but no more than2000’ above the airport elevation. The initial contourvalue may be less than 1000’ only if needed to depict arise in terrain close to the airport. Subsequent contourvalues will be depicted at a whole 1000’ increment(2000’/4000’, etc., NOT 2500’/4500’, etc.). The follow-ing Area Charts are affected: Anchorage, Denver, Fair-banks, Juneau, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Prudhoe Bay, SanFrancisco and Vancouver.

The following boxed notes are added to affectedArea Charts as necessary:

MagneticReferenceBearing

RNAV Route

MEA - 23000G

Q7

300

Waypoint

154

MEA - 23000G

J12

MEA - 27000

300Q7

Joint Jet/RNAV Route

N O TE: TERRAIN C O N TO URS HAVE BEEN ADDED TO THO SE AREA C HARTS WHERE THE TERRAIN O N THE C HART IS 1000 FO O T O R G REATER THAN THE ELEVATIO N O F THE PRIMARY AIRPO RT

UN C O N TRO LLED AIRSPAC E BO UN DARIES ARE DEPIC TED WITH A SO LID BRO WN LIN E AN D A .125" WIDE SHADED BRO WN BAN D. THE SHADED SIDE REPRSEN TS THE UN C O N TRO LLED SIDE

42

IFR AERONAUTICAL CHART SYMBOLS

IFR Enroute Low/High Altitude (U.S. & Alaska Charts)AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44AIRSPACE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49TOPOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Oceanic Route ChartsNorth Atlantic and North Pacific Route Charts

AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50AIRSPACE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51CULTURAL BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

GENERAL INFORMATIONSymbols shown are for the Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Enroute Low and High Altitude Charts.

43 IFR ENROUTE LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE U.S. & ALASKA CHARTS

AIRPORTS

AIRPORT DATAIFR ENROUTE LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE CHARTSAERONAUTICAL INFORMATION

AIRPORT DATA DEPICTION

LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE

Airports/Seaplane bases shown in BLUE and GREEN have an approved Instrument Approach Procedure published. Those in BLUE have an approved DoD Instrument Approach Procedure and/or DoD RADAR MINIMA published in DoD FLIPS or FAA TPP. Airports/Seaplane bases shown in BROWN do not have a published Instrument Approach Procedure.

All IAP Airports are shown on the Low Altituide Charts.

Non-IAP Airports shown on the U.S. Low Altitude Charts have a minimum hard surface runway of 3000'.

Non-IAP Airports shown on the Alaska Low Altitude Charts have a minimum hard or soft surface runway of 3000'.

Airports shown on the U.S. High Altitude Charts have a minimum hard surface runway of 5000'.

Airports shown on the Alaska High Altitude Charts have a minimum hard or soft surface runway of 4000'.

Associated city names for public airports are shown above or preceding the airport name. If airport name and city name are the same, only the airport name is shown. City names for military and private airports are not shown.

The airport identifier in parentheses follows the airport name or Pvt.

Airport symbol may be offset for enroute navigational aids.

Pvt - Private Use

MARTINSBURGEastern WV Rgnl (MRB)

Longest runway length to nearest 100 feet with 70 feet as the dividing point (add 00)s indicates soft surface

Part-time or established by NOTAM. See A/G tabulation for times of operation.In Alaska see Supplement Alaska

Airport Name

Associated City Name

1. Airport elevation given in feet above or below mean sea level.2. Pvt - Private use, not available to general public.3. A solid line box enclosing the airport name indicates FAR 93 Special Requirements- see Directory/Supplement4. "NO SVFR" above the airport name indicates FAR 91 fixed-wing special VFR flight is prohibited5. following the airport name indicates Class C or Class D Airspace.6. There is no A/G tabulation on Alaska Low Altitude Charts.7. Airport symbol may be offset for enroute navigational aids.8. Associated city names for public airports are shown above or preceding the airport name. If airport name and city name are the same, only the airport name is shown. The airport identifier in parentheses follows the airport name. City names for military and private airports are not shown.

