Voltaire - Political Writings

7/24/2019 Voltaire - Political Writings

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Camhridge Texts n te Histy of Poltcal ou s w lyetahls as e ajo st textbk eies i poltia te. Itas to ake avaab to tdet al te ost ota s te

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Inductin

In plcs s in philsphy Vi ws no systm-buildr had dp sspcin f sytms and his pcl r nt cmin r rc ssmc g wl-viw. 'I ite act nc inod JnJacqs Rss (Bs DI22) n pc inkr h d rspond to vn ahr hantaphyica bscns H ws mrbl w-nfm owv nd h rdg w wi w t wk Gs Pfnf H gb Monu, Mivi dAgnon,

Ml Sanir Qsna L Mcir Mn bs Mnv Bon Baa uss nd lhu tnishinvnc sggests h w l f t lrs Two s Pkns 1965, Apnd Cock 83, Thilmnn59, Koa 1966).

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Iduion

ons for politcl if whs rgt complitis conn to ovrwh s

Almost ccain t most powrf ortv prnc bhind voluton of Volars vws n t ltac and xrs opowr was s rf sta n nglad bwn Ma 7Z6 and ov z8 (s Poma 1985, ch. Fltchr 86 c. ; Pr1977). T pos1688 stln hat gav Engan constittionaarhy od ola a woig odl govrnt glandwas to bcom a patd pont of rfrnc n s polcal wn

and s no acint tat on o h nlocors in B is anngla. Vol nvr nsagd h pli iply gng a tansfr o h English odl to ranc. Th was noHos of Commons in ranc no possbiiy of a 688-sl rvolton, n frdo o sph or of t prss, no ql bf hlaw n an cas Volair was nvr an advca of volion Thupaals of 9 would hav appald him th powr o t mobng i as mc if no mor, tha ha of auocra maind vry c opposd to an ida of volvng powr o t

masss as can b sn in is rpatd oppson o Montsqsaus antss bwn rpblcs an monaci wrt inspac b vr gnal trs abou pblis bu onl onamp f a psonal comnt to rblcan phlosopy asbn fn, an is is in a ltt wn to his frind Thot in26 wl h wa in ngland (Bs D30). I stans alon(snan 9, c 24: bt s Ga 198 for h coniw).

Mor cal a iws xpss by C in ABC Th oplarc not o gov I cod no b m wiga o a lgslato

I woul pfr nvr o wa a g n Fanc Vola saw laly tath pacca alav la bwn powr rcisd b a onac orpw rcsd by lms. h a pl wich wasally a cor o aw, was noting lk h nglsh alant, andVolas opposion to a fhr ransr of powr o o o hpovincial l was unrmng an unrs (s a197) H og all tplm wr dangrus to poss andlb an hat t cord as ositois of jsc, and as cousof appal, was abymaL It mh s paaocal a s an, btVoltar was sur tat t onl iabl sst of ovn or


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Iri

ane was that of an absote monah (see Gay I88 ch 7) hisuch deated is eploed in A as well as in C. ol-taire was :,er a eae penally wi onars or with teir courts

ut e antaine rly and consiteny that abolusm did nonece


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Intduction

atides Voltaes ojecons to obbe are emotioal rathe tanintellectal; he fund Hobs ncmfotabe ratr tan wron (shilmann 195). He hs ie o substan to say abot Grotus

ere, ecept to rema hat he was a pdant who compilationav nt me t paise bsowed on tem by te gnornt Inconveaon Voa resumes att w i old enemy Jean-Jacue Roussu whos iws n propey, man in t st ofnatr, naralw and nura qality, as pressed in t Dsureon the ogn of nequaty among mn ( 54 and te Soca ntact762, alo attackd in IR and ote tt

Conersations 5- an 4 ran inngly an provoctivyover sbect t a drc barg on powr the State and the

human mplcatons o t rlatiohp betn h wo hey alsoillminte oltares use of anecda ills e advancemen oagumnts abou eedom th ssns of ancin istory in the con-sideraon of te es fos o govenment, h polical advances omode Eop, and paculaly ngand, serfdom and te enlaemn of the d

Som of the ies on powe and th Stat n AB had een voicedi a mch aer tough more circumspect work wt a more opntle PA wa wren n Pais in 0, pbsed in 1752, and di-ciosy hiddn away a collctive edition o Voe's wors n1750 Voltaie had iten a amplt cald The vo othe we manand othe peoe in whic, among otr thing he had atacd theineuie o sytem an pacar he connuing xemon o the hrch whic till oned eten a que and a tho te naon's wealt and abo 6 per cent ohe lan (Lough h pmhe ad cased a uro, and wa lac on the nde.On 2 y t a ocy ondemned by t goeent tws dg te compoion o is pamhl that Voire ted tolst rons on goement and te cis of we generallyn peaing tis work for pulication in 76, he cut sv scon, and added ne Thtn econs rom e v of te weman and ofthe pe w pnd as part o t P ao hismael wa to e deed aer in Khl. hese have ben orda e r756 x ha Voire had mel ecs ateredon. Mold pined tis wor under tl ta Voltaire sedin te rs edn ouh o mnt

n PA Voi se oU! is basc psition on reeom: Fdomconss in being dpndnt only on law his don enabd


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Imduin

hi to iden hose states and cistates in Eoe at ejoyedtrue freedo (e.g Sweden Holland nglnd, Genev Habugand tse hat dd not (discreet silence on Fance, oer han a gen-

eal reeence to large Chrisan conties) Only w e posessono reeom so dened oud e e sigicance of wat it was tobe han ece. t follwed tat he est for of gvenment wase one hat gaanteed equal protection fo all nks of czensbefore he law. ace aton in hs cntex is ntrduce wa iece of erse y Conys Middeton and is leads to a seies ofrelections on the Frenc onachy, and the bene of asolusm the law: ing w is not cntradicted can ad e cedwle conveel a kng wo does not enjoy asolute ower is com-

pelle to assert hisel Tus it is hat when Louis X declared tohe Pais par on 3 Mac 766 at e was e sle sourceof power in he tae, causing mc pblic consteaon, Voltareaprovd sngly of he Kng's stemen (Best D21D334;Bestean 965 erkins 89 secon 3)

Tere s a ardnosed agmasm abot Volaire's tinkng onpolitics, and many o the arces in DP oer good eples f ths.Accordng to one of Volae's secretaes, olli, he idea o DPwa at a supe pat osed y ederck e Geat a tsdam

on Septeme I72 (see odd 8) ut Voltae dd not stseos wo on e ales for his pocet philosopica diconaynl well aer 0 By this me derots gea Eaea, fomwhich Voltare ew inspiron fo is apaeical proect, adallen foul of ocialdo e edtion of D apeared in July4 t was reissued in 7 and in I767 wt cags and agann I76 afte wc its hsto ecoes a le consd. Te 169DP, caing 118 arles was eged with AB and publisednder e ie Reaso g lpab. oyeight o e acles

wee hen comned, exanded and evised in e context f QETis lae wo was conceved as supleent o deots lo-paa, and Voi assebled no ess an 4 acles for t te deat he Kehl edtos uher mddied te waters by addngmateial fro ther wrngs to odce a vast comoste seven-volume wo also enled e losopca oa e original764 P was hus asorbed to the oint invisbli n he rstcollecve edition of Voaie's wos (see odd 190 c I. Foutes his colecon are cassed as part of D (se Note n te

anslaon

X


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Itrdun

E) was possl comsd as arl as It contains Volai's acid cmcts on th tilit of plital he a an ectivemans o nuncing thos who actally wiel power togeth it

commnt< n t ashon for publising lital wls' f ve greamen: ichelieu, Louvois arles Y Due o oain lbrni andBl-Isle. To th h ads sgncanly an nt witu ion, asixth, the notoious bigan ouis andrin wh had bn bonon wh in 55 In doing h was inding hs reae f apint ta he mad freunl namely ha all politica w spangriginally m th actins f obbe and he exercis of foce Thediffn w a anin and a chli was limaly nlh dirnc

again in (QEThe st six scins of (QE publishd in in the sith

a ofQ and las sctin appeared in th sevenh part in 174Sctin 6 cntans a detal cmmnta n e me he ngshcntitutin, an on he histcal sggle that ngland ndured vt cns o achiv freedom under te law and a stat in whicheach citizen had hos natural rights estoed to him of which motmen ving und mnachcal syste a deprived. ngland aanshines as a beacon hop h ft.

QE wa st published in the fourh p f QE n In, Voltai had itten hat dmocay was supo to all otesytems govement because thee eveoe is ual, ad evne wors fo th happness o veyone els. In QE) hs vewsae more cauously formulated. s many cmmentatos have pineout Volte's iew on demcacy at best ambivalnt is sctfr he vews and ily or he ptntal pwer, f orda eolecaily increase n hs late years acualy aft is rince lvin wih te t f enva e Gay 1988 ch. 4) n Q

Voltaies enthuiasm fr he peple's pwer s cnidby lss his enthusasm for thei se Bcall 0 iberty ad equalit discussed larely the contet of Atenan hist wichthe dnn f what ontuted t pel is y specic andrestve Reulics on Ahea lis certanly resulted n lesscrime and less njstce ad he Volie is inng alms ertainyf the merits f th Genvan epubl but these csdrbladvantas a wighed agns the real vc f a ciile pulicnamly h n t anarhy a ultmaey trnn. emocacy


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Id

was at st sutabe oly fo sma contres, and eve en sceco not be arntee, f oly because it ws opeted by falbeman bes n whose quaitis and alets it was etirely

deendent.Is a epulc eter than a monarchy? Votaies aswe n D(Q

is tentative: govemet a difclt mate; f te Jew could notsuccee with G as hei mase what hop s here for the rest ofs! For Voltire hstoy roed coclusively tat Montesqie waswrog about rme being he dyac prcipe of reublcs I reallife republc hae ever come o beg m acts of butfrom a of amto, wose moe s merey to alter the blancead sorce of power bt see Gay 19S8)

Voltaire also examines the os of poltcal powe and sialoranso n QE an n H(QE The ome ws pulse in74, n stas w speculato e pre-soa ate of a aure. he picre panted o naral man vey derent ro atof Roea's obe saae edo w altes o naral rteand happess The poial aspirao of Voltaes aurl ma wasto equ the animals' hat is to become self-su te food,lotg ad shelter aorded to amas by atre he essece of

pmte estence ad idee te whole of mas sr, is rucedto the ursut of wel-being ad the acuso of deeces agastomnprese evl he cimb fom e pit of rtality i long, arduosand ucetai ad Voltae descbes leak tes the dcisivefactors in e eolon of poica life te law of kll or be ied;eslae or be eslaed te allace bewee eigio ad polcs toletmse hose a of bigndae tat dene he froners of modenstes an cemet treaes of expeey etween comegcaores

n te secod a o s acle Voltae comes back to ssueof who sod gve eole te Kng I arisocrcies owerca be absed too easiy ad reolos alwa to be ad.The egaltram of emaces s in princple ara and wse'bt in rcice sch stems are rre and aile. Voltae leaves ea jdgemet on monarchy oe as e looks to e fre moarches a becase ndidual monarchs are t to goe. Bt ts te er who fails not te system an ten or twelve ceneswhen men are ore egteed the sysem mgh wo (see R

