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Volcanoes Volcanoes VCE Geography VCE Geography

Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

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Page 1: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

VolcanoesVolcanoes

VCE GeographyVCE Geography

Page 2: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

AimsAims

Understand natural factors that Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other create volcanic and other environments.environments.

Understand how these natural Understand how these natural factors interact.factors interact.

Understand the geographic Understand the geographic features of volcanic features of volcanic environments.environments.

Demonstrate our spatial skills.Demonstrate our spatial skills.

Page 3: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

What is a volcano?What is a volcano?

There is very hot (molten) rock There is very hot (molten) rock under the earth’s surface.under the earth’s surface.

When the pressure builds up in When the pressure builds up in the molten rock, lava and gas the molten rock, lava and gas escapes through a fissure.escapes through a fissure.

The word volcano applies to The word volcano applies to both the vent and the mountain both the vent and the mountain left my the overflow.left my the overflow.

Page 4: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Volcano fact #1Volcano fact #1

The study of volcanoes is called The study of volcanoes is called volcanology.volcanology.

Page 5: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Volcano fact #2Volcano fact #2

More than 80% of the earth's More than 80% of the earth's surface comes from volcanoes. surface comes from volcanoes.

Page 6: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Volcano fact #3Volcano fact #3

The name volcano is said to The name volcano is said to have come from Vulcano, a have come from Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy. Islands of Italy.

The name Vulcano originates The name Vulcano originates from Vulcan, a god of fire in from Vulcan, a god of fire in Roman mythology. Roman mythology.

Page 7: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Volcano fact #4Volcano fact #4

Seismographic monitoring, Seismographic monitoring, tiltmeters and surveillance by tiltmeters and surveillance by satellite all serve to predict satellite all serve to predict activity in a volcano. activity in a volcano.

Gas and steam emissions can Gas and steam emissions can also indicate an impending also indicate an impending volcanic eruption. volcanic eruption.

Page 8: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Volcanic fact #5Volcanic fact #5

There are three main typesThere are three main types Tephra volcanoesTephra volcanoes Shield volcanoesShield volcanoes Strato volcanoesStrato volcanoes

Page 9: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

What factors create What factors create environments?environments? We need to understand the structure We need to understand the structure

of the earth.of the earth. The earth is made of many layers.The earth is made of many layers. Starting at the middle they areStarting at the middle they are

Crust (where we live) 0-35kmCrust (where we live) 0-35km Upper mantle 35-60kmUpper mantle 35-60km Mantle 60 – 2890kmMantle 60 – 2890km A fluid outer core – 2890 – 5150kmA fluid outer core – 2890 – 5150km A hard inner core – 5150 - 6350A hard inner core – 5150 - 6350

Page 10: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

ActivityActivity

Create a colour diagram of the Create a colour diagram of the layers of the earth.layers of the earth.

This does not need to be to This does not need to be to scale but does need to indicate scale but does need to indicate distance with labels.distance with labels.

Page 11: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Page 12: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Magma vs. LavaMagma vs. Lava

Magma is molten rock under the Magma is molten rock under the ground.ground.

Once it is expelled it is called Once it is expelled it is called lava.lava.

Page 13: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Caution: Contents May Be HotCaution: Contents May Be Hot

High temperatures and High temperatures and pressures are normal inside the pressures are normal inside the earth.earth.

This happens because of the This happens because of the natural decay of radioactive natural decay of radioactive elements.elements.

This makes the rock so hot it This makes the rock so hot it becomes fluid and gas. This is becomes fluid and gas. This is called magma.called magma.

Page 14: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

What are the geographic What are the geographic features of a volcano?features of a volcano?

There are three main types of There are three main types of volcanoes.volcanoes.

Page 15: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Strato VolcanoesStrato Volcanoes

The most common type.The most common type. Composed of solid lava flows Composed of solid lava flows

alternating with pyroclastic alternating with pyroclastic material.material.

The lava flows act like a blanket The lava flows act like a blanket for the rock layers.for the rock layers.

They are steeper than a shield They are steeper than a shield but not as steep as Tephra but not as steep as Tephra volcanoes.volcanoes.