or

AutomaticTerminal

InformationService

AirportElevation

Part-time Frequency

LOW ALTITUDE - U.S. & ALASKA

AirportIdentifier

Joe Foss Fld (FSD)SIO UX C ITY

Airport N a me

Associa ted C ity N a me

HIG H ALTITUDE - U.S.Airport

Identifier

Edwa rd G Pitka Sr (G AL)

G ALEN A

15 72s

Longest runwa y length to nea rest 100 feet with 70 feet a s the dividing point (a dd 00)s indica tes soft

Airport N a me

Associa ted C ity N a me

AirportEleva tion

HIGH ALTITUDE - ALASKA

AirportIdentifier

CIVIL

CIVIL AND MILITARY

MILITARY

SEAPLANE - CIVIL

HELIPORT

AIRPORTS

IFR ENROUTE LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE U.S. & ALASKA CHARTS 44


VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RADIO RANGE (VOR)

DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME)

TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION (TACAN)

NON-DIRECTIONAL RADIO BEACON (NDB)

MARINE RADIO BEACON (RBN)

COMPASS LOCATOR BEACON

ILS LOCALIZER

VOR/DME RNAVWAYPOINT DATA

RNAVWAYPOINT

NAVIGATION and COMMUNICATION BOXES




LOW ALTITUDE AIRWAYS

HIGH ALTITUDE ROUTES

SINGLE DIRECTION ROUTES

DIRECTION OF FLIGHT INDICATOR

SUBSTITUTE ROUTE

UNUSABLE ROUTE

BY-PASS ROUTE

AIRWAY RESTRICTION

V4 J4

VHF / UHF Data is depited in BlackLF / MF Data is depicted in BrownRNAV Route data is depicted in Blue

T000Low Altitude RNAV RouteGNSS Required

VOR Airway /Jet Route

LF /MF Airway

Uncontrolled LF MFAirway

Oceanic Route

ATS Route

LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE

HIGH ALTITUDE

RNAV Route

MagneticReferenceBearingMEA - 23000G

Q7

300

Waypoint

154

MEA - 23000G

J12

MEA - 27000

300Q7

Joint Jet/RNAV Route

V 193

1000-0600Z

Q11

1300-0600Z

Other times routes revert to bi-directional

V4


FIXES/ATC REPORT-ING REQUIREMENTS

TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION (TACAN)FIX - ALASKA

RADIALS ANDBEARINGS

All radials and bearings are magnetic

FACILITYLOCATORS

MILEAGES

All Mileages are Nautical (NM)

DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME) FIX


LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE

Fix-Compulsory Position Report

Coordinates are shown for compulsory, offshore and holding fixes

Fix-Non-Compulsory Position Report

Off-set arrows indicate facility forming a fix (airway away from VHF/UHF, toward LF/MF NAVAID)

RNAV Waypoint Compulsory Report

RNAV Waypoint Non-Compulsory Report

(RCRCP)

Mileage Breakdown or Computer Navigation Fix (CNF)(no ATC function)

Five-letter identifier in parenthesis indicates CNF with no ATC function

Total Mileage between Compulsory Reporting Points and/or NAVAIDs

Mileage between other Fixes, NAVAIDs and/or Mileage Breakdown


MINIMUM ENROUTE ALTITUDE (MEA)

All Altitudes Are MSL Unless Otherwise Noted

MINIMUMENROUTEALTITUDE (MEA) GAP

MAXIMUM AUTHORIZED ALTITUDE (MAA)


MINIMUMOBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTITUDE (MOCA)


CHANGEOVER POINT

ALTITUDE CHANGE

MINIMUM CROSSING ALTITUDE (MCA)

MINIMUM RECEPTION ALTITUDE (MRA)

HOLDING PATTERNS


V4

V4

3000GRN AV/G PS MEA3500

55003500

3500

55003500

A0

A0

J4

V4

MEA is established when there is a gap in navigation signal coverage

V4

J4

5500*3500

5500*3500

V4

7000G

T266

112

*6300

T2447400SE

NEHER DIGGS

GRANTV6 4000SW V6 4000SW

COPEL SHIMY

V4

AIR DEFENSEIDENTIFICATION ZONE (ADIZ)

AIRROUTE TRAFFICCONTROL CENTER (ARTCC)