97


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H(E was publshed h seh pat f QE n 177 HreVltai esumes s aack Russau. Scey, ass Va, satul to ma; ma's sct cl m twards scaJ as

at Cary t usseas w Vltar lways houht hat leo sey was what drdd ma ad h cmares he scey h duas basc e r e famly ut Wutset m rsuces f suval ha a abddchd Vr cus Russaus accut h fua fm y es f h e he fase ty Lety ad rty Vltar cre s 17 arcl QE s h cry f h Egsh t s h cy aeThe h ery was Ve h majr sads

hat bd shaed h sl-test hld scyehr

Ma sety s t deemab wckd he stat atrs aute y th eudd Russa he s a msable te h177 tex hs ace ds af a be dscuss f e Pal's man ascal was a tUcal adesary f ersd han Russau a sulm msart t whut amasur eucay lt apeal Vlta but l he adRusseau h ha a ate ew hma au ad ealhe ah HE cbra s hrycse htmt ad ce m he asalaprssst ascssaust hss was addd n 774

F The a Vls l campa ast h abuses f edm Face s est capsulatd hs memab sl: sh heus he slg ha ac b sugestd t by Fdrcth Geat 1759 (Bst D8304) ad t radly bcae hs wllat alc thuh h 76s as h a h auhes publcy cmbat au h tus breachs hum rhsd em tha w ccu race wh he ces f La Baraas ad S see 0 Nq hes h ss w t c ltrs ate bew 762 I7ad ccuy hm ar dea h emy, at a lalas wll as dela lel ws h huch ad eay all tae's

lcal ssay we te arumet tus

a a

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dn

on the Ue abse of e geed y tose who gove abitralyand in goance and/or dnc of the w nt e een ase willing accolices, pppets o co-conpiratos o eccleiacalatorites.

n Voaie' te c lgised and sncted often fagile clai o power by ens of an nfenal brgan wereb lersconceed ome o, n some caes, all of their powe the eve

voacios epesentatves f Roe he magnant preene of theoan Chch the execve nd egslave am of oementin thlc cone consted fo ole the aor cse of cvidisode, intoerance persction nd jdicil corrption. h wate infamos', d while he ain attacks wee eseed fo Roe,

no ect was eney fee of te stans ofpertios

ntoleanceand fantcism. Spesttion ight be absd, its tenets riibl tsepeetves goteqe, bt in egteent-centy Fance andelsewere, t cold den feedom and obliterate ideal of hmanand botheood, as we as tort and kl. n convrston I I ofB he calls th a d adne' a soaked te ert in loodwth deesng eglaty throgho ews and Crtan hso.

n defence of feedom and haniy, Voltare felt oblgd to wagean nreting wa gin eigon a n non of he Stt, and

a a reosito of poltica power Many of te acles in D rconcerned wit ths se it also faces n the IR and elsewhre inA (e epecally convsatons 10 416) t no coincenceht inB a in so any of Yotaies works sttemets on feedom,eqaliy, powe, legal coe, nship, trny and conomcs aeinenngled wit dieson on religion, the natre of eigios elief,te stoy of Cisani and Jdai, metaphycal sstems andspersttion. ch diion ae i fact, cetal to Voltaes destandin of politicl reiies, and of hi diagos of the political,

ocial and mora lls he witnesed n the wrld arond h. Wten eeve n or wht ey ae peded to beeve n nd moeportn, persade othes to beleve in, gvens te ne of theinttton tey elih h dynmc, ever-preent ensonbeteen the spal nd tmpoal powers of the Stae ws to Votirea "tally impotant key to any meaningfl poltcal anali

DH ded 24ne 7, ws almot certainly inpird b a Frenchgoernen pahle ed over the na of . E. Pfefel n thesame a A;gnon ad een sold to ope Cleent n 138 b


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Intrdtn

e ountess of rovence, Joanna I of Naples and i emaed apapal possesion ntil 7. feel's uasiofial jtication forpapal ocupaon, sbled Hstor rsrch nto th rghs of thPop 'r th t), st Agnon pompted olair to investigatete whe issue of papal involvement in politi, th etimacy ofapa t to tempoal l and in artiulr the pretenions ofacqiitie popes sch as Alexade VI and ius I in the dastcupeavals of !aes, Sicil, Fea, Cato and Roncglione In tecase of Itay, such noy intigue uleased the powe of the Bogas.The lesson fo rance was cea: opes do not posess an inc oland over whch tey have soeregn powe that has ot been acuiredoug ci\phcaval o trogh faud. oes canno legitimie anyaction aken in deance of te law whateer theologans migt say the cont hat Agon is eld illegally the papacy is einfence rnni trog e conudng paragaphs of DH.

e unsied pamplet at oltae woe in Otobe or ovembe 1765 see Gay 198, Appendix 2), sprang ornally from hisinvolveent "th thc politics of eneva ae he took up resiecein Les Dices in the winter of 75-5. e Genevan contet of thisork witen an ciculated agains the tltuous acgond ofthe powe stles betwen te bourgeois e picagt

and the t that had been intensiing in that ciysateeve since e 178 setement, and eaced something of a crescendoin the 0 shuld not be foen s mpoan to etanprspecve in mn wen inteeting IR as a bo statement ofoltaes epblianim and liberalsm Te case can also be madeat R s a fa wide signicance than tat aoded b} e Genevanicens. By most cteia IR m emain one of YoItares mostimotat pocal pronocements t s a powerful defence o feedom an toleance, and as an imortant genea poit of pinciple

make abou the ule of law and te oveghty role of the cergyin aai o state fo an ecellent aalsis see Gay 8).e the cenal statements of tis wok s to be fond in secons

XXII pp 1978 Here Voaire shaens e attac on feedomepesented by chc interfeence and the Cucs maniplatonof e forces of supestton. Te ciy of aln also had its fanaticsand was aso bect to a aleful chuh nlence over the conductof is as. It was t n a Protestan conet tat ltare foulaed one of hs most telling reatments of the issue raised te

"


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Irdn

elesiaical abe of power alo demonran once more is illin drawi o ise of niveral impoane om e daily ebb andlw of uman rama. Te ae of Rober ovelle wom e

enean nisory ad ndemned in 1763 o as God' padno i nees or aen an illemae d and wo, i refin acp seence of pblc enuleo ad cased a pbfur. lae ad ui! prn o r Frnicaors defeneThe cae d farca ovone, bu in Volir ans e eealpriiplwen e ea of e ororial nare e eaon-si of cesiaa auori o vil vernmen.

T{ oYCiJ ien rerera o fo ar ni. ibe ou ad pee e s q of civilab and ma s secin ! on p. 2). nly wen anain a na freed ielf of fanaim, and crused e naoll umani and naonod emere edm resoe mani naal ri Perfec overnmen a neve en aevedbcae men a pasios, and i ey did no ae pasin ewold need vene. In ecin II . 07 oaireaddress e qeion f e ranie e i propeownersand e eonomi advanae f resan epubli, rein aaino a dusion of oneieu eoie. oaire wa never

epes imelf in ue sc radial ems aainn a ee wen in 17, e old is friend renal a e ad

lef ae for and in orer t eno in a ree con e easene and e ns of uman ris wi i o deped only one law and no n men wim e 8. Te law aed onreo ad se, s epaed aan ad aan n s polalin a lifesorce of ivil oie. n A e woe a is

was e ai of reeom, and a io i men wer impl edamal i ears aer ed onerai 1 i B e

epand onwa i mea omi bak e ndamenal oni-ion freedo a e nli perene ad a im\alie 5; Rowe 155; erin 162.

Crime and pushnt

) are life i e 764 edion of DP. new econ waadded n 6 and oaire epanded onsidera aain n for e edon of Q e seio dean wi e rerm

X1l


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oio

Caeine was sent to te Empress for coment pro t ca-on (se Best. O0 oare ss this aic to mphasis thatwhile oement a piciple of organisation we established in

naue a pefc unfom and enurng set of laws has nvcr yetbeen talished in any soty Moreover, laws ae laive t imepace ad ncd If pigeons and ultres had awcodes, thos codswould ffer profnly ften laws have been made n the nteestsof lers an legilators an hae ben sued to pressrs ofioran crul and sprstion Ther vluion trough hstoyhas owe o to chance than to raonaliy. he sceptial somewhapssimsc, one ta pevades Voltare's nvsgaion of the onsof law is epr b the a of liht that shone fro e rfrs

cared ot by Caeine Iolare's apprch s again entirely pagmtic The laws ae necUSvly ere i tes of er Sflnss er reeace to societ's nees ter ass n rason, gd sense, usce and humayen mak te la sng ailis e ohm b natre nfortnatel they o t alwa ae god aws here is no seosap n ths aticle [ eae sts of aw o astat concepts of law an jsce I fact, oair wrote qut rolicay onthe qeson o nara aw e ay 1988 Apendx He een

wote a g pem aotit and frnces to t arc caeed throgho his wn. n conersaon 4 ofABC a detion of natal laws oee by ut is received w consdeable scesm by and C, a te dcusson vrs away frm the ssue oe tha onfons it n secton 14 te commenta on eccia's treatse cm and pnshment oae rns hi cw of natual law.Naral laws are ose laws that na ponts to n al ages to allmen fo te mantenance of tha snse o jusice whch na wat-vr else n mght say abot as enraved n ou hart. t is on

hs bass tat mde, rbe, vonc peju trason are ueces nng aal law, and blaspey an hresy ae othe amicaons ae not exlord uhe han ths ewhat lanasseion f pncpe. n conesation n C he deals w bascaws not qute e sae thg but agan his is eucd t a sngconcete ssue: feeom. Freom s te basc aw of a naons; ts only w aganst which ning can e odained becase ts elw o nare


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oltaire was ths o atral law philsoper, d hs eres ebet s tnous a slghl uconvicng. Natral law beloged tohe realm f spelte meapyscs, and le Dr aglss' osmo

lnogonoy', was a dstratn frm e uget busess o sergustice i te real wrld wh for oltare the eed o tae aioaways oo preednce oer abstrac debate the focus sagain haateristially on e terface bewen morallegal oesad soal realties wehe ese relate o est on dee sadso to rme and pnihmet n eigteen-entry Russa

I 12 on the bass of wa evdee ad stog relous prejde a Toloe ad oud e ead of a rotean amly

Jan Calas uity f the murder o is so, ored be about to

cnvert o Catholiism, ad sented Calas to be bren on eweel and straled. e event ad roond mac o Votaire,who foght the sseqen case or the reablitatio f e alasmly wthout respite until te name o Calas and the niquities ofhe Fenc dicial system were te talk of Erpe he verdit wasuased n 15.

