Volume 22, number 3, July 1981

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Contributors to this Issue:NOTE OF THANKS

To all of you, who were so kind andhelpful in our time of loss of my son,Bart and my brother.

Thanks again,

Dotty M. McLaughlinand family

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Page 2 July 1981 Vol. 22, No. 3

THE COVER

...is a "variation" on a poster done by Editor: - Wally OrefPaul Harden to advertise the VLA's summerpicnic in May. The artwork and ideaswere too good to pass up. Read about the Associate Editor: - Carol Zieglerpicnic on pages 8, 9, 10 and 11.

The OBSERVER is a quarterly publicationof the National Radio Astronomy Observa-tory. Articles and comments should besent to, P. 0. Box 2, Green Bank, WestVirginia 24944.

Assistant to the Editors: - Berdeen O'Brien

Editorial Board: - Rick FisherBill BrundageWendell Monk

CV Liasons:

VLA Liasons:

Photography and Printing:

- Ed FomalontBill Meredith

- Eva Jean RigbyJon Spargo

- Brown CassellTony MianoRon Monk

A special thanks to all the people whocontributed articles and who helpedwith the OBSERVER.

- Wim BrouwJane ChestnutNina DamashekBette del GiudiceJohn DickeyGalen GislerRichard HinerJoan MartinWally OrefEva Jean RigbyC. J. SalterJon SpargoJackie ThomasCarol Ziegler

Vol. 22, No. 3 July 1981 Page 3

ASTRONOMY IN THE NETHERLANDS

Wim Brouw

The Netherlands (Holland is only partof the country, and people from other partsof the country hate to be called "Holland-ers" as much as Americans dislike beingcalled "Texans") is a small country withabout six per cent of the population ofAmerica and including the surface waterhas about ten per cent of the land areaof the state of New Mexico. Consequently,it has a population density of about 1100people per square mile. It has a verystable climate, the only uncertainty beingwhen summer will fall: on Easter, in May,or maybe even during the summer holidays.Neither the population density nor theweather makes it an obvious candidate forany large astronomical observing facility.Still, since the early years of the twen-tieth century, Dutch astronomy has pros-pered, and is of international standard.Dutch astronomers rank, according to theMinister of Science at the dedication ofthe recent extension of the Westerborktelescope, amidst tulips, cheese and beeras one of the better known export pro-ducts of The Netherlands. To supportthis view, I must confess that at theVLA site I speak more Dutch than at oneof the astronomical institutes in TheNetherlands.

I see mainly four reasons for theevolution of Dutch astronomy under theseadverse conditions: (1) on the scien-tific side there has always been thein-depth interpretations of observations,mostly done by others, with painstakingevaluation of the observational errors,to obtain a better insight in the "why"of the universe; (2) the initiation andexecution of extensive survey-type ob-servational programs with detailed carefor completeness and calibration (Kapteyn,de Sither, Hertzsprung, Oort and manyothers are well known representatives of

these ideas); (3) good cooperation betweenthe different astronomical institutes with-out having the necessary competitive spir-it; and (4) support of a government know-ing the limitations but also the possibil-ities in pure science for a country withlimited resources.

Astronomical research is concentratedat the universities in Amsterdam (mainlytheoretical research in cosmology, stel-lar atmospheres, accretion disks, etc.,Leiden and Groningen mainly galactic andextragalactic research, interstellar mat-ter, and Utrecht mainly star researchhigh-energy astrophysics) and was thefirst half of this century limited to thetype of astronomy outlined above.

In the last decennia new observationaltechniques, independent of climate appeared,and Dutch astronomers saw the possibili-ties they offered. However, no univer-sity could afford to build instruments byitself, and The Netherlands Federation forRadio Astronomy was founded in 1949 tobuild, maintain and run radio astronomi-cal facilities for the use of universityastronomers. Contrary to what happenedin other countries, astronomers only formedthe Board of NFRA, engineers developed andbuilt the instruments.

Development of radio astronomy wasrapid after an initially long lead-time.In 1944, van de Hulst made his predictionabout the HI-line. It took eight yearsbefore it was observed in the U.S.A.,Australia, and The Netherlands. The Dutchobservations used a 7.5-meter Wurzburg an-tenna, a war relic from the German coastalradar defense. This instrument was usedto produce the well-known map of the spiralstructure of our galaxy. Two Worzburgantennas are still in use in Dwingelooobserving the sun with mili-second fineresolution with a spectrometer.

