Vocabulary Vocabulary ReviewReview

Ch 45 – Skeletal, Ch 45 – Skeletal, Muscular, and Muscular, and Integumentary Integumentary

SystemsSystems

The tissue made of cells that can

contract and relax to produce movement

Muscle tissue

A voluntary muscle that is attached to the bones and that moves parts of the

body

Skeletal muscle

The elongated muscle that is not under

voluntary control and that is found in the

digestive tract, blood vessels, glands, and

hair follicles, but not in the heart

Smooth muscle

The type of involuntary muscle found in the heart

Cardiac muscle

The tissue of the nervous system, which consists of

neurons, their supporting cells, and connective

tissueNervous tissue

A nerve cell that is specialized to receive and

conduct electrical impulses

Neurons

A tissue that is composed of a

sheet of cells and that covers a body surface or lines a

body cavity

Epithelial tissue

A tissue that has a lot of intracellular

substance and that connects and

supports other tissues

Connective tissue

An extracellular substance that gives connective tissue its

strength and flexibility; can be

solid, semisolid, or liquid

Matrix

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the

body

Organ

The area of the skull within which

the brain rests

Cranial cavity

The hollow part of the body that

contains the spinal cord

Spinal cavity

A dome-shaped muscle that is

attached to the lower ribs and that

functions as the main muscle in

respiration

Diaphragm

The part of the human body cavity

that is between the neck and the

abdomen and that contains the heart

and the lungsThoracic cavity

The hollow part of the body that is below the diaphragm and above the pelvis; contains

the organs of digestion, excretion,

and reproduction

Abdominal cavity

The hollow part of the body that is

below the abdominal cavity that contains

the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

Pelvic cavity

The bones of a human or animal

body that form the framework of the body, support the

muscles and organs and protect the

inner organsSkeleton

The bones of the skull, ribs,

vertebral column, and sternum

Axial skeleton

The bones of the arms and legs,

along with scapula, clavicle,

and pelvis

Appendicular skeleton

A white, double-layered membrane

that covers the entire surface of bone except for the joint surfaces,

it is richly supplied with nerve fibers and

blood vessels

Periosteum

The layer of bone that is just

beneath the periosteum and that gives that

bone its strength and rigidity

Compact bone

A channel containing blood

vessels in compact bone tissue

Haversian canal

A bone cell

Osteocyte

Less dense bone tissue that has

many open spaces

Spongy bone

Soft tissue inside bones where red and white blood

cells are produced

Bone marrow

An injury in which the tissue of a bone is broken

Fracture

The process by which cartilage is

converted into bone

Ossification

The point at which bones elongate during growth; it is found at

joint ends of long bones, is composed of cartilage, and becomes

an epiphyseal line in mature bonesEpiphyseal

plate

A place where two or more bones

meet

Joint

A joint at which no movement occurs; examples include

the joints between the bones of the

skull

Fixed joint

A joint at which limited movement occurs; examples include the joints

between the bones of the vertebral

column

Semimovable joint

A joint at which a wide range of motion occurs;

examples include ball-and-socket,

hinge, pivot, saddle, and gliding joints

Movable joint

A type of connective tissue

that holds together the

bones in a joint

Ligament

The transparent fluid that

lubricates joints

Synovial fluid

A chronic immune system disorder that causes stiff

and painful joints

Rheumatoid arthritis

A degenerative joint disease in

which the cartilage covering the

surface of the bones becomes

thinner and rougherOsteoarthritis

A multinucleate muscle cell, especially of

skeletal or cardiac muscle tissue

Muscle fiber

Dense bundles of muscle fibers –

groups of fascicles form muscles

Fascicle

A muscle whose movement can be

consciously controlled

Voluntary muscle

A bundle of threadlike

structures found within a striated muscle cell and

mostly made up of actin and myosin

Myofibril

The most abundant protein in muscle tissue

and the main constituent of the thick filaments of

muscle fibers

Myosin

A protein that makes up the thin

filaments of muscle fibers and that functions in the contraction

and relaxation of muscleActin

The line formed by the attachment of

actin filaments between two

sarcomeres of a muscle fiber in striated muscle

cellsZ line

The basic unit of contraction in skeletal and

cardiac muscle

Sarcomere

A tough connective tissue that attaches a

muscle to a bone or to another body

part

Tendon

In anatomy, the point at which a

muscle attaches to a stationary bone

Origin

In anatomy, the point at which a

muscle is attached to a moving bone

Insertion

A muscle that bends a joint

Flexor

A muscle that straightens a joint

Extensor

The physiological inability of a

muscle to contract; results from a depletion

of ATP

Muscle fatigue

The extra amount of oxygen that must be

taken in by the body to replenish the muscles’ oxygen reserves and to allow for the breakdown of lactic acid within the

muscles, especially after strenuous activity

Oxygen debt

The outer surface layer of cells of a plant or animal

Epidermis

A hard protein that forms hair, bird feathers,

nails, and horns

Keratin

A pigment that helps determine

skin color

Melanin

The layer of skin below the epidermis

Dermis

A gland that discharges its

secretions through a duct

Exocrine gland

An exocrine gland that secretes sweat; these glands are

distributed over the skin surface of most of the body

Sweat gland

An exocrine gland that secretes an oily substance

called sebum; also known as a

sebaceous gland

Oil gland

The oily secretion of the sebaceous

glands

Sebum