It was fresh om this epc stgge that Vltare cae to writeone of the most imorant wors o tese prtntous years from estandpont o publc mpat urng the couse f he was study

ig the ognal Italan a wor by Cesare Becaria a relaveysre ilanes jurist, entted lal t a p (Onrimes and pnse, wic had een pubised in te prevsyear and translae re by orelle earas treaise wase rs attempt by a moden egal expet to forulate a oherntheo o pea pol, ad t mae eep pesson on olta,ho was y now engaged n another publi nrotaton wt eauthoe i rane. hs revolved around the ase o the ienfamly w i alas had also ee falsly aused f murder d

senteed to orrc punsent. I 66 ore was t be afectedeven more iolely by a rd ase o misariage of use, ollowedy udcia atoty when a youg, dsesetul teeager, the chealer de are ale t bseve te corteses whe a relosrocesso passed by, ad was cruelly mtled ad eeced inAbbeville i Jly o a yea Ieesigly a opy of D was foudmong L Bare's possessins, an a opy had been dly bredth the boys ose (see ao ch


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Introducti

Tese thee tgic caslies of e nfamos', Cls, Sen andLa re shened Voltaires itres in he isses of crime anpunishen as t out in Beccaias reats (see a Den evel

17. he esul was the blici n 66 of hs own commntaon te tetise, CLD e e of crime nd pnishment stayedwit otire for any es, nd i 777 e er efore s ehc was s wrg on he sjec, ushn a complemenay worto LDP in e or of h z hmj, a pretnedenty r an ess ompctito nonced in Bene. P of e te"tof DP ws eint in section of tha wok.

n sctin of LP tae eamines ha cnstiutes a

ciminal act. me fo oltae was esi a seculr m:, n

act nes socie, not chces. The ct that so mc of epena e was e noneu!r tcs s a her ndanto Voltaie of th eveso of egsaive codes at had arisen as acosequece of he ntion of te ecclciastcal powers to esat are pope he concern o cil govenments aloe. wa inhe onte o cre an uishent ha te ifamos' id iblooiest wok as oltaie iusttes aphical in secion 89.

Onc of he ey pats of D is to be found in sctions 11Zwic l with he pce of tote and e death penly in udicia

pocedres - te epitoe of vegeful ega sysem. Deah ofeaccomnied b toe of Goic extravagnce was he noalpelt (though not alws eacte for de ange of offeces imideghteecentry Fance. Voltie's agumens aginst areoh humaniaan nd tilitn. he de penlty csed sengfo e vctim and brutised sociey genera. was also n economic itionliy. Here oltie ollows cci nd Moncsqieuin isisting tht sevee pelies sv o icease cie eels ateh redce n ciizn were cndemed o

deh only whe the secuiy of the te ws t stae (secio 0otaie also oosed on is basis the aws exacig consction

of a cndemne mns propey disrooionate nishment htnjusy ected innocet widows d oans e lls this enaltin secton 1 stte obb' (see erkins I. e elt so sronglabo he conscaion o popery issue ta secon I o LD waseprited in I6 n chape 4 of he mm h LXV, nd gi 1771 n he atile on conscaio in QE. xremelaw tends o tro he law secto I. ercy was costeecive


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Iti

i a c a a lg an cl d fced labr ad beet oie ead a a prce a ec ne o e e ean Reau S Hlm f wc Vltare apred . oe-

er dppate ealte, c % deah fr pett e di-aed e t rng e culprt jutce. nel be a ctcrrt, an ntret f egeace an cre lare ed b e rt and te eer f eglatercede ealed rance e e 670 rnl rdae

Secn 2 c a leg ccna e errgaa rced e 67 nl rdnnce ereb -teated pre e ke n nrace f te carge aa te,ee er qetne ecretl a eparate, ad f ecea

t te qen erac te rt Te peale r cangng "dag eece wee ec e age f te wretceCaa lg fr t n cae tet, cl e een ar Yare d wen e wrte anr ect n arg cal prcere, a e g paragrap ae hea Vlae appea a e end f eaab pwerf enta Beccara treate o rgen refr f te Fenegal e (ee aer 142 cat 175 pla fr pcpn ceta Beccara wa ear fru cl e

uber o deah eneee paed n ace fell nceabl te78 n 1


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ntdctn

Fle had douts abot \olaircs trstwortess as a aget actign behal of nch iteess see Pekis 196; San 86. oltaie essed d acely participated in te iteraonal ower

bokerg tat took place not oy in the cotext of rances reatiosh Pssa but ao in connecin it aco-Dtch aars ande Frnch campaig in he Netherlands I 176 Voltaie, b te

in Genea on imsef emroie in e plomac srronngte outbea of t ecnd geat Euopean wa, te Seen YearsWar uring wc he agai trie to act s an arbitator betweeLos X and e ss ian g

Th autheiy ofso may of is oseations on war eace andth contemora inteoal scne owes as mch to tis psoa

egagemen in ens as to he mny ey-winss accnts a eories that he sued. o nteaiona la theoss le ots,forf Bareac ad Woll: and pacist hikers like te ahbie Saint-Piere e ha fact lite tme (sec Pes ). I Ahe sneers at ufdorf as a hinkr wit foesigt of a composrof eetive amanachs' In te ay pases of his fiedship wireec his amiratio for Maciavellis sle an genius ve wayo a islike for his oisoous' pcets (Bst. O46 0 16), ade sppote redeck ow plas to refte Machiaelia heo,

acting as eitor of te Pussian ings work o he subject (see leiscaue intoductio he act that Frederick was to rn ot b e most et Macaveian of al noutedy coibted tote cncism and dsillusonment te eart of the otrayal of wa,human natre ad iernational relatios paite by Voltaie after5

( was cmposed for the 6 edition of D in e aftenathof th Seven eas Wa, whih ad een brought to a iliatngcocson o race 3 ith te rea o Paris oltae

revsed the og paaaphs ad exande the ale in 76,an in e 77 Q War for Voltare was te eatest of alle mo evs a as G( maes ear n a ume of Hoesaobseaos colict is nemc to te human conio. n e caseof o the War of e Austrian Successo a the Seen earsWar Voie lcaes teir cause in te arbitray whims a aitonsof a ew men he geealogca jsticaion for the waio ceo ase an amy ad eclare wa, is a tinl veile eferce toFredck's raonae or e aso of Sesia whic a tgee

II


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nrodfiol, -

e gera aa oltaire goe o to descrbe the ameCbr of v-hann alliances and geeme, eeen thewarrig arrs. His deson of the inferna enerise cosely

choes e srdonically cica tbleaux f atte-scenes betwee theAa an a paed i the thd hpter of C(5) oltires exeriee o hi ha inetioal lawd ntetional codes o od were soy coepts wiotan n elities o umn bebou aa oel ehoingobbes anysis i art I of te L.hl se Telemn 19.

PD rst pered i the 704 edition of P, d ws reisedad eanded fo Q n ! e oltaie e"os oe of hest etolly che issues in e ame o hc war is oen

tied: patotism Pts become a diersied form of self-ee He identies it rst wt te otion f wnership ad prop-ety hch meat tht te mjorit o eople wold ave o omelnd. To he a omeln to e try a ptt et be acitizen, and tht s onl ossible in that utoia state, a reulic. n ltc syes ptiosm was suros setiet tht oyet wisn t adce ntiona sef-iteest t th epe ofoer onties, an s suc fe the psycolo of"' tt cuedto od the aon-sttes of Euope i its gi.

War ws not bjet tion or horable justaio, asVolires tck o Motesqieus x >bo the ht o pre-empti Uk at the end of idictes. G presen tereder wit te str obbesia vew tt wa is aturl t ma that for l s this is n te order of tue; eh species wsborn to deour aothe' PQE reinorce at w, ee n the cefthe eece o s oess the res eace treaies asefrom edien ot god wi, the oisios were ctingent eu Tee we vaious proje fo wod peace pu

od in the ehtee ceuy f hc eh the b eSint-ere's P petual pac Europe, pblshe t -ide wt te Trea of tret n I7J eeied the st aetionf Vltie (see erkn 161). Voltaire ttcked ll o the asein hoplessly nive bout te ases of war d relities ofhmn ne

I spite o od's f of reso ee irremedibl thefrihtfl lot f hmi ogether wth gue fmne and ntradisse. The opi pphs G{P conm oire's lose


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ndin

algne with bbes on his pot. As B akes clear in cnersai B I obbes is a philsope r w sociey is a psn'inhabite b criminals and slaves and i whic ma is bo he

eney f oter men On th ther had ltaire accepts tha Hobesmgt he ad a ali p! to ake and e certail arees wiobbes hat on te nenonal lel the law s at of aoalselinteest in whic force rather tha rea or ality dictatesthe outce o nflict

?) also underlines he eager wilnes wth which he ssesgt fo causes e do no undetnd i th ineest of ulers whoae a bst indifee to heir wefa. e easn ders r rVoaire litle moe than rutalised ata enthsiastic ano-

fodde driven b greed perstition ad xnphobi, ad \d bacios statesen and cchme. I DH ad B e ometacidl o he moral acum i the heas f ost pliticians whoknw ol how o chea a cards and thrg whose ersal feudsad rialies thsands of e ae persaded oy too readily, tomarch to batle. Paal surpations DH ilsrae the casua, butlethal, olatili of interaina power gaes cspeciall whe heVatican is ol The epiess ad hocs f interatinal lawcodes also prid the focs for deate in cnersaion in B

n sectin of (QE laire sees war as te undamental fac ofe upo whch a ese s built, and b which all ese is coined.

Te omewhat mechanistic view f ha affairs that predoi-ates i oltaie's wtigs on iternational affirs does no ean thahe was a pessiis or a detrmiis s his unagng aac on Leib-nz ms afte te 1755 eathquake n sbo ampl deosrates Mans salvaion ad etiy lay n human hads ad wldhe realised hrough hua action. his is wh n B he 'hnm remain n e nal nali a rson' and wh wuld not

cae o be a cin of Hobes cil commonwealth

\lh nd ove

Volaie was a e og man whe a Sotsa aed Joh awbecame omptrolerGenea i Frace afte the deat ofois XIVand egn appl his ideas to th economic lie of the Regencpeiod The cllapc o as ancal sse in 70 ad logerepecussions fo the renh ecoo, despite the fact hat b 76


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frdUo

u ad tabilisd ( as 19 . ). Cor tpailig ( a 197; a 19) Law bi hapiou tals did ot i tsl st walh b w

rat a to at walt. apr oud thfo bsd f d ad ad La isud a aut pap i blif a ti woud ipro Fa's ospri ad tadi posii. h i faild b aws idasw rl i risd o Jara


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Iw

a o brea? Wa ies in comities, nd i he creaio f arut\ abo fo n fdookng manfaturng secor.A e sme e DP, ith its ephasi n e cucia imoace

f nu an tade, e godwor fr otaire's later disageeenU with the hysiocras was alo beig ai, peing i anteresting way te ews of Adam Sm.

he ysiocras were a gp o midcetu ecnoms ed bJme d Pmpaour's dcto esa ad hs disiple Le Merciede L Rie . Teir aato hilooy prdes the mai satiricalarge i IHQ D an echo f e psioratc debate isreecte in he discusi of what costite ne prodce eimpotace of arcre and the nee for the fee circation of

agricultal prduce (see Pae 197) Volaire comments astringetly n te hamful an ridilous rgs oa taatin systemta evid d on prodce a t med fom one provice to anhewiin Fance's bdes. O this pot at least e ageed wih physo-crati armens, and h wa reatly ecouraged w Trgotbecame ComtoerGeera i 174 ad eacted refomis legslatio ensure the fee cirlain f gain and wne.

I(Q)comsed foE i 177 and exaned in 77 Votaireassesses th balance of ineqiies econmc life Te eas isight to protest agaist e sstem that epos his labor fo ebeet of e w bt th rich lays lace s also ri: his richmises magice co pesin is spet on consicos co-smtion of the rodce of the laboing as, and is ts etrne scey ogh her etravaga purchases. The circulatin ofmone nd goods was a q f nationa roseri} an following elo aie alwas maitained tha the sit of lxydid not ecessa mply decadence ad stasis.