AIR TRAFFICSERVICEIDENTIFICATION DATA

ALTIMETERSETTING CHANGE

FLIGHT INFORMATION REGIONS (FIR)

CONTROL AREAS (CTA)

UPPERINFORMATION REGIONS (UIR)

UPPERCONTROL AREAS (UTA)

ADDITIONAL CONTROL AREAS



OFF ROUTEOBSTRUCTIONCLEARANCEALTITUDE(OROCA)


SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE Continued


O RO C A is computed similarly to the Maximun Elevation Figure (MEF) found on Visual charts except that it provides an additional vertica l buffer of 1 ,000 feet in designated non-mountainous areas and a 2,000 foot vertica l buffer in designated mountainous areas within the United States.

P - Prohibited AreaR - Restricted AreaW - Warning Area

Low OnlyA - Alert Area

Canada OnlyCYR - Restricted AreaCYD - Danger AreaCYA - Advisory Area

Caribbean OnlyD - Danger Area

In the Caribbean, the first 2 letters represent the country code, i.e. MY: Bahamas, MU: Cuba

EXCLUSION AREA AND NOTE

Internal lines delimit separation of the same Special Use Areas or Exclusion Areas

SEE AIRSPACE TABULATION ON EACH CHART FOR COMPLETE INFORMATION ON:

AREA IDENTIFICATIONEFFECTIVE ALTITUDEOPERATING TIMECONTROLLING AGENCY VOICE CALL

CONTROLLED AIRSPACE



CONTROLLED AIRSPACE

CONTROLLED AIRSPACECanada Only


CANADIAN AIRSPACE


AIRSPACE OUTSIDE OF U.S.

Other than Canada




ISOGONIC LINE AND VALUE

TIME ZONE

ENLARGEMENT AREA

MATCH MARK


CRUISING ALTITUDES U.S. only


NOTES

MORSE CODE

CULTURE

BOUNDARIESCULTURE & HYDROGRAPHY

International

U.S. /Russia Maritime Line

Date Line

HYDROGRAPHY

SHORELINE

TOPOGRAPHY

TERRAIN

Area Charts


OCEANIC ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 50

AIRPORTS

AIRPORT DATA

LANDPLANE-CIVILRefueling and repair facilities for normal traffic.

LANDPLANE-CIVIL AND MILITARYRefueling and repair facilities for normaltraffic.

LANDPLANE-MILITARYRefueling and repair facilities for normaltraffic.


VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RADIO RANGE (VOR)


TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION (TACAN)

NON-DIRECTIONAL RADIO BEACON (NDB)


IDENTIFICATION BOXOCEANIC ROUTE CHARTS


AIR TRAFFIC SER-VICE (ATS) OCEANIC ROUTES

Note: Mileages are Nautical (NM)

ATS SINGLE DIREC-TION ROUTE

AERIAL REFUELING TRACKS


AIR ROUTE TRAFFIC CONTROL CENTER (ARTCC)

FLIGHT INFORMATION REGIONS (FIR) and/or (CTA)

UPPER INFORMATION REGIONS (UIR)

UPPER CONTROLAREAS (UTA)

OCEANIC CONTROL AREAS (OCA)and /or (CTA /FIR)

ADDITIONAL OCEANIC CONTROL AREAS

Note: Limits notshown when coinci-dent with Warning Areas.

BUFFER ZONE

NON-FREE FLYING ZONE

NORTH ATLANTIC / MINIMUM NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS (NAT/MNPS)

REPORTING POINTS


Warning Area

Special Use

12 Mile Limit



51 OCEANIC ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information


MILEAGE CIRCLES

Note: Mileages are Nautical (NM)

Time ZoneNote: All time isCoordinated Uni-versal (Standard) Time (UTC)

Overlap Marks

NPRC Only

COMPASS ROSE

Note: Compass Roses oriented to Magnetic North

NOTES

WARNING

CULTURAL BOUNDARIES

INTERNATIONAL

MARITIME

DATE LINE

HYDROGRAPHY

SHORELINES

Documents

VFR & IFR Aeronautical Chart & Symbols