Section2Section2The War on theBattlefieldToday’s modern warfare involves long-range guns and “smart” bombsguided by computers. It is hard to imagine Civil War battles where longlines of hundreds of men faced each other separated by only 1,000 yardsor less. Those lines were often two or three men deep; the front line firedat opposing troops while the lines behind them reloaded. Cannon fire hit-ting the line killed four or five soldiers at a time, but the line quickly filledin and gunfire continued.

By far, the most frightening part of the battle line was the moment whenthe commanding officer raised his sword and shouted the word “Charge.”Suddenly, hundreds or thousands of screaming men ran furiously forwardover open fields, jumping over fences or streams, firing as they ran andwith bayonets leveled at the opposing line. The ensuing battle was hand-to-hand combat.

The noise could be deafening with cannons roaring from both sides, mus-ket fire ripping through the air, orders shouted down the line, war yells bounc-ing about the countryside, and the screams of wounded and dying men.

As you read, look for:• ten major battles of the CivilWar,• the battles in Georgia duringthe Chickamauga and Atlantacampaigns, and• vocabulary term:Emancipation Proclamation.

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266 Chapter 8: The Civil War, A Nation in Conflict

Figure 27 Ten Major Civil War Battles

Battle Date Confederate Commanders Confederate Strength

Fort Donelson, Tennessee Feb. 13-16, 1862 John B. Floyd, Simon B. Buckner 21,000 men

Shiloh, Tennessee Apr. 6-7, 1862 A. S. Johnston, P. G. T. Beauregard 40,335 men

Second Manassas, Virginia Aug. 29-30, 1862 Robert E. Lee 48,527 men

Antietam, Maryland Sept. 17, 1862 Robert E. Lee 51,844 men

Stone’s River, Tennessee Dec. 31, 1862 Braxton Bragg 37,739 men

Chancellorsville, Virginia May 1-4, 1863 Robert E. Lee 60,892 men

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania July 1-3, 1863 Robert E. Lee 75,000 men

Chickamauga, Georgia Sept. 19-20, 1863 Braxton Bragg 66,326 men

The Wilderness, Virginia May 5-7, 1864 Robert E. Lee 61,025 men

Spotsylvania, Virginia May 8-19, 1864 Robert E. Lee 50,000 men

?The Confederates generallynamed battles for the nearest

town or community. TheUnion named battles for the

nearest body of water.

Did You Know?Did You Know?

Major Battles of the WarThe Civil War, which so many thought would neither last long nor dis-

rupt many lives, proved to be exceptionally costly both in economic andhuman terms. During its course, some of the bloodiest battles in U.S. his-tory were waged, battles that often pitted brother against brother and neigh-bor against neighbor.

At the first Battle of Manassas (the first Battle of Bull Run), Georgia’s 21stRegiment lost 184 of its 242 men, almost 76 percent of its troops. This alarmedthose who had thought the Yankswould be easily defeated.

Information about the major battlesof the war appears in Figure 27.

By far, the majority of battles andskirmishes during the Civil War werefought on southern soil. Virginia wasthe site of the most battles, followed byTennessee and Georgia.

Freeing the SlavesOn September 22, 1862, five days

after the Battle of Antietam, PresidentLincoln issued the EmancipationProclamation, a document ultimately

Map 39Civil War Battles

Map Skill: How many statesdid not see any battles?

LOUISIANA

AR

KS 4

MO

IA

MN

WI

MI

IL INOH

KY11

17

27

5 23

167

31

6

11

2038

123

72

1

5

1

2

12

2

15 VA

PA

NY

NCTN

VT

NH

ME

MACT

NJ

RI

DEMD

SC

GAAL

MS

FL

LATX

New MexicoTerritory

CA

ORDakota Territory

WV

IndianTerritory

ColoradoTerritory

UtahTerritory

NevadaTerritory

WashingtonTerritory

Nebraska Territory

7

Section 2: The War on the Battlefield 267

Union Commanders Union Strength Outcome Casualties

Ulysses S. Grant 27,000 men Union victory 19,455 (2,832 Union; 16,623 Confederate)

Ulysses S. Grant 62,682 men Union victory 23,741 (13,047 Union; 10,694 Confederate)

John Pope 75,696 men Confederate victory 25,251 (16,054 Union; 9,197 Confederate)

George B. McClellan 75,316 men Union victory 26,134 (12,410 Union; 13,724 Confederate)

William S. Rosecrans 41,400 men Union victory 24,645 (12,906 Union; 11,739 Confederate)