The 25-meter Dwingeloo telescope wasbuilt during this period (at its dedica-tion, 25 years ago last month, it was

--continued, next page--

Page 4 July 1981 Vol 22, No. 3

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The Westerbork synthesis telescope. Twelve 25-meter dishes are arrangedalong a 1.6-kilometer-long line in an east-west direction. Ten are fixedin position and two are movable along a rail track 330 meters long.

the largest fully steerable antenna inthe world), and produced, to name a few,the W-list of radio sources, detectedthe 3 kpc arm, high-velocity clouds,polarization of the galactic background,etc. At the moment it is in full usefor VLBI, extensive surveys of HI andOH, and incidental purposes like mea-suring total hydrogen contents of

galaxies, or trying to detect disinte-grating micro-black holes.

In the early sixties plans were madeto build a large cross-type radio tele-scope. Since the cost was expected to betoo high, the Benelux (Belgium, The Neth-erlands and Luxemburg) Cross Project wasstarted. In 1966, it became clear that



international cooperation is not al-ways easy, and it became a Dutch project.In 1970, the Westerbork telescope wasdedicated. A good overview of the pro-duction of the first ten years can befound in an article by Allen and othersin a Liber Amicorum for Jan HendrickOort at this eightieth birthday lastyear (Oort and the Universe, Reidel).Early highlights were the continuumspiral arms in M51, the anomalous armsin NGC 6258, arms in M101, and polari-zation studies of head-tail galaxies.

Space astronomy was another area forinter-university cooperation. The Inter-national Geophysical Year triggered thebirth of the Commission for Geophysicsand Space Research (GROC). Although thename suggests differently, less than twoper cent of its budget is spent on geo-physics (laser ranging), the remainderis used for astronomy. It started withrocket flights, and evolved in the par-ticipation in many satellite experi-ments (COS-B, IUE, HXIS, etc.), and thesuccessful flight of the ANS (Astronomi-cal Netherlands Satellite) well known forits detection of x-rays from globularclusters. At the moment the secondDutch developed satellite (with a 50per cent participation of the U.S.A.and five per cent British) IRAS (Infra-red Astronomical Satellite) is nearingits completion.

In addition, The Netherlands is apartner in the European Southern Agency(ESA) and the European Southern Observa-tory (ESO), which operates telescopes inChile.

As noted earlier, astronomical re-search is concentrated at the universities.The above astronomical resources are usedby a total of 64 tenured scientific staffand 52 post-graduate and post-doctoralappointees, supported by 60 technical andadministrative staff. In addition theNFRA employs 103 people, of which sixare half time research astronomers. The

GROC has a total staff of about 120, ofwhich about ten per cent spend some timeon astronomical research.

Financing of all astronomy is doneby the Ministry of Science. Universitiesin The Netherlands are all governmentinstitutes. The NFRA is financed by ZWO,the Dutch equivalent of NSF, which alsoprovides grants for post-graduate and post-doctoral positions at the universities.GROC is financed directly by the ScienceDepartment.

The amounts involved are:Universities _ m$ 6.4/yearNFRA 5.2ZWO - Grant 1.0GROC 6.6ESO 1.6ESA (not counting 12.5 M$ paid 6.1

as contribution to non-scientific progress)

This amounts to about 2$ per year perinhabitant.

The Netherlands is a small country.No other observatory is ever more than 3.5hours away by train (twice per hour), hencecooperation is a theoretical possibility,and luckily, a practical fact. Althoughthe universities are fully independent, aNational Committee for Astronomy with rep-resentatives of the Universities, NFRA andGROC, screens all individual applicationsbefore they are passed on to ZWO or thegovernment; and developes long-term poli-cies. Although this body has no officialpower, full adherence to its "guidelines"is given.

The university departments are or-ganized in a democratic way. Decisionpower rests with an elected body. TheChairmanship rotates between the full pro-fessors.

The NFRA has a board of trustees,consisting of representatives of the ob-servatories and some external experts.(Physicists from university and businesslaboratories). They are ultimately


July 1981 Vol. 22, No. 3Page 6

responsible, and decide, mainly onthe long-term policy. The day-to-dayresponsibility rests with the fivedivision heads, one of which actsas a "director", on a rotating basis.