B mddle of the eihteenth cetu cal disorer had saledecord eights i race otaire proides a paclal acte aa-ysis of the iation i e thid sein f Q p 52. eehe illsraes hw he tx poliie follwed u;sive minstershad been merely hoc resposes t imediae sses sorttermimproviatio raer than loge sateg. "ouains f inadeqatel famed leislaton had accmuated oYer e year, an theesult was absit, frad and unnecessa hardsh illsated na ically seriscomic ltairean way wih the anecdote of he

excess rink' tax accns of oci venal and nancal cheatng


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and a eng eosre of the impoence of a theoetcally allowerflgoernment to anhin ao e itation In a note dded in77 ltr comens cr returnng to e sme cou

tr ea lat wld ave sen sme reforms, althogh f hretrnd or a late he wold have een the abse reestabhed. he eence i to aeou's aoition of vena ocin and o te restablishment of thoe ofces by Lois Xlwhn h came te tron in Nembe 7 and ecaed ep see Mason 182 h.

Q, pulhed n 77 te oer ew of e doecad pblic seto of eonmy and furr empies he ech-niqu f anecde and analo at oltaire dploy to make te

mos copx hnicalie viid and rdy ompehnsible. seco on plic conomy olir compares he workings o d-nt natinal economie e purchasing power of mon in diffeenparts of uope, and the differing way of hndling tona debtH vws e eects on Franc o he policis of dieent msts,including th dested BoGuilebert, the uch admired Colber,and th eo oo Law. When rering o the ta bank in thection n pblc economy oltire lmost ceainy has in mind tdamag inced y ws aoi;e aempt to tablish such a nk

comle with crdit arangemet and pap mony n 1 7 J 6 amove resulting in ruin and widespad pli disoder

e ol and i produs always etrn o th cente of Voltairesconsidetons on naional properi Whoeer poses wea wialways lay the la down t thoe who need hred', h wrote in isarticle on co i QE Tat imple precept inoms mch o thegumen set o in EQ

oltais ranc was a tte in which the kn! rled as a spemeacr by dne rig and was accordingly above the aw. eperson f the monarch wa acrd and was t remain o hogoutmost o t cnt unl the io of ois in aneent that shk upe but mrked e bih of mdrn rancehat ltaire's eaon regcide wold hav been had h lived witss i, is a mate fo ttai speclaon nd debte. ht-vr else might be involved in uch a deba, however it woud necesiy hae o inde a care assment o the paadoxe and

ambivalence of hi position on kn and rephic.

XI


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Id

e robem f measn e precse eree to ic Votairereaied fai in onacim ad th ol as a pamtist ande deee to hi is spahies s an idealist reet a pefere

fo repblicanism is men se as n e been rese i aear-ct fasion, and is pssbl uneslvab simpis rms. IR i saement tat he most tolerable ovnmen f a s ithoan dout the relican oers tempti evidence ofa rpublcanim of th mot lieral ariey (see p. ii abve) bt IR remans thexpto raer han the ule an as b n mea oltaires alr e bje In e f the las rks that e roe t n S o 1777), e eierated ditsofrepblia vire' ad olars remain ivd n this ve etral

iue f Volairea plits.h lres poiin are eraps hee eer

illustrate an i s deiptin of te upian stae i Eldrad as oe ru feares that are recsabl rpulicanin a al l a: a happ flll ppl eqaity la no fatns o priled perrups no pve no roe frreliion in overnmet, and a ehs of l ratioalit ButEldorado is still a discreet absl moarch albi ovedunder he la on eliteed lins by a philosoper-ki. Thre is

no hin f a enera! franchise a onsient assembl or demoatcprodue The Eldradans ae sbecs nder paernalisc re ntitzens patiipat i a clecie ealitain eepise. A similarpictre emeres in e dsriptn of Wllam enn's Penslvaiain t osom/ t pubsd a uarer f a nt before.Cvere e epblics otrae n are ocab ackin ire.

In spte of hs uhapp eeien ith kis ad ours i sptef hs ralm o moal and soial ues i is icul presenevidec to alin Vlair nuivocall ith repblicanism andemocrac in the mode sese f these ters He rs o rqenl to the t oyl and i hostili o Russai nons fa socia nract is to osistent Ioicall all s dd nt peeim from becomn lon it eanJacqus Russea a icn ofthe French Revutn hi name an repaion aer 789 assiaereseedl in the ppular mind h e mssion an aspiratins rane's ir Repbli.


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Biblogapical ne

There c ree get po 78 lleive eiins f Vliewk: e 'Kel ed, eied b Beumi er 70vme 785); e eua eiin eie b A.) O ehin 72 vme 19-4); e Mln eiin ee b L Mlnin 2 vme 177) e l eitin f lie Cmletewrk i enly pe e te pie f e VlieFn Oxf b e f e elevnt hi lleti e f ee pble. The eniive ec eiin f

e epnene fm p f h e eitin (lme 8-135.A fr te e nee !1 i ll i eeemin e ue f e ime bei Eiin f Vlie iine le i G. Ben f-vue bblip 8-9) n i l vlble f efene

DP t tnlt Elih in 765 hlhln the ke, epine i 77 ceen I793 n8 eig ft Elih lin ppe e f elecetle nl. A bige eletn i Eli pblie b

Pinee e i 99 n nhe elein w le by HIWlfn pblihe b Allen Uin in 2 epne in 5).A mpenim f le w le b W lin n pliheby Pee e n 196 I te e e ete G vlmenlin i pefe y An M pbe b i in Ne Y. Te le nl b Thee eeppee in 97 Pen

e be me eon f DP e 194 eieblhe b R Nve inn ne b ] Ben


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o o

Th i ad on 16 t T Hnda-av dition o DPJin vlpment o ti copl wok, ad illmiae clal t adition and chan icludn revin fo te QE.

Flor plihe an dition of DP i 6z (Clb franai du and anot editio a pubd in 1964 i e Gairammron e, edid b . Pom Ren Pomu also bihd n anthol extrac of Voltai pliical wngs i 1963oln).

ith xcpton of DP no of he work in this collecionav appad i pat English tnltio bef

A oo, thoh lnghy ner intrduc i Ia de udyo Voaie's inllctal devlpment (Wade 969) he rs tw

chptes o ydn Mn' survy of rech ritrs a teir cie1715800 offe an ecllnt aes o te mai oc-olitilftu f eigtnhcn Fance (Man 8) eemn'sbgaphy i lively if smme tndento tdy and cnin anintren cmmnta on Voltir plic oght in cr 4and 28 (Beserma 1969) Fo a mre net accont of Vlirefe Mas bigrahy sd be culed (Maon 9) he srece biogrhicl stdy is by Fench eam of scors nd tevolmes have ben pubhd so far (Pomau 1985 Vaillot 988,

Poma ad Meaud 1991)h mot cmheve tudy i nli o Vlair pliical

ought is sl e Gay' book w n its scnd editon (Gay1988) IR is bly he ms eqny oed ouce i semt ofVolie\ otcl idas ad Gy's sbs rcl i thebest al of ei ad imp (Gy 958) R Wldeeamino f Volaire an efom e ligh of t Reoln l e normave Wldner 9), i the irodco H. Bm eon o La phi/oophe de islor la 969),

whch estaliss Vlire's cedenals as a pitical iaOn cul mter, Besnn acl n Vi nd

absolute mnrc i wel sed esem 1965) b uld bd cnjuncton cpter 7 f Gay ook A wifmednd lci nls oltires iew n gomet d sociy ifound i chte f lecher's gid L ph/Shqu(Flec 986), and tis conins hepf commetaes o hempac f Elnd l policl aitud. On lish inunc r sud is lo senl redig (r 197 see as A.


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Bibiogaphcal nte

M. Rossea 196). Cosanc oe's book on Volre an teStat ofrs a geral oere o 955. Tae's closly arguedarcl on Voltaire and the a is also relevant to a baacdundersnding of Voltire's cicis of French politcal insttuon(Tae 1972; s also ivire 1 987)

h ost dtild analis of Voltaire's vs on ineaonalaffairs i rkins fll-ngt study of Voltaires concept of intational ordr erins 965). This has ey useful chaers on Eropan poitics ntaonala, despots ar sovrignty and oherVoltarn concs Se also ppdix of Prkins' study for a lisof bo n Vtair bra Jrcy relevant to k aspect o hispolitical thoght Peins' aticles on ar an peace ( parclar

rferenc t th peac projec of he a de Saint-err rkins191) and on the soc f nationl por Prins 96 ar aloaluable contrbtons Meyrs sy of Volairs es on a andpeac sold e onsltd (Meye 976) and La's acl on isshe i also e helpf a I978)

On inuncs Gay 1988 povids a great dal of inforaton asdos rkns I92, 965 f parular relanc to sevral of tets in his collcton s hileanns stud of obbes ipact onVoltaire hilann 959) and rocer's ore general stuy of

sorces is qaly illinang (rocker I983, see also zgaa'sacl n Voltair's sorces on he Polish uston Digala 986.On Voltaies rlatons ith Fderck the Grat see th intoctionto Fleischar's edon of Frederick's Ant-Macha'(, hic alsohos ight on Voltaire's racion achiavlli lschauer 1958se also Stavan 1986)

With regard to specic contoversies ost scholars hav cocenated n e Calas case Biens book is a good plac to sat tregrd o thi :al us b en 190, se also ixon 1961estean 1969 chatr 33 Mason 1975 hapter 5 ay 1988 chaper 6 Van Dn eu\el 197, rchall 99. n isses reag ofrdo, econ erins article on th pps and hanrights should be consued (erkins 1989) Maesros 194 stdy ofVolire and Beccaia is sll ssntal rading for an undrstandngoVoires thning on he a and criina ron, bu or a orp o at aalsis of th cona on ccarias eas, seeMason 198 ch 8 ad estean 969 ch . hre is an ecllntscon on cie and pnshen n e intodcto to N Kotta's


37/346

Biboapha

d o Vlr rcl tl HQ Kott 9). ihl cl u of h o ohr fcg c ofhh-t lo ul )

Rtvl lttl wrtt oltr ci thrott i f ifoo Vlr o xtirtulrl Lw l d Ie \ri) rctl thir y rti oy d t f lhdoc lo o "ul h P} 96 lo Prk989 d Tl 94). Vgy t to in i ea oVlr cclly Vg 960. or rl bkgud thcur ic Tlr 4


38/346

S bb

ccaria a, 1963 O mes ad prihel d. and ran. HPucci (ndianaliw Yok Bobs-1errll)

Btrn Toore, 5 li absolue mony an henlihnd Studes on Votae ad the ghteeh Cetu, 2 pp 21

1969 oae (Lonon: ogns)Bn D 1960 e a a: eeto toeao ad ke)'

egheh-ceu Tououe (nctn iceon Univry

Pre)Bhal H 9 Vor a ollv ao' Bh Joa

r Eghteth-u Sue 13 . 929Crokr Ls G. 8 ltair and he polal loser

Sues o Vota a he ghh u 2, . -?g, W 196 Voltaes urc on t Pols sidt qus-

on Stje o oa ad the gheeh u 24 187

Flic, a 1 !-Mhv pa F I s

o oae ad he geh tu Fhe nn 98 Votae Letes howhqus (onn:

ant ulrFcault ichl 1975 Suee e u aafe de o (P

Gallad)Ga Per 98 Vais Ies ubae A ud bblogrpy

an inerao, Studes o tae a th jgheh tuy6 671.