Joseph Hooker 133,868 men Confederate victory 30,099 (17,278 Union; 12,821 Confederate)

George G. Meade 82,289 men Union victory 51,112 (23,048 Union; 28,064 Confederate)

William Rosecrans 58,222 men Confederate victory 34,624 (16,170 Union; 18,454 Confederate)

Ulysses S. Grant 101,895 men No victor 25,416 (17,666 Union; 7,750 Confederate)

Ulysses S. Grant 83,000 men Confederate victory 27,399 (18,399 Union; 9,000 Confederate)

Below: This close-up photoof Fort Pulaski shows thedamage done by the cannonfire. Bottom: This is an aerialview of Fort Pulaski. Noticethe holes in the walls.

affecting 4 million slaves in theUnited States. Lincoln wanted theConfederate states to end the war,return to the Union, and end 244years of slavery. In this now famousdocument, Lincoln stated that un-less the South surrendered by Janu-

ary 1, 1863, “all slaves instates or districts in rebel-lion against the UnitedStates will be thenceforthand forever free.” For threemonths and nine days after the Proclamation was issued, the Southfaced a choice. If it surrendered, slavery would continue in theSouth. If it did not surrender, the institution of slavery would end.The Confederate leaders chose to continue to fight.

The War in GeorgiaThere were over one hundred Civil War battles and skirmishes

in Georgia; most of them, ninety-two, were in 1864 during whatare known as the Atlanta Campaign and the Savannah Campaignas General William T. Sherman led his March through Georgia. Thefirst battles on Georgia soil, however, took place in 1862.

On April 6-7, 1862, while most of the Confederate forces wereconcentrated in Virginia, two areas of Georgia’s coast were suffer-

268 Chapter 8: The Civil War, A Nation in Conflict

?Did You Know?Did You Know?

Some Georgia troops whowent to fight in Virginia

were not allowed to take theirown guns out of Georgia

because it was thought thatthe guns would be needed

to defend the state.

ing their first major attacks—Tybee Island and Fort Pulaski, both located justeast of Savannah.

Fort Pulaski, finished in 1847, was an important coastal defense site. Itwas named for Revolutionary War hero Count Casimir Pulaski. The fort wasmade of brick, and most thought it was strong enough to withstand anyattacks. On January 3, 1861, Confederate forces had overrun the federal fortand captured it. Inside, they dug trenches and put down heavy pieces of woodto support their cannons.

In early April 1862, Union forcestook Tybee Island, which was onlya mile across the Savannah Riverfrom Fort Pulaski. They called on thefort’s 25-year-old commander, Colo-nel Charles Olmstead, and his 385men to surrender the fort back toUnion control. Olmstead refused,and Union forces began firing on thefort at 8:00 a.m. on April 10. After aday and a half of cannon fire, thefort’s brick walls were falling down,and Olmstead was forced to surren-der. In a letter to his wife, the youngConfederate commander wrote, “Ifeel that I have done my duty, mywhole duty, that I have been forcedto yield only to [the] superior mightof metal. Guns such as have neverbefore been brought to bear againstany fortification have overpoweredme, but I trust to history to keep myname untarnished.” The guns towhich Olmstead referred were rifledcannons, which were first used inmodern warfare at Fort Pulaski. TheBattle of Fort Pulaski was the onlybattle fought in Georgia during1862. However, before the war wasover, more than thirty battles werefought on Georgia’s soil. Some ofthose battles are listed in Figure 28. A look at two of the battles—Chickamaugaand Atlanta—offers insight into the Union’s defeat of the South.

The Battle of ChickamaugaIn late 1863, Union forces moved against the major railroad center in

Chattanooga, Tennessee, just across the Georgia line. On September 19-20,Union General Rosecrans led his troops against Confederate General BraxtonBragg seven miles south of Chattanooga at Chickamauga Creek. Bragg’s army

Top: Park rangers at FortPulaski demonstrate firing ofthe cannon. Above:Brotherton Cabin is the siteof the Confederate break-through on the second dayof the Battle of Chickamauga.

Section 2: The War on the Battlefield 269

?Did You Know?Did You Know?After the fall of Fort Pulaski,no more American forts were

built of brick.