No scientific research stayshealthy if there are no plans to de-velop new avenues. Although theeconomic situation of The Netherlandsis not better than anywhere else,there are some plans that have ahigh probability of being executed.

In space research the IRAS satel-lite will fly early 1983. In additionmany cooperative efforts are beingpursued. Among others, the Hipparchossatellite, (ESA, astrometry) and anESA x-ray satellite.

The Westerbork telescope will beequipped with a 327 MHz receiver, and anextension of the line receiver to 40,000channels. This receiver will also beable to do real-time VLBI correlationsfor eight simultaneous stations. At themoment some ESA countries are designinga teleconferencing satellite (LSAT),which is expected to fly in 1985. Itseems reasonably sure that a wide-bandVLBI transponder will be added to thissatellite; in which case Westerbork willprobably be the ground station for real-time correlation of the European VLBInetwork.

Astronomers in The Netherlands,mostly the radio astronomers, have foryears felt the need for optical facili-ties in the Northern Hemisphere. Manyastronomers have been using facilitieselsewhere, mostly in the U.S.A., but amore permanent basis of observationalpossibilities was looked for. GreatBritain is building an extensive opticalobservatory on La Palma, one of the CanaryIslands, which will have a 4-meter,2-meter and several smaller telescopes,and a 15-meter millimeter telescope. Anyday a protocol will be signed between ZWOand the British SRC to make this venture

a fully cooperative effort (on an 80 percent - 20 per cent basis) between the twocountries. Talks are underway to includethe UKIRT telescope on Hawaii in the dealas well, and one staff member there is al-ready paid by the Dutch.

It seems that with the possibilitiesprovided in this way, Dutch astronomy willhave the opportunity to stay at the fore-front of astronomy in the next decade. Itis up to the astronomers to use the avail-able resources.

NATIONAL YOUTH SCIENCE CAMP I

(NYSC)

On July 15, the NYSC, located at thePocahontas County 4-H Camp near Thornwood,will visit the Green Bank site for a threehour tour beginning at 9:00 a.m. In addi-tion NRAO will provide two scientists tospeak at the camp before their July 15 tour.This will be the nineteenth group of campersto visit Green Bank.

Originated in 1963 as a part of WestVirginia's Centennial celebration, the Na-tional Youth Science Camp (NYSC) is a re-markable all-expense paid three-week learn-ing experience. The NYSC annually honorsthe top science-oriented students to grad-uate from high school in each state. TheGovernor of the State of West Virginia re-quests the governors of every state toselect these two individuals. Selectionprocedures vary from state to state. InWest Virginia, each high school principalnominates a senior student from his school.These nominees are then judged by a commit-tee of scientists and educators appointedby the Governor. In several states selec-tions are made through the Junior Academyof Science, State Science Fairs, or Scienceand Humanities Symposiums.



Criteria for selection include highgrades and accomplishments in the sciences,a demonstrated interest in new and unusualsubjects, abundant leadership potentialand a professed intention to enter intoone of the scientific fields.

OBJECTIVES OF THE NYSC

* To give the highest reward and honorto two most promising science-orientedhigh school seniors from each state.

* To expand their interests through abroad range of lectures from out-standing researchers and educators.

* To improve their communication skillsthrough the presentation of seminarson personal research topics.

* To demonstrate the applications ofresearch with visits to area indus-trial and scientific sites.

* To allow them the benefits of a closepersonal association with other youngscientists.

* To complement their technical abilitieswith cultural exposure from local his-torians, musicians, and artisans.

* To assure balanced participation ofmind and body through a completerecreational and outdoors program.

* To place this scientific and cul-tural community in a rustic settingso the experience may be appreciatedfree of urban distractions.

TO YOUR HEALTH!

ABOUT CAFFEINE

Reprinted from Brookhaven BulletinVol 35 - No. 16, April 24, 1981

Large doses of caffeine can cause rest-lessness, irritability, sleeplessness, andnervousness. For some, even a small amountof caffeine, especially at bedtime, cancause problems such as the inability to fallasleep, or wakefulness in the middle of thenight or early morning and being unable toreturn to sleep. In addition, caffeine cancause cardiac symptoms such as a fast heartrate, palpitations, and a "fluttery" feel-ing in the chest. There is also some re-cent evidence that caffeine may adverselyaffect the unborn fetus.

