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ACTIVITY 9.2: Modeling cellular respiration: How can cells convert the energy in glucose into ATP? Draw the overall process of cellular respiration starting with glucose and ending up with ATP production in the mitochondria. Include the steps of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation Be sure to include the following in your pathway: Glucose O2 CO2 Pyruvate Acetyl coA NAD+ NADH FAD FADH2 ADP and Pi ATP Water Electron transport chain complexes I IV Mitochondria and its membranes, cristae and matrix H+ and H+ gradients Electrons (e-) Chemiosmosis & Oxidative phosphorylation ATP synthase Substrate level phosphorylation Use your pathway diagram to answer the following: 1. The summary formula for cellular respiration is At what stage(s) in the overall process is each of the reactants used? At what stage(s) in the overall process is each of the products produced? C 6 H 12 O 6 6 O 2 6 CO 2 6 H 2 O Energy Glycolysis Electron transport chain (ETC) Transition Kreb’s ETC Glycolysis – ATP Kreb’s – ATP ETC - ATP C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Energy (ATP + heat)

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ACTIVITY 9.2: Modeling cellular respiration: How can cells convert the energy in glucose into ATP?

Draw the overall process of cellular respiration starting with glucose and ending up with ATP production in the mitochondria. Include the steps of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Be sure to include the following in your pathway:

GlucoseO2CO2PyruvateAcetyl coANAD+NADHFADFADH2ADP and Pi

ATPWaterElectron transport chain complexes I IVMitochondria and its membranes, cristae and matrixH+ and H+ gradientsElectrons (e-)Chemiosmosis & Oxidative phosphorylationATP synthaseSubstrate level phosphorylation

Use your pathway diagram to answer the following:

1. The summary formula for cellular respiration is

At what stage(s) in the overall process is each of the reactants used?

At what stage(s) in the overall process is each of the products produced?

C6H12O6 6 O2 6 CO2 6 H2O EnergyGlycolysis Electron transport chain

(ETC)TransitionKreb’s

ETC Glycolysis – ATPKreb’s – ATPETC - ATP

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)

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2. In cellular respiration, the oxidation of glucose is carried out in a controlled series of reactions. At each step or reaction, a small amount of the total energy produced is released. Some of this energy is lost as heat but the rest is converted into other forms that can be used by the cell to make ATP or to drive an endergonic reaction

What is/are the overall function(s) of glycolysis?

What is/are the overall function(s) of the Kreb’s Cycle

What is/are the overall function(s) of oxidative phosphorylation?

Production of:1. Pyruvate (2)2. ATP (2)3. NADH (2)4. CO2 (2) (transition step)5. NADH (2) (transition step)

Production of:1. ATP (2)2. NADH (6)3. FADH2 (2)4. CO2 (4)

Production of:1. ATP (32)2. H20

3.

Are the components listed here USED or PRODUCED in:

Glycolysis? The Kreb’s Cycle? Oxidative phosphorylation?

Glucose used

O2 used

CO2 produced

H20 produced

ATP used & produced produced produced

ADP + Pi produced

NADH produced used

NAD produced

4. If the Kreb’s cycle does not require O2, why does cellular respiration stop after glycolysis when no O2 is present?

The ETC creates a H+ gradient which allows for the import of pyruvate into the mitochondria – i.e. the H+ gradient drives the import of pyruvate that happens during the transition step

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5. How efficient is fermentation vs. aerobic/cellular respiration. Efficiency is the amount of useful energy (as ATP) gained during the process divided by the total energy available in glucose. Use 686 kcal as the total energy available in 1 mole of glucose and 8 kcal as the energy available in 1 mole of ATP

Efficiency in fermentation Efficiency in cellular respiration

2 ATP during glycolysis x 7.3 = 14. 6 kcal of energy14.6/686 = 2% efficiency

36 ATP made ( including glycolysis) x 7.3 = 263 kcal/mole263/686 = 38% efficiency

32 from ETC x 7.3 = 234 kcal/mole234/686 = 34% efficiency

6. Mitochondria isolated from liver cells can be used to study the rate of electron transport in response to a variety of chemicals. The rate of electron transport is measured as the rate of disappearance of O2 from the solution using an oxygen-sensitive electrode. How can we justify using the disappearance of O2 from the solution as a measure of electron transport?

O2 is the ultimate electron acceptor in the ETC

7. An active college-age athlete can burn more than 3,000 kcal/day in exercise.a. If conversion of one mole of ATP ADP + Pi releases about 7.3 kcal, how many moles of ATP need to be

produced per day in order for this energy need to be met?b. If the molecular weight of ATP is 573, how much would the required ATP weigh in kilograms?c. Calculate and explain your results below

a. 3000/7.3 = 411 moles of ATPb. 411 X 573 = 235,503 g = 235 kg