Figure 28 Civil War Battles in Georgia

Battle Date Union Commanders

Fort Pulaski, Chatham County April 10-11, 1862 David Hunter

Fort McAllister I, Bryan County March 3, 1863 P. Drayton

Davis’s Cross Roads, Dade and Walker counties September 10-11, 1863 James Negley

Chickamauga, Catoosa and Walker counties September 18-20, 1863 William S. Rosecrans

Ringgold Gap, Catoosa County November 27, 1863 Joseph Hooker

Dalton I, Whitfield County February 22-27, 1864 George H. Thomas

Rocky Face Ridge, Whitfield County May 7-13, 1864 William T. Sherman

Resaca,Gordon and Whitfield counties May 13-15, 1864 William T. Sherman

Adairsville, Bartow and Gordon counties May 17, 1864 William T. Sherman

New Hope Church, Paulding County May 25-26, 1864 William T. Sherman

Dallas, Paulding County May 26-June 1, 1864 William T. Sherman

Pickett’s Mill, Paulding County May 27, 1864 Oliver Otis Howard

Marietta (I, II, III, IV), Cobb County June 9-July 3, 1864 William T. Sherman

Kolb’s Farm, Cobb County June 22, 1864 John M. Schofield

Kennesaw Mountain, Cobb County June 27, 1864 William T. Sherman

Peachtree Creek, Fulton County July 20, 1864 George H. Thomas

Atlanta, Fulton County July 22, 1864 William T. Sherman

Ezra Church, Fulton County July 28, 1864 Oliver O. Howard

Utoy Creek, Fulton County August 5-7, 1864 John M. Schofield

Dalton II, Whitfield County August 14-15, 1864 James B. Steedman

Lovejoy’s Station, Clayton County August 20, 1864 H. Judson Kilpatrick

Jonesboro, Clayton County August 31 - September 1, 1864 William T. Sherman

Allatoona, Bartow County October 5, 1864 John M. Corse

Griswoldville, Jones and Twiggs counties November 22, 1864 Charles C. Walcutt

Buck Head Creek, Jenkins County November 28, 1864 H. Judson Kilpatrick

Waynesborough, Burke County December 4, 1864 H. Judson Kilpatrick

Fort McAllister II, Bryan County December 13, 1864 William B. Hazen

270 Chapter 8: The Civil War, A Nation in Conflict

Confederate Commanders Outcome Casualties

Charles H. Olmstead Union victory 365 (1 Union; 364 Confederate)

George A. Anderson Confederate victory Unknown

John C. Breckinridge Union victory Unknown

Braxton Bragg Confederate victory 34,624 (16,170 Union; 18,454 Confederate)

Patrick R. Cleburne Confederate victory 912 (432 Union; 480 Confederate)

Joseph E. Johnston Confederate victory Unknown

Joseph E. Johnston Union victory Unknown

Joseph E. Johnston No victory for either side 5,547 (2,747 Union; 2,800 Confederate)

Joseph E. Johnston Confederate victory Total unknown (200 Union)

Joseph E. Johnston Confederate victory Total unknown (1,600 Union)

Joseph E. Johnston Union victory 5,400 (2,400 Union; 3,000 Confederate)

Patrick R. Cleburne Confederate victory 2,100 (1,600 Union; 500 Confederate)

Joseph E. Johnston Union victory Unknown

John Bell Hood Union victory 1,350 (350 Union; 1,000 Confederate)

Joseph E. Johnston Confederate victory 4,000 (3,000 Union; 1,000 Confederate)

John Bell Hood Union victory 6,506 (1,710 Union; 4,796 Confederate)

John Bell Hood Union victory 12,140 (3,641 Union; 8,499 Confederate)

John Bell Hood Union victory 3,562 (562 Union; 3,000 Confederate)

John Bell Hood No victory for either side Unknown

Joseph Wheeler Union victory Unknown

William H. Jackson Confederate victory Unknown

William J. Hardee Union victory 3,149 (1,149 Union; 2,000 Confederate)

Samuel G. French Union victory 1,505 (706 Union; 799 Confederate)

Pleasant J. Phillips, Joseph Wheeler Union victory 712 (62 Union; 650 Confederate)

Joseph Wheeler Union victory 646 (46 Union; 600 Confederate)

Joseph Wheeler Union victory 440 (190 Union; 250 Confederate)

George A. Anderson Union victory 205 (134 Union; 71 Confederate)

Section 2: The War on the Battlefield 271

Above: In addition to thelives lost at the Battle ofChickamauga, theConfederacy failed to followup on a strategic victory.

defeated the Union forces and forced the Union Army back into Tennessee.But Bragg did not follow up on the Union retreat. By November 1863, Gen-eral Ulysses Grant had arrived with more troops and recaptured Chattanooga,forcing Bragg to retreat south to Dalton.