For most people, withdrawal from caf-feine, or reducing caffeine intake, can bedone quite easily and with no ill effects.For others, especially those who are ac-customed to consuming large quantities ofcaffeine (usually exceeding 500-600 mg/dayor 5-8 cups of coffee), abrupt withdrawalmay cause a phenomenon called the CaffeineWithdrawal Headache. Such a headache us-ually begins approximately 18 hours afterthe most recent intake of caffeine. Itusually starts with a feeling of fullness


Pa •e Jul 1981 Vol. 22, No.

in the head and rapidly progressesto a painful throbbing headache peak-ing 3-6 hours after onset. Sometimesthis pain lasts 1-3 days and is oftenattributed to tension. Symptomaticrelief from the headache may be ob-tained from a non-narcotic pain re-liever alone (aspirin or tylenol), orin combination with an analgesic con-taining caffeine such as excedrin oranacin. Cutting down on caffeine con-sumption over a period of a few daysmight help to prevent the formationof the headache.

An average cup of instant coffeecontains approximately 60-65 mg ofcaffeine, while percolated coffeeranges from 97 to 125 mg/cup. Teacontains an average of 20-60 mg of caf-feine per cup depending on the lengthof brewing time and the brand of tea.In addition there is caffeine in coladrinks, cocoa and chocolate. A youngchild who drinks 12 ounces of cola,Dr. Pepper, or Mountain Dew has a caf-feine intake comparable to that of anadult who drinks 4 cups of coffee,since caffeine dosage is related tobody size and weight. Following is apartial list of the caffeine contentof some common beverages and medica-tions that contain caffeine.

Caffeine Sources Content mOservingCoffee beverages:brewed ground 85/cup (range 85-200)percolated 110/cup (range 97-125)dripolated 146/cup (range 137-153)instant 60-65/cupinstant (decaffeinated) 3/cup

Tea beverages:(bagged and loose brewed five minutes)

40/cup (range 20-60)Cocoa, hot chocolate beverages

13/cup (range 6-42)Cola beverages, Mountain Dew,

Sunkist Orange Soda47/12 oz. (range 30-70)

DrugsAspirin compound-phenacetin

caffeine 32/pillBromo Seltzer 32/pillCope, Midol, etc. 32/pillFiorinal 40/pillExcedrin, Anacin 60/pillPre-Mens 66/pillNo-Doz, Vivarin 100-200/pillDristan, Sinarest 30/pill

--Caroline Kramer, R.N.

GREEN BANK TELESCOPE SCHEDULING BACKLOG

According to Rick Fisher by the be-ginning of June, 1981, enough proposalshave been received to fill the 140-footschedule through about August, 1982, in-cluding VLBI network time but not includ-ing extensive calibration or telescopedowntime for modifications. The 300-footcould be scheduled through about May, 1982.

VLA SUMMER PICNIC I

Jon Spargo

In spite of an ominous weather fore-cast, Saturday, May 16, turned out to be anabsolutely ideal day for a picnic and that'sjust what most VLA'ers did!

Now if May seems like an odd time fora summer picnic, you must remember that wedesert folk find the 80° May temperaturesa whole lot more pleasant than 100

0 August

days. With that in mind the VLA RecreationAssociation made arrangements for the useof Socorro's spacious Sedillo Park includ-ing olympic pool. In addition to a widevariety of games and activities a greatsteak lunch was provided complete with


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beans and green chili! The photos and captions below and on the next pages tell the restof the story. Needless to say our summer picnic in May was a huge success and we fullyintend to have a repeat performance next year!

As Andy Strong, Kerry Clark andPhillip Hicks Zook on, Wayne Koskidemonstrates the proper reaction toan overdose of green chili!

The Datil bunch came for lunch! DorothyLarkin (oops, she's from Socorro), SandyRichard's and Alex, Allison and Jay Patrickand Russe1 Richards.

After a busy day of dropping bits, del Giudice obviously didn't bum that oneSpike Randolph gets it again! This and the Boss Mon Ekers) looks happy!time at the hands of Adam Van Horn.


Doesn't Betty Clark Zook great! Every picnic has to