39/346

ee biblogrphy

1988 oltr's poi: the poe s rat (Nw Have/ondon YaleUnivei e. eod edo

Koa, !; 6 L 'Ho ux qarae (s. A tudy of otare

tm- The auears: oton . 190 l.t lI'c qfdne W5 fa rgene (ar: aeteam 8 otaie and dea o eae, Ru Hstoe

,lomq 92 p. 22-74.ogh, Jon troUon to ehth-ct1! Fra

don Lna\aet aelo T 12 Vola ( Bcra re o{n

inl lw (N ok: olumia ie Peaon ydn T., 175 or (ondon: non

98 oir: bogp Iodo: Granada Publing)82 rh wte thi 7o (odo:llan

Meye, . 97 Votae on war ad peae' tus on Volar anth Eent Cntu, [52 pp 52.

Moneqie 95 Oeurrs ed Cailoi (ai:11iad. Biiotqe de a Pade

xo, E., 1 olai a th Cl case (ondon ollz)Payne . 7 ' Pvt, se and h am nleed

ecnoi' Sdes oolta an

e Eghtth tu' 15pp 58192.Pe erle L 91 olte ad b de Sant-erre on

orld peae Su on olaie an th Eghth Cenu', 18

P 93 oar n he ou o atoal pwe St r

h ghth u, 20, pp. 17 oaes c ofnainal orr tu Vot

th Eightt Cenu, 38 'Si en phos on hua it nteoal ival

an a er ae oda, Suie o olre a e ighh Ct 2 pp 1

ey ora, 77 oltaie' vw o Egld Jua ofEupaS 7 p 77

oea Ren 13 Pfique laire (ari oln)198 D'roel a Voar 69434 (Oxford: The oltaie

FoundaoPoe Ren and vaud hrne, 1 D fa (u u j

ISS9 (xord: he olare ondaon

, .. -"


40/346

Sec bibgraphy

Rii M , 1987 Voir n th ', inghm FrenhSuds 26 p. 1

Rou, Anr-icl, 9 L Angeee Vlae Sud on ol-

a( and h Egheh Cenu 15-u, J 62 Du wtt sal. u p'p du dlque (i G. nlud th Dscou su Ignede "ngal a es omme

Row, tnc 1955 lae and h a (\ Yok: ClmiUivity )

t, . ., 198 ndgf rdric II f -Kl Vir udes on lae and h lnt etu 241 10183

t Rb S 12 Voltir nd palms: niro',ud,s n a and he /ghenh Cenuy 9 p. 1529Tylo, G V. 196 piti i ighnh-ct

n, ngh Ht R!e 9, pp 8-97Tlmn, lnd, 5 olt d bbm', Sues on lta

nd h ghenh Cenu 1 p -58Todd Citphr 198 le; Dnnae phlsphqu (Ln:

G & Clr)Trpll, Willm H_, 72 ae and h pe dJ

Frnku-m-Mi) lu mn Villt, 1988 Mm Du hee -9 (rd V

ti nd)Vn D l ] 1975 Lae G u ae (Pi

Glmd li 672)Vnri, Frnco, 9 Uta and f he nlhmn

Cmbd Cmbdg nirity )Vig, ] Rt, 96 Vi cmi i' Frenc ew

pp 5Voli, rni Aru d, 18785 Ouve mpes d. L.

Moln ri Gir)15 onnae /ooque mpant es le paus 5

ce du n de ae e u sulms pa Qun u npe d Bd d R (Prini)

19 Phlsphl do trn. Pr y (N Yok iBook

198-77 Coepndne and ed du d. Thot (Od Vlti udtio

>i


41/346

S bibloaphy

H)68- he oee / Vote e. H. aber l. e \lair unai

199 Phlhe de ste e. J . Brum (rn: Uni-

riy f Tr Pr. lie 1908. l. 59J9 J Phlphl , . a an There eermaarmnwrh Pei)

\/a a 1 99 The nlll elpn (rin:Pice nri r

Walinr R 1959 te n h lgh ofhe FrnhRe"{un (eea Drari: ar

li


42/346

ioahial not

BEROI ]L'IO (16442).Spi cdl d tm wo bcm P Mii o pii 7 I 7. polii o ri Spi terrr l fr Trof Utrht rd nd w diid fro ofc y Phlp V n79.

RERr EN Df. (6741744)Fc Pofo of d o, t w ord to

l rc f t oo of t dict o t 164. Hi o of impott co o wor of ro.

I ESRE OES (3-94.Mil ji d tor o On m'es and tir punsents (164). il wok o ril jripdc iid tikig op cd n it nry d rcd m of thuntrn coc of t pid cci w o o o trt comic ot to nly qton rltng to pt ndt diiio of lo.

EEISE IREFOUET 684)Soldir d mili thort. Bll-Il bc Ml of ci 141 nd Abdor t i of Frkt w lrrpol or t df of Ai i th W of AutrnSccio

u na GEOR ES OI S EER 0788).Sctt d coo hort. Bffo lid mgiti-ld Ntu h (17989) d w t r o

x


43/346

oapha n

numer the wrk elatn t gely and ntal h A aan ecmt, e reebeed anly f Essay m m (1777)

ALA, EA (198-62).Merchant ad "im f eu ntlernc ad jdcal r Cal'n aned hmelf nd vd he nde reevd by law frcds and ter fal la ad h w dened at he deateled fr cd The faly wa lvnt an al waacce f urde t re\nt cvn t Re Fllwn enenc by uoue l he wa bre e whel rch l7z Vae eed elr t wido ad wo f

cldn ad enualy ccded btan h lal anumentf he ule dmnt and rehbla f la' n

qS he ar ld ect he pubcon f Va' ae o n te am yar

ARLE KE N (643Imlacble ny f Lu XIV w evnted hm frm ev tnpn f dd e bca a eld-ara] evce f a n eld raned e f r n1697

ERT , E TTE (93)be w Los XV' ea ac ntr bec mleGeera 15. e w rble hh f f hnca ytem ad axan ce f bul p rancewea a r dn e S Kn' r H l lef hak n he ltea ad cec lfe f rac and w ealyadr by Volare.

(da ) nevan watcar cared wh mmal cndct by he tahe f neva i 76 fr fate a cd w unarredwma Caere rlz Pen fd l by Cny f Geva flt wre be t el befre he c be eandd vUe re, w imprion Votrewte a bawdy c n he aar Ga fRb Cov, reb decn e wrah f he autr hme e decr f uec w wdrw n 7, bt h

xv


44/346

Bogpc noe

echoes f the case umbled on for sme tme n he hter contver-ses ao the lce of the Chrch n Genea judci proceduresd olicl lfe

D'ROT, : (13-84).Frech hilosoher encopas, novlst, rt cc ad play-wrght. drvng rce ehid the philosophe, Didero was alwys ahe foreront of te deologcl sggles of the renh Elgen-met e was he cpal edito of he Endpaeia A aesnd phlosoicl deteist he ws deepl nteresed n quesiosof mora relats nd as oltcl hinker ws nlueced prcu-ly by Lce ad Monesie. s wos inclde the Leue o th

bl 79) wich led hs tema oet the Thogho h ram ofare 54) d e Spe BJavll's {oya 2:)

F E R I C K I l KW< TE GT 6Kng ofPruss fm 0 nd correspondent of Volte who edtedhs AMachai h o edeic deote sf t sc-ence a phiosphy. O assmg te thoe e soon oved hiselfto e billia sest he Wa f ta Successo, nd ate the eve Yes \a. H pursed sccessful economc polices aswel, ad made majo onibuto to te gowing miita ndnncial powe o ussia

RI -6Dutch statesan nd jst Autho of Of the laws ofa a ace6 e s a mode aemt esl he prnciles ofjursuence A ct of teoogial distes i Hond an theow ounes ous eentally to efge n as, whee hewas gin a ensi os XU d ny wen o Sweden

E TOM 8-6)nglsh losohe est k for s Levn, blshed i 6two years aer e executin of hr 1. es' polticl anayswas sed on mechaisc sychlog of man cilsao eigmatned by fe and te calclon o selfiterest Hobesdedd e asute pors o th soec, to whose iost sce would deenerte ito te lehl aachy f he state onaNe, n whch ife was as sh ad short


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Bogaphl nt

HUME DAVI 17176Scsh lser d str He wrkd s sece thertsh mbssy s 17, d h ee m ke

ctct w edg Fre wters d teectls. He eeed deep ece er t d Adm mth, wm he kew wes Treatis h t ws blsed 73

" ARRE JEAN-FR'OS F.HVF. 4766Accuse f blsphemy wlful dmge crss, L Brre wsrrested t hre ther yg me f swg sucet resect relus ress ssed by. He ws cdemed by e tt Abbele t he d mtte, s tgue t t hs

bdy bu L rre led t he Prs peet s n-tece ws cmmuted decpt prr t bg retemt t e the seece reled fld, but te L rre'sme ws eell retted y he Rely Cet 173

AW JO (7117.S f Edbrg gldsmh w ed t Frce fter dellgcde quky gd e fur f th Reget e perudede Frec gee dp sytem f er ey d t

estblsh stte k 17 He becme mptrler-Geel 7 s scees cused wdered cl dest dlc srder, d he ded mershed efuge ece.

L E R E R D A R IT-R E R R -PAU 72/Frh ecmc herst d Cser the Prs ews he utr e e eseti o po (7 wc e deeded the ccep el estsm. e

becme clse sscte f Qesy d th ycsLKE 674.A el l lsper he de dmted the FecEghtem. Lke ws te h f o tetie gt( te Ess og h tg d els wrte qest ftle e swed hs plcl wt w feedm ws lmted by the re f pcl rgst, lspcl est hw hum tdg wslmte t e wrl eeled by te seses. s empcm, c-

l


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Bga note

ined wth epistemoloical mility, marked he nal reak t temedie'al wold"ew and the egiig of mdeism. Locke d adeep an lasn lence over Voltae

I MHEL L II (16411).Louois ws ouis XIVs reat wr iniser and Colbers rival ea dstingushd militay sraes responsible for te comletereoranisao ofhe Feh ay e encored ois XIVs wrpocies culmiag i te devasta of te Palainate i 1689 and

initiated policies of eligos ntoeance at home. He died in dis-race hn nlly lienaed me de Mainteo.

MALY, GBEL NN"] 705.abl as a dipoma nd ecretay to adinl Teci. He peparede dra e tret a Volaire was chared wih delvering torderik e Great in 743 A ea prophet o te Frech Reolu-tion Ml was e thor of a umber of eases o goveeand te orl foudtio of enational rder idi Pucaw Eue . . . sce e f Wsa (1748

M . U V LL N[C L (47127)Floene satesmn who deised he ris to powe of Cesre

Boria, nd wit e supp of the Medicis ecme ocal histoi-ographe to orence He was a inluetial olitcal eois wosemos celerated work, T e (153 cots percepve psycho-ocal nd sociopoical isights ito te exercise of power. hework has ven hi a repion for qicism in te r of govemetin ew o its clea separio of poics fom moral nd eligouscosideaos e n has oen be see as a le or desosm.