The Battle of AtlantaWhen Grant moved his army east to attack Lee, he left 112,000 men in

Chattanooga under the command of General William T. Sherman. Shermantook those men and began a campaign toward Atlanta. Sherman faced Gen-eral Joseph E. Johnston, who had replaced Bragg. Johnston had 60,000 troopsto hold back Sherman’s army.

During the late spring and early summer of 1864, the two armies foughttime and again with major battles at Dalton, Resaca, Allatoona, KennesawMountain, and New Hope Church.Because of shortages of ammunitionand men, Johnston was forced toretreat southward. But he burnedbridges and blocked roads as heretreated and slowed Sherman’sadvance to about two miles a day.

272 Chapter 8: The Civil War, A Nation in Conflict ?Did You Know?Did You Know?The Indian name Chickamauga

meant “River of Death.”

Top: Although Sherman lostthe battle at KennesawMountain, that did not stophim from pushing on towardAtlanta. Above: Sherman’sand Hood’s armies fought forover a month in and aroundAtlanta before Hood finallyevacuated the city. TheAtlanta Cyclorama has a 358-foot painting of the battle.

In June 1864, Sherman attackedJohnston’s troops at KennesawMountain but lost that battle.

Jefferson Davis, president ofthe Confederacy, disagreed withJohnston’s strategies and wantedSherman’s troops attacked head-on.Davis replaced Johnston with Gen-eral John Bell Hood. In July, Hoodled his troops in an attack on Sher-man, losing over 11,000 men in twodays. The two armies continued tofight during July until Hood concen-trated his troops within the city ofAtlanta. The main battle of Atlantawas on July 22. Hood hoped Sher-man would follow him into the cityso that he could attack Sherman’sarmy on the left flank and rearguard. However, the attacks did notsucceed.

The two armies fought for the restof July and August until Hood finallyleft the city on September 1 after thecitizens evacuated Atlanta. The nextday, the Union army moved intoAtlanta and took over its railroadsand factories. The soldiers stayeduntil November 15 when, aboutthree o’clock in the afternoon, theyset fire to the city. On November 16,Sherman’s army left Atlanta inflames and began their infamous“March to the Sea.”

Sherman’s March to the SeaSherman’s army moved quickly through the state heading from Atlanta

to Savannah, burning everything in a path sixty miles wide on the three-hundred mile trek to the coast. On his way from Atlanta to Savannah,Sherman destroyed all military targets and the civilian economic system(farms, homes, towns, railroads, bridges, roads) that supported the Con-federate military. The move took over two months and left a large area ofthe state totally destroyed. In response to criticism of the destruction,Sherman reportedly said, “If the people [of Georgia] raise a howl againstmy barbarity and cruelty, I will answer that war is war and not popularityseeking.” Estimates of the damage from Sherman’s March to the Sea wereas high as $100 million.

Section 2: The War on the Battlefield 273

On December 22, 1864, Shermansent a wire to President Lincoln: “I begto present you as a Christmas gift theCity of Savannah with one hundredfifty heavy guns, plenty of ammuni-tion, also about twenty-five thousandbales of cotton.” The next day, Uniontroops took over Savannah. Interest-ingly enough, Sherman did not burnSavannah. He knew that there was atreasure to be saved in Savannah, atreasure the Union Army needed.Since the city had been cut off by thenaval blockade, bales of cotton hadbeen accumulating in the warehousesand on the docks. Sherman quicklyhad it loaded, shipped to the North,and sold for a reported $28 million.

When Savannah surrendered,Sherman had effectively divided theupper and lower Confederacy, cuttingRobert E. Lee off from the vital sup-plies needed to continue the Southernwar effort and ending the war in Geor-gia. The main concern of those who

remained in Georgia was finding food and shelter. The factories, rail lines,mills, plantations, and farm fields lay around them in ruins.

The Final Battles of the WarOn January 13, 1865, the North captured Fort Fisher in North Carolina

and closed the last Confederate blockade-running port. In Virginia, Lee’stroops continued to fight Grant’s army, which was over twice the size of theremaining Confederate force. On March 2, Lee asked to meet with Grant totalk about ending the war. President Lincoln refused to allow the meetingunless the South surrendered.

Lee tried one final time to push Union troops back from Petersburg,Virginia. He failed. Before he could reach the remaining Confederate forces inNorth Carolina, Union troops cut off his retreat. President Jefferson Davis knewthe war was near its end. He left Richmond and went to Danville, Virginia,to avoid capture. He was eventuallycaptured near Irwinville, Georgia.

On April 9, 1865, General Leesurrendered to General Grant atAppomattox Court House in Vir-ginia. While there were still a fewskirmishes in North Carolina, theCivil War was officially over.

