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APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Appl. Cognit. Psychol. 16: 87±95 2002) DOI: 10.1002/acp.755 Vividness of Visual Imagery and Source Memory for Audio and Text CAROLIN EBERMAN and STUART J. McKELVIE* Bishop's University, Quebec, Canada SUMMARY Two groups of high and low vivid imagers heard an audiotape of a crime, read an account of it with both correct and new information, then took recognition and source memory tests. While listening and reading, both groups were told to attend carefully, but one was also instructed to form visual images of the scene. Recognition memory accuracy was greater for material from the text only than from the audio only, whereas source memory accuracy was greater for audio than for text. For source memory of text, high imagers performed more poorly than low imagers under imagery instructions. These results replicate previous work and extend it from an initial ®lm source to an audio source. Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. In everyday life, we are called upon to remember information but also where we encountered it. Was it on television, on the radio or in a newspaper? Source memory is important if we wish to relocate material, or if we wish to evaluate its veracity Johnson et al., 1993). It also bears on crime investigations, where witnesses may not be sure if what they remember derives from their experience of an event or from subsequently reading about it Dobson and Markham, 1993). Experiments on source memory show that confusions occur e.g. Kahan, 1996; Lane and Zaragoza, 1995; Lindsay and Johnson, 1989; Zaragoza and Koshmider, 1989). In particular, information suggested after an event may be correctly remembered but incorrectly attributed to the event itself Koriat et al., 2000; Zaragoza and Lane, 1994). This `source misattribution' effect Zaragoza and Lane, 1994) is higher for younger than for older children Ackil and Zaragoza, 1995), for repeated suggestions than for one suggestion Zaragoza and Mitchell, 1996), and for encoding by answering questions compared to reading statements Jurica and Shimamura, 1999). According to Dobson and Markham 1993), another factor in these errors may be a person's ability to form vivid images, particularly if the original source is visual. They observe that, on a reality-monitoring task in which the sources were either external or internal imagination), people with high imagery ability performed less well than people with low imagery ability Johnson et al., 1979; Markham and Hynes, 1993). It is assumed that memories from an external source are rich in sensory and spatial information, whereas memories from an internal source are rich in information about the cognitive operations Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Correspondence to: S. J. McKelvie, Department of Psychology, Bishop's University, Lennoxville, Que Âbec JIM IZ7, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]

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