NEL ENn (16707)

Dutch door ad social sas who lived i Egld for most of hislfe n 17 1 he pulished eae (fe : va es, ukent sing the nay of hve of bees e sought o show aiout vices, d their tendan ecoomic enes civiisionwould wither wa}. Ths Mndeville poaed a society n icech man woking fo his o ierest, w imm teeoon the pat ofe Sate wold e prospeos d happy He aciped ater le economis sch as dam St who wasgely enced by him

l


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rapa t

"NRN (1]24-55). ceeated Frec and now as the aptaGeneal o mggle He wa the ead o nd of me 00 me bin

tbacc sik an othe oods sbjct to nto ane illeall ad widspa opulait with e pubic patcuLalas his ain cms wee he tafamers. Afte is aest an execuo e was fete as a puic heo

ME NFRN (168-38).A Bodeax Lae wo woed in aios oernment deprtmscoceed \i nancial ad eonomic poic. Meo was a associae o Joh aw and ato ofA ltl e 34. Apreusor of the hsiocats, h is also cosidere to be a supoe

of mercalist eo.

OEIE REI E E:T

(1689-755).Bordeau magisate ad impoan polcal hilosoper Montesqi was e auo of e ea let ( I, a ovel coiinthe seeds of may of the ideas o e developed i his mastepiece,te St fhe a ( 748. is woks epesent a sigicant cotibo to poca theo juisdece and socolog e is know

partcarl for s wo cimac iuence for is aalyis odieen polcal sems, and f s eo of e sepaaon ofpowes

PS IE (6.Otadi enc matemacian mystc and eloquent apoogisto sa. acal eU de e iluece o the PoRoyalases ad mae a cmlete cnvion to e Crsa aio a msal exeriece on e n f Noember 64fom tn o don iel enrey to relious acvie srval ete were pbised in 656-7, t is aolog o teCisan elon emained nished at s death s notes foris wo wee rt pbished i 60 as te Tut

PFENOF E 164Geman just and sora ad Pofesor of aa ad oal law. ufeno blised O t d fa ad tz in 63whic ondesed e main elemet of natual law plical eothat e had set ot i is classic a a ad a

xlvii


48/346

B

1672 Pufnd's iws n natual law dnatd polal tughtunt Kant

AY, FRtOIS (694-7)

A n Frh sun an st w bcae sal mal ad"s M d padu ad Ls XVI Hntbtd pant arls subjts DtsEOfd. s Enm bl (S8) sablh a hlad f th physats, a gup tnk wh ba ntal Fa th 17, vlpg a syst basd dts natual d

RICIIELEU MND JEN D}PLESSIS (582142

Satsma and dpla Cadal Rh1u ba h sud us XII and s ful gu n an x h g sd a pd gat buln wt pltsad pls suh as q-as an hs d Thu d ttsn aus nsla t autat stus th aha add ty t an a t xns any sta Rhl was as tstd n lttu ad ats and ws td h ady

RSSE ENQ (j I 2'8Sn a Ga wathak Russau was a dpy ualt h ls hshy datn plal y bays autbgphy ad p-Ran n sud al ad agd pss at t nat hs uaa tas Emil ad 72 n h l a l wangad xl ut as th Di n h sin n r(750 t Di n h ign Jnqlity mng m 754 T nr (62 an any pltal tass Wh h

shad a had yany wt t ntmpy nks h was adsay Elgtnnt ah n pss a sndg ly als a h sbd t atu and ntua h y btwn Russau a Vlta was patulalyb

Sl;TERE HRLES N STL (165143).lal wt ad dplat Sat bls n/ pt p 5 hag assstd aal ga ng ta Uth gas 2 s wn hs aday


49/346

Bgahal

f r-unng n f lgu f rgn w wl n l rl p rg wn r n ng

S V E N P (09A rn Prn wh nnu ghr rw rlfw w f nrn t l n 762 rum f ll l fr 5n f hr rr n Szrn h n hg bn nn n n 4 rr l parlmet rhl n

M H M (3-)

E r n Pf f rl plph h Unr f Glgw n inqi o he nae and, ofIh wah oai (J726 w n n rlg n f f n nrnn h r g\mn In l l nn w nw bn rg h l npl xn.


50/346

Eio ot

o te texs i is coectio ee ese feuetly by Voltaean neo itions of ach were sse, wit or wtot his pemsson ri s lem. ex ae o ona he nessof claity a ee place hi squae aces. ubsatial vaiantas in te case o PA ha been nue as ave Voltaires owots, it te cepio of mio eferences. I the case of Voltaie,s eitios o ot ote offe he mos! apropra base te fooen eorial an sclarl puroes. Hwever, iportan aeas

of text he rs eio of AB D a Q sbsequelysuppesse Voa ae een etie a esore. I e caseof D ti vin thei prnce i te 17, 1767 o1769 etions but wc ueet fhe cane an expasonin Q, have ee lse une D nly acles aeaig fo tet tie Q ave be lite er Q I the ase of boalpaecal wo, the rnh le o acles precees he Englistle so at the correct seence an be maitae

Ii


51/346

Nt n tansation

e mo depedable contemoa bs [e of olte's wos ise 177 qao olletive etio te o-clle ead! ww pbed by Cm nd d eneva foty-teevomes) Ti s e last edon ow to ave bee eved andoted y oltie ad egd a detve et kow admo del cesibe i e -volme do of oie's wosby oui oand Pa Gae) pbld n 77_ Moladas defec fo eons o pacly sy efee eades

e efe fo genea uose to ts edti. Te ec iMoad as bee eed aant t 177 eae' fo ay maodepaces ce ofDP te e te ued fo te tslaon e 195 Ba-Nave eo

e taslo s eee om te wo o li laoi l e l b ee Gay ) andTeodoe Be 91) ee te bogpil oe

A etin mbe of pecal tem ema e to avodonfuio aisn om ltlly tsled om ad av p

be itaied wod alnt fo eample cnot bedeqatey conveed by te n lteal qivalet lantue tem ave also bee lef untled an eades aeeed o e noe oeau p v fo fte nfomatoon sbje Tes of Fec books esas ad pplets aveee led.

'Se S5.B Taylor, g 'Tle dfnity n f Vtis wks: t Lendmr-' Stui on Volta n Ik Eigktf Cy, 24 732


52/346

Noe on e anslaion

he ot ependable conteporary se ex o Voaire's wors se 15 ua coective edio he so-called encadre' wicws pulished by Caer ad ardin in eeva fory-hreevolues) Tis is te las eio knQ to have been revsed adcoected by Voire, and s regrded denitve Beter kno adoe widely accessie s he 2-volume editio o Voltaire's worsy ois oand (as: aier) ublised i 8775. olandas deects ut for easos of pccality ad easy reerence reader

are refere fo geneal puses ths edon e rech te noland a been cked aginst he 775 ecade' for ay majordiscreancies In the case ofP te base tet used for te tnlanis he 194 Benda-Naves edion

Te aaon as eeed fo te wor ealier taslator,n arculr he Egls aslaons of D by Pee Gay (96) adTeodoe Besa 197) See e iliogaica ote

A cera uber o seciaised tes reain n renc to avoidconfusion asing fro lely translated for, ad ae iybee italcised Te word plee o eale anno eadeqately conveyed by te nglis iteal euivalet paaeCurrecy tms have alo been le nrslad and readers arerefeed to he ne in ome 985 . vi) for fuer iformatono his sect Titles of Frec boo, essay ad pahlets aebee tnslated.

'S. SS lo 97 h ti x f Vl wk: h Lng

O O n 24 p 7_32

ii


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Pock phiophial iina


54/346


55/346

E gueee u! e Ie eu Sa,gre. h is s?

S far av n known anyn w as nt gd sm sa. Ia n al abu ri hurabl inisers, w rally dgv s fr w r r yars s f sx n sr s wk; I a alkng abu all n w, vr supprr n r sudy, s u r ss v n ry, Crc, law an J wld ac

T Buzis s ab gvring Franc arud [645 i na f ardial Ricli, ad wr a P(lc 5fmn

wi wans dra nbl n aval fr r yarsak Adi O and pmn pay as ad kin i r al H nnds in arclr a f sak a udrd usand n sld aisd inrr wag a capaign wi usand aiains a'Pvnc aln a r gd ps an pa and ly ugr

abbi Burzi a d n avln Mr s wrk wt anacrss and saks; a aa icl

sin a way a nvr d, js as d i sak as nvr spk r r aks a wl cap sa ha 'rasnus b a sas rl f ad s v s sv.is wrk darkss, is sar cd abbe Bzis ws ak b ardnal Ricli lia sn; ad r iaual adsss acadan fald a cssivrais p is pliical asc.

I w88 has ben a"ributd Pul Hay T i; o vnc Abl d Boz,' ahp.

3


56/346

Pocket philhal d(my

Master Gatien de olz, seei te sccess f Rcelie's Pt-f tnt, prited Tst Cbr at Th Hue, tgeterw a e lee om r lbe t e Kig. i bis aI i s

inistr ad mad sch a tesaet would ae bee necessay tosuppress t Seral atrs hae qoted this bk howerAoer rascal name nknwn pptly brugt t e TLu even wrse if at is psile hn bets. A cetaibbCherent also ad Cales Duke fLorraie leae a testament.) We hae had e Ptc sts of arinal AlbeonV fMasal Bellesle and astly f andri.

r oisillee a ofc D {Frn pned 1 695rpsed e imprctical prject fa ryal tite in t e f Mar

shal auan 1720 a saing aa e a Jone fowa a

acial prject in four vomes and som idiots hae cited iscreao i i were a work b a oncre, e ead o te Treas- de the illsio that a earer can we a a boo ace

Bt one mst agree at ws me ossibly qite wy goern,ave writen o te subec pli admiisraon in Face Eg-ln ad pain heir os hav done a l of good Nt that we

ese boos appeaed ey pt the iisrs n oce right f ainister does n cant end is ways. He as reached tetp f his pofessio; o o nstuons n ore adice he ao e t ste; te w o busiess cares hm alo esegood bos old te ug me dstied fr oce they uldprices, and e x geea is educaed.

he segths and weaknesses o al syse f goermet havebee closely eaied i rece times S tel e all y travers,wo ae rea a lot an seen a lo, i whic stae, nder wic e goveme wod yo lie o have been b? I iagne that aeat landwer i Frace would no be displeased t have benb i Gemay: e wold be a sorig insted of bing a sbjet

Also d Couz a P 1693 B To Hn d Sna. an-t5 ,mt aly ad n dtoia

ol Pu 16 . By JopM Due d a b 1755 B FnAton e Pb 161 .

B Ag d God. b 155.

4


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States,

A Frnch r would be e leasd t ve e jvee of english age: he wuld be a legisla.

he lae ad nacier u be ber i Fra ta

anw ese.Hu wha cony wud a we ad fee ma w averg means

ad no rejdices coos? qi laed mbe o e ccil f Pondichrr retrn

vead to Eurpe wth a Baman w was be thanyr aerage rahan. a do u h f the govm e Gad Mg1' aed e ouo 's awful, asweed eBraman. ow a yu eec t t be well govene by Tar-tars Or ajahs or ra u nabb ar ve app bu tis s

hadl case with te cze an hse miions of citzns docot

he cuncir ad he Braa cossd e wole of U Asia,engaged in cual discssin. n rcion, said rahant t a igle eulic a\ i his vas ar f e wd.ee was ne nce i y' sad e ncillo b i didt lasng Tre was aohe oe i e Arabia taea aa i a litles calld alstne if u can cdit wi e am ubic aorde o eves ad usures ord oms by judgs s

ts by kgs somme b grand potis, esa)d seve o eigtis and nally wn u f e country t had usupd.

I imagie' said hman at v w epublis can beund on a. Me av arely deseed t goen theselvs Thathapinss can ony belng to mall aons dd away slands,or in mouais lik rabbits idng m carnvores; b n ethy ae disovd ad devoud.'

he w travell arivd i Aia o the cucillo sadto the Bahma Would yo bie a uic was se i a emoe cre of al a se f me an v uddears and ossssd Asa Mio Asia, Africa, eece GaU aad wl a' And t t ie uck ino oacy!'askd the Braman. Yo'v gssd rig, said the ot, b thatmnachy , and eve d w comos dissais is-cver th causs of decie ouble yourses omch said Idian a empire fll bcas i std. Evegs fall very m oe a exact e sam ig wil appn

th rad Mogs eir cdetall sad th Eopan do

5


58/346

Pocket phil(sphl diina

yo tk tat a dstic stat nees more honr and a rublicmre ndian avin had the meaning nuxplained t him, replid that nour was m necessay in a reb-

lic and a virue was needed muh mre in a monachy. For hcsaid, a man wishin to e electd by he ol wo't i isisnord whras at o will asil be able o obain ance, accdin t he mam o a ra rince7 hat or a couir succd e must av neith honr n mur Wih rgard irtu, yo ee an awl l o it t ae ell the cou.he viros man is muh more at ome in a reulic Hc asnobody o aer

D y think, sad te man om E ta lws an relions

arc mad or cimats just as rs are neded in Moscw and U}material ? of e ra ll hyiJaws are caclated r he median wher you live a enan neonly on w a ian nds re o or

t is same wit religius rtes. wre Chisian how wldy exct m t say mass i my rovnc wre ere is no beador win? As r dmas, that's a dient sty; climate has ntin d w hem Didn't or rln start in sia, whr wasdrivn ou? snt i exis arund th Baltic, wre t was unknown

n wha state, uder wa s re, would y per to liv'asked te cuncilr nhere ext my wn cunt said scmpanin, ad Ie come css many Sams, Tnginese Prsi-ans and urks w sad e sam in.' B onc agan' sai rpa, which stat would yu coose h rahman ied:Th one wre e oby nly te law at's an old answer'said th cocillo. n the wor r that' said the Brahman.Whr is that land askd t concillr. h rahman sad: \Vhae to lo or it'

Te refrnc i. the gl. th Duk of Olea,

" See h "Gnv in lh Ercab (Vlir o)

6


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\

Fain pag war ar th thr ot faou igrin ofthi wrtc wor. You ca inc i t fan cag a ta foo to which carcit rc u a wh th c ohog o v t hop of pg t going.

Ur pau 1 inc a conagio ia wich nb toto tr thouan two git o to u fro Proinc. Btwar which cobn t gft co to fro iana-ion of tr or four r op ct c

na of prn r iit a it i prhap for hat raoha in vra cation th ar a iving iag of tit.

A a a pay at war with ach o; ach pci wabo o v aothr hi ho tu v for p ovwhic co an o quntit of tiny bar viib rar of th a pci gt fo th fa ik "1naa ai Air arth wt a na of tructon

Go giv n aon yo wou tik that i araon wou wa h not to a h b iitatig aia pcay wn natur ha ot prov th w thwpo k thir ow no a tnct to uck trboo

owr t urr f war a bn a rrb oto c an xnt at t xcpton o wo or thr ntionth a no wo r io i o a pctr o ai i con-ict n aa a ar omou a w a

7


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hlshl

hat i ou o' pa of wod an were the samthing. Maichas, h is you ltcaon!

Th ms dtmid sohant wi ackowedge adi tha wabgs is wa pag a [ami, if h a n Gmaan hspitas, ad pass though a fw viags wee sm geafa of ms had t pac

It is cain a a a o coutsid, dstoshouss and cases in an aage ea, fot tousad di otof a hdd thosad This ivno was s ud ationsassmbed tei comon go; xm ditio th di o th Phans nd igboig ops ta i

itd to st ot i a thosad ishing boats to xtmiat mif i cou

h assmbd Roman op dgd t to i its inst to gad ght th Vias, o th oscias, bfo th haest And a as aft that a Romans agd b h Cathanians foghto and ad sa fo a og me It is o th sam oda

A gJogist ovs to a pnc hat h is a dct dscdat ofa co whos tivs had mad a fami pac, th o o hndas ag w a hos of which o a ac mais in iig mo

his hos had rmot cms a pvc whos ast ow didof a s Th pic ad his conci cod out difuthat is poic bogs t him b dii ght his onc wichs a w hndd mis aw, potsts i ain tha it dos not nowhm a tat i hs no dsi o b d b him that t impos awso pop i n a as is necssa Ths spch d ov ch th as o th pinc ih th icotsta ighs Atoc h ds a a nme of mn with oig o os h dessshem p in b s at a hudd tn a a dgs i

hats it thic wit pipig dis thm an mach hm o togo

Oh pics, hag about t5 scapad joi in as hst hca ad ccp a sma cout "th mo udous mcaishan ghis-Kh ambain ad Baazt bogh aogith th

L Th v ci plsd 6 ([ 7 !) f Q rn t i rr h d it h

8

.


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rVa

Pop ome iane aay a a ghig i gig ak pla,and a r a \"e a d o b ad hey wsh oa art. Imdal hy ivde up ino wo rop like areer

ad o h g e eir e to aone ho an o emphm

Thee mde s pn ah o ot n wiho hag ayrsoa is i h peen bu oig hati is a ao

Fi or sx egere poe a s at he ame momenomem hr agast hre ss wo again fr, ome-es oe agt e a deesg a tb qa, ghtg inaia ih ah or ad aaking ah he r all agree

o oe pn a o do e th as mh ha as oible. mos oneu [i] abt hh nrie i h

ach ade o ths mud a hs ag leed an omlnoe G eore gig o o eA1mnae h ighor I onelea ha h od t t ber onl wo o hr ouadmen e ds ot tas t o; t h hr ha bena osad exmned b o od ad, h ultmaein d' ge, om on ha been a etroed he e nga ae ong ong ou pa ompod a agag nknw oaas a, ha is r ed ih aarss. heme og ued r ae an ctn, a wel as ds, hh s or;ae pa i a n mo ror [i] ong

On nl oaon naual ein a opped cz ig ime obl ol ha no h t ; ander ol oied b th rig i d a jut God ongeae Bt aa lion enouae al hoe crts tpol omi ogee: plo edio obbe amuh, upea on os oti rd. Eac man arhs hry ri dr hs paiula ai' bane2

Eh a rai o -hprs a pai toe a o mde me fC dsd i og, ba t-ttnjas d h sho s hrs ar ss go

1 e i ped ol} K

9


62/346

Pk hi/h/ ii

om wa o slns made f som motld matrial ove srsey all alk a eg Te ot wat was doe a long me agoi Paesne whe tlkig abot a ba i Vetravia.

Fo the res of te yar thse peopl declam agas vcs akngh ponts ad by mea of atsis, they prove tat ades whosmear a t ofouge o ter frsh chks will be e tal objecsof eteal vengeance of th Ea Bi; ha uu andih ar he woks of th Dl; a a ma who as m undedes' wort ofresh h sed at s be Lt fangy suesis salvao, nd ta a poor man wo ats o and a half wf mutto l go fr ver ev} dl [tere s]

Ot of ve or six osnd dcamaos lik ths ter are ee

or four at most coposd by a Gal named Massllo, that an onestan ca read witot dsgst bt a es speecs ere rardly two n wch e orao dares say a word agas ths cmed scor of" wch bacs all scos and all cms. hwrcched b-tmpers pek nceasgly agas lov wc s hman race's oly cosolaon ad he only way o kp t goingThy say othng of e abomnabl ots a we mak to dstoyi

You ga a all bad so o mpiy odal Bu noe o hse mdrs ta v so may ways o pllage onese acs of bad) on ts niversal madss a ays waste o world All vices fom al ages and lac added togeter nev eqal vils a sngl ampaign podU:s.

seral solocos yo ail ainst a fw piprics o i\ares of an or, ad sy nothi aot sckss whch istarg us no a thsad pecs !oral plosophrs b all yobooks s long as th whm of a w m cases osnds of ou

roes o be oyaly buceed, tat a of th ma ace dvotedt oism l b th most frgfl hig n whole of ar.hat does e ue of hma nevolec, modesy, tmpr

ance gntleess wsdom a pe mr me we a od leadsot d fom si hdred fet shattrs my ody, ad I iea wet yars of age spakab toe t or s ound other d)g mn, wh my ys pcng for th last m seee own wre S dsod by swod ad , ad e lastsounds n my eas e th cri of womn ad cldrn yng e


63/346

fYar

ri he whole hing o te alleged beet of a ma we do notow?

at woe i tat wa s an ine\itable oge. If ou ote

al me hae woriped te od a Sabbaoh mean e God ofan wih te ew t i omer nera a ar a ragig mad,hli god

Te famo Mnteqe wo i nieed to e a hmane man,dd a hoer tt t wa a t hig one's neihbos to swod nd to the to o op hem onding ther afai toowe f ta i te i of e law, en it i the piri of e lasof oga and aiavelli f happil wa he ad s re, we

ms wte agaist tat rh, een og it miht e oe out e fas

Hee i wa onteeu a Between ietie he gt ofnatal defene mple ometmes te need to aa whe a aionses ta be a peae a onge wd pl anoter sae i apotion to deo it and hat to aak at at moment s he ow o reveg h desruto

ow an an ata i peaeim e he onl wa of prevetg hisdestrtion o wod ae to e er e tat ti neighbo willdeto o ifi beomes powerul o be ure o ta it old ao ave mae peparon fo ur rn. hat ae, h woud behe tae whih ta e wa, not NU Yor ampon wrongad ontraito

If ere was eve a eal nut war, te oe hat ou popose iit t amon illig our eighbo or fea tat or neighbo(who is ot ataing o migt e i a poti t atak ou inoter word, o mt s rig our otr e ope f iing

fo o good eo smene ee'. se neithe one uefl beae a o ow full well, one i nee ure of ueIfo neigbo eome 0 powerful in peaetime, wo i top

ping o fom maing oelf as powerfl a he i fhe has madealiane, mae ome oel If bease he has fewe preates,eha moe idustrialit and oldie op i wise eono polf e train his ailor eer rai or a a i absle ig

J S w B hap (Y )

"


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65/346

L ) Laws

n th tim f Vaia a Titu wi t Rman w diwllig th w, a ri Iralit, w d wi t bibwd l Wth all th gd ad mad frm hi trad a , d tk w him hi wl fail iting fh drlf, a n and a dgtr zingabr. In araan h ad nu n fwhm a t k th thr wa a plghmanand i-rw A gd ian wh kw t ntah bhart rd i hapai All th ppl mbark a th prf igabr, r th a alld th Rd a, whi i nt rdat all, and ntrd h ri Glf arh f th ad f pi,t kWng wr it wa li it r t, a trribl tm blw pwhih dr thi fl fJw twar th at f ia. Th hipwa wkd f th !1di iland ald Padraan a,whi at tat m wa unnhabitd

T l mnbag ad h ld wman drwd; thdghr tw uh and aplain apd. T raggda w prii frm t p a bt t d litt hut wrbuil h ilnd, d th lid r quit mrtabl. Y kwtat th ild f adrabran gr frm t atr andtt u an id th th bggt ut an th bt pinppli h wld Lig h at a tim wh lwhr h rt f tn ppl w g aghd wa r i bt th ninwpt at thught hat prap th wr th Jw l in thwrld a hat th d f Abraham w abt t m t nd.