Map 40The Civil War inGeorgiaMap Skill: In which directiondid Genral Sherman (below)march?

Davis Crossroads

ChickamaugaRinggold Gap

Dalton (2 battles)

Rocky Face Ridge

Resaca

Adairsville

CassvilleAltoona

New Hope ChurchPickett’s Mill

Dallas

Kennesaw Mtn.Kolb’s Farm

Chattahoochee River AtlantaPeachtree Creek

Utoy Creek Ezra ChurchJonesboro

Lovejoy’s Station

Griswoldville

Buckhead Creek

Pulaski

Ft. McAllister

Savannah

SHERMAN’S MARCH

274 Chapter 8: The Civil War, A Nation in Conflict?By war’s end, Robert E. Lee

was respectfully called “TheOld Man” because of his care

of his troops.

Did You Know?Did You Know?

Civil War PrisonsA particularly dark side of the Civil War was the way prisoners of both

sides were treated by their captors. At first, each side routinely exchangedprisoners. However, in 1864, after an incident in which northern black mili-tary prisoners were reported to have been killed by their Confederate cap-tors, General Grant stopped exchanging prisoners with the South. This keptthe Confederacy from getting back men needed for the army. It also mademilitary prisons overflow.

One of the Confederate prisons for Union soldiers was in Andersonville,Georgia. The prison was dirty; the only shelter was whatever the prisonerscould put together; and there was not enough food, water, or medical sup-plies. Much of the available water was contaminated. The prison was alwayscrowded beyond reason. During the fifteen months Andersonville operated,almost 13,000 Union prisoners died.

Stories of the conditions at Andersonville were so bad that the Confeder-ate War Department had a medical team look at the prison. The team rec-ommended moving the soldiers to better places. Although records indicate

By the Side of the RoadBy the Side of the RoadIn 1862, local housebuilder and mechanic John Gillelandfrom Athens had an idea for a double-barreled cannon thatwould fire two cannonballs connected with a chain. Af-ter it was cast, Gilleland's cannon was taken for its firsttest. Unfortunately, the two balls did not fire at exactlythe same time. The chain connecting them broke, andeach cannonball followed an erratic course. One killed acow, and the other hit a chimney on a cabin. AlthoughGilleland was convinced that his cannon was a success,he could not convince anyone else. The cannon was re-turned to Athens, where it was used as a signal gun.Today, the only known specimen of a double-barreledcannon stands on the grounds of City Hall in Athens.

Section 2: The War on the Battlefield 275

Below: The AndersonvilleNational Historic Site is alsohome to the National Prisonerof War Museum. Opened in1998, it is dedicated to themen and women of thiscountry who have sufferedcaptivity. Bottom: Thismonument to the Iowa deadis in the AndersonvilleNational Cemetery.

Andersonville’s commander, Captain HenryWirz, tried to improve conditions at theprison, he was executed in 1865 for “exces-sive cruelty.” Today, Andersonville is a na-tional cemetery where 13,700 Union deadare buried.

Although conditions at AndersonvillePrison were horrible, the problems in prisoncamps were not limited to the South. Over26,000 southerners died in northern campssuch as Point Lookout, Maryland, andCamp Douglas, Illinois.

One Union prison was located at Elmira,New York. Before the war’s end, one-fourthof the 12,123 Confederate prisoners atElmira died. The prisoners faced malnutri-tion, exposure to the cold, and poor medi-cal conditions. A man gnawing on a meatbone was envied by those about him. Bro-ken arms and legs often were not tended.Prisoners, unaccustomed to the severe coldof New York winters, were often made tostand at attention barefooted on the snowy,ice-cold grounds. During summer months,prisoners were often made to stand for daysin a sweat box seven feet high, twentyinches wide, and twelve inches deep with-out food, water, or ventilation.

Neither the North nor the South had foreseen the problems that wouldbe caused by large numbers of prisoners over a prolonged war period. Theyhad not planned how to house and feed and care for thousands of militaryprisoners, and they were unable to do so.

It’s Your TurnIt’s Your Turn

276 Chapter 8: The Civil War, A Nation in Conflict

t1. What was the first battle of the Civil War that took place on

Georgia soil?2. Could the Confederacy have maintained slavery even after the

war was underway?3. Why did General Sherman attack the civilian infrastructure

between Atlanta and Savannah?4. What military mistake cost Southern forces the initiative after

the Battle of Chickamauga?5. Who was executed for “excessive cruelty” at Andersonville

Prison? Was that action justified?