Page 16: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Shield volcanoesShield volcanoes

Composed of solidified lava flows.Composed of solidified lava flows. The flattest type of volcano.The flattest type of volcano. Can spread out over a wide area.Can spread out over a wide area. Slope often less than 10 degreesSlope often less than 10 degrees For example Mauna Kea in For example Mauna Kea in

Hawaii.Hawaii.

Page 17: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Shield VolcanoShield Volcano

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_volcano

Page 18: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Tephra volcanoesTephra volcanoes

Composed of magma and Composed of magma and associated rocks.associated rocks.

Steep sided slopes (around 30)Steep sided slopes (around 30) Rarely more than 300 metres Rarely more than 300 metres

high.high.

Page 19: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Ring of FireRing of Fire

Area of frequent eruptions and Area of frequent eruptions and earthquakes around the Pacific earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean.Ocean.

Actually a horseshoe shape.Actually a horseshoe shape. 90% of the earthquakes.90% of the earthquakes. Over 80% of the major Over 80% of the major

volcanoes.volcanoes. Includes over 160 active Includes over 160 active

volcanoes.volcanoes.

Page 20: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Ring of FireRing of Fire

Page 21: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Famous volcanoes - Mt Famous volcanoes - Mt VesuviusVesuvius East of Naples, ItalyEast of Naples, Italy 40°49′N, 14°26′E40°49′N, 14°26′E The only volcano in Europe to have The only volcano in Europe to have

erupted in the last 100 years.erupted in the last 100 years. 79AD eruption destroyed the towns 79AD eruption destroyed the towns

of Pompeii and Herculaneum.of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Between 15k and 30k people dead.Between 15k and 30k people dead.

Today more than 3m people live Today more than 3m people live close to Vesuvius making it a very close to Vesuvius making it a very dangerous volcano.dangerous volcano.

Page 22: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Infrared Picture of VesuviusThis is a night-time infrared photo of Mount Vesuvius in 1943.

http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20041206/vesuvius_zoom1.html

Page 23: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Famous volcanoes - Mt Famous volcanoes - Mt VesuviusVesuvius

It is a stratovolcano.It is a stratovolcano. The last eruption was in 1944.The last eruption was in 1944. Destroyed several small villages Destroyed several small villages

and 88 US planes.and 88 US planes. There is an emergency plan it There is an emergency plan it

place now which would involved place now which would involved moving 600,000 people to moving 600,000 people to safety.safety.

Page 24: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Famous volcanoes - Mount St. Famous volcanoes - Mount St. Helens.Helens. In Washington State, Pacific In Washington State, Pacific

Northwest of the USA.Northwest of the USA. 46°12′N, 122°11′W 46°12′N, 122°11′W Catastrophic eruption on May Catastrophic eruption on May

18, 1980.18, 1980. 57 dead57 dead 250 homes lost250 homes lost 47 bridges47 bridges 300km of highways.300km of highways.

Page 25: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Famous volcanoes - Mount St. Famous volcanoes - Mount St. Helens.Helens.

It is a stratovolcano.It is a stratovolcano. Is still active and has has small Is still active and has has small

volcanic activities in the years volcanic activities in the years between 1980 and now.between 1980 and now.

Has been in continuous eruption Has been in continuous eruption since 2004.since 2004.

Page 26: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

What spatial skills are useful What spatial skills are useful here?here?

Mapping skills, especially Mapping skills, especially topography.topography. Topography (heights) is Topography (heights) is

expressed using contour lines or expressed using contour lines or different heights for different different heights for different colours.colours.

Understanding of region.Understanding of region. Understanding of movement.Understanding of movement.

Page 27: Volcanoes VCE Geography. Mr OMeara 2007 RedSpaceRocket.com Aims Understand natural factors that create volcanic and other environments. Understand natural

Mr O’Meara 2007Mr O’Meara 2007RedSpaceRocket.comRedSpaceRocket.com

Useful linksUseful links

http://volcano.und.edu/http://volcano.und.edu/ http://www.volcanoes.com/http://www.volcanoes.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volca

nono http://reference.howstuffworks.chttp://reference.howstuffworks.c

om/volcano-encyclopedia.htmom/volcano-encyclopedia.htm