3


66/346

Prkl hohic difi1

t p yu e t v it d he yug w, mry yie

Id ike t vy muh i te hlin ut git te l".

Im Enin; I'e ten YOW neer m e w ttvw mut be heye lt h ewh e m t n end if it mtbt einy nt m yr itr e

y tw n 't gv her ny hildr' nwere te Jew I' gve her m f tht' ligh with y nd y'll ble hmge. '

Id pfe t he mbwele by Rmn ldier hded m id hpin tn t b h f lin mmiinet if w yu fit by }ur fthr tht wld be lg

bu h i r it by y mt d t n bntn'I qite detd' pd he n m tht it wuld b

ime Jelm whee I wld nd hr gl b n e ildf Pdb whee r nl ut pieppl nd y-e I tink tht it i permible.

he ew mied hi itr d d dght by her pief t prt f h Eenin. It w the it f mrigtt ne hught prfetly legme d the e n mtnAfte fty yer h me did Th the id he hpl

ve yu lly gt rid f yr ld pedi? D y wnt m) dughter My Gd fbid id he n Ve wel.S ll m her myelf, id te the Wever hppen relt f i will jt hv t hppn bt I dnt wnt the ed fAbrhm t me thing. Th ei hd by i hiettment lnge wihed liv wi mn wh ted gnt helw nd d The bride hte e him in vi: Sty myfried m ving ntrl lw, Im eig my t, ' b-dn yr find! h the m lef him hg, nd wit himnd ill xed n te lw wm ff t t eighbug id.

w t big ind fAt wellppltd nd vey ivilied he g er he w nved. e ernd t muble in eAtl1 lngge; mpline vey biely f th ihptble wyin whih e hd ben wemed Ie w tld it w te lw dtt ee ine ld hd been lt ten by ie by nhbt f the d f Adu it hd been e wi e h l1feigner vng n Atll ld be enled ht nt e te

lw id e Eenin f i nt in the Penteh He w ld


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68/346

Pocket philsphi dictinar -

- -

o legal procede Paris tats o say ts been poved wenyvemes at te Pas edue is eqivca, n if hee wre enye judge's chambers hee wold e wen\e dfeet juisp-

enes. Fifeen mes rom ris he onne weve poveclle :oandy whee yo would ave ad compeey dffeejudgemet to the oe yo ha ere' Tat made me nt to see:oandy I went tee one of m brohe. A e rst nn emet yong mn n despa asd hm wa hs toubl was. Hesweed t the fact at he had a eder bro. Whatss bad abot hvng brhe?' I ase hm y boer s old I d e et o e well ogehe. la he sad, herethe law gives eveng o th eldest and ohing to yoger one.

Yore rgt to be pset' ad to hm. e I come from thnsa dde up eqally ad sometme othe o't ke eac orany moe f ll tat.'

hese lite adventres mae me ink dep bout te law and cn see ht as wth ou thes so t s w ou aws In onsannoe I ad t wea domn n Ps acke

If l huma laws are lws of convenon, I sad ll at is left [od s to mke the best of them. The ctzes of Del and Aga syth ey ha a very ba deal th Tamburane; e cizens f

London gul emselves on hang eached ve goodagreeme wi Kg Wiliam of Orang. A "oon cze once saidto me Nessy mkes the laws a foce esues ht hey eke aed him wether force lso de e ws somemes andweer Willim he Bastard or e onqero had not gve heEglsh eir odes wot haing ehed a aeement h themes he sd hen we wee cae illim pt a yoke o s andgaded s long. Since en we have cnged ito me we stllhave hos ad we stke none 1 who wants us wo he

elds for eir own benet ad not fo ousull of al hese eecions 1 ook plesre the hoght th hee

s a atral aw ndeendet o ll uma covenon te frt of ylao mus belong me I mut onou my fathe ad i) moer ave no gs ove my eigou's fe nd my eghbor as oneov mne tc. B wen r hought hat om oolomor down tothe ss Colone enze eeone oyally kl ad b hs eg-b licece to do so s poket I was vey set.


69/346

Laws

r have been old a thr arc laws among ieves and at re

are aso lws of war. r asked wha hee aws of war wr Ts Iwas tod, are abot hangin bave o(rs w old t in a bad

position thout any cannon, against a roal a abo anng aprisoner i ey av hanged one of or [men); aou pug vilages

t he swod and o te toh ho do nt srdr all thir possesons on th appoined day i accodc w th odr of th ocalacos soveei Geat' I said, thee's the Spirt ofhe laws fo

After ang een well instrcte l th mar I dscovered taere are wise laws by whc a sped s condemned o nine yers

galley sece for ving ven a lie foreg sat to is sheep. V!yneighbour was rnd in a curt cas invoving wo oak rees whbelonged to hm and wic h ad c down in his o wood,bcase e ad no obseved a formli whic he cod no avkown abo: his ie died in mise and his son ek out a fewors an dea I adi a s laws ar js althog theiimpeenion is a little hah b I ake strog excption o lawshat auorise a hdred sand en to oally go and ct hethroas of a hunde osad of ei neigbrs. I sms to ehat most men ave recived fro ntr enogh comon sense topass laws but tat no evebody as eough sens o wat is just toake good laws.

ing together simple peaefl nes fo all over the worldthe l all agree eadily at slling one's sps corn to one'sneghbo st be permted at a lw to e contr s nmnand bsurd that the rency repesening e vlue of pdce ust

e no mor oen tan the fuits of e earh tat a father st bemaste in his own house; that rliion must bng en togeer o

nie them not to make fanacs and rsecors out f the; hatthose wo work mst no deprive emselves of the fruits o eirlaour in ode t nance supesttio and dleness. n an our ywuld make iry Iw like this all o thm se to e un

ceBut le abrane aive on scene and enslave India, thn

you ll see nothing bu abia laws One wil opr a provinin order enrc o o amlas tax-gaerers anor wllmake i a crie of lse-maj(i to ave spokn ill o e mistss of

'7


70/346

oe phsoph dor

e s an-sev a Raah a hr l b a aer hal hs rp an halenge hs righ he es . re wll n een e aws by whc sme Tara ial will e alng an ake

y hln r hei ales mak e srner n in a slean wakr n a eunuh ling r her an aer wus nsan.

Nw wh s be e ne Tambrain's gs r n s subj? lealy s g s mh eer .

hee ve gehe vey eceully b naue hey ae suse b ve mek bcau w ann se he enrus quan lgeaue h ey evr is even assm a hy a encnly an nnsusly lik [when we ea] Sassna heese. he l see is a u ag e GlnAge.

hn-use s la h ms p mnara sa Thes n king marabl a k I he was ly amng hispel i n bause vany I e eny aprahs he sn s subjes g an ge hslves kle r h y\e his ean knwleg an absle wr H ges hss up hs hen ben hm an ghs he a he s he

vr he is h ne wh sins T Deum. In iil sie r ishing s gallan s hnrble s ree linees. hasall ues I he has a gin rn n his ral a r a llwn he he gvs e rs hs sjs esen hrse.I a wr Slmn in hs hare has hng n a arm}a k.

is u a bees r rle by a qn whm all her subesmak lv en ha s an ven m ere gvenmn

ns ar ga as avin an ellen eay. I s sperr

all e sas beas hr en is eqal an evywrks r he happnss vryne elsThe beave publi s ;n ber an a e ans a eas

jugng y er wrk ulrsnkeys ae mr lke knkabu eans han a iils

pepl an he n seem b ni une a sys unanal laws l h spes menne abv

res g r ian he supeal ur easan u ckness whh hae n\;er alwe U hav nim

lag aw w ae me like mnkeys an ay hr aiml

8


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Laws

-

n Nar eatd r species s gae s a fw instints:elflove for r suval nc fr h siva f hes lvwic s mmon t all species, and h inxpicable gi f ombining

me ideas tan h rest f th ter animals [put ogeer. Hangus assigned to us u lot s said t s Gt on wit i as bst yuan

Te i no go d of laws in any cunty. T resn f isi bvis he aws a; been made a w ent aln i acdanct tm, pla ad nds c.

\'n nds cagd the laws wic maind bcam ridilushs e law wh obade he eatin and th dining ne was quite easonabl in Arabia r p and ne ar ar-

ul. t is diculs in nstantinplTe aw wc ves te wle dm t th ldst son s vry

god n es of anay and loting. Ten h edst sn is atain t castl wi ll b aad son or later by brigands eyunger sns ll t cif h plougmen e sldisll that te s to be feared is tat the yung son mgt mre oisn is elder rohe the Sali rd bcom in is tr temastr o he vel. Bt tse cases ae rar bcas nare ascmbined ur insticts and passins suc a way that we eel mr

rr at the thog f mudeng o elder bh tn desie take is ac Now his law, wi suitd ungeors inthe time Cile, is aeful wen it cms t diision ofincme in a t.

To mes sam we kow tat laws of gambling ar v-whee te ne that ae ai le nbaable and osrd'y s ndian w gav us t uls f css by ceefllythrgou t wole world, wile he decetas f opes fre"ample, are today bjets and scn? It is cause the

inntor cess pt }ing ogete t pecisin he sats-aon t layers, wil s with ti deretals ad es oyfr teir wn adantage. Te ndia wised t ese mens mindsn an eql basis and g m plasure oes wised t brutlisemens mns. Ts th basi of te am of ess as sived inte same fn or fve tousad ears all te wld as it n commnad deals a gnised nly in pole Oie and Lowre te sinniest lile jri seel detss and dsses t.

I .

' "a DP

in !767,

'9


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ck hlhcl dc

It i dcul to nd a inle natio living unde good law o ju becase he ae the cean o men o men have donesme ve god ing and he peope wo invene an ereced

the arts culd hnk a reasnable ystem f lws. Bu n nealy allsae Jaw were esablised by h selneest of the legislatosht-term need, iance d supition. Pole mae hem a hey we along ahazaly regaly just like they ilt tows.Lk at the Hale dit n as, a Santerre-axBoefs, atre-Mce Steet a Pet-aDabe street, in cntast the Ioreand the Teies: ee is e mag f ur a"5.

London only became worth ng n snce t was ed ases.Snce a ime its stees have een \dend ad aigened. Beng

b down madc a cit ut ondon f yo wat t hae godaw brn wha hae and creae w ns.

e Romans were hree undred eas

Documents

Voltaire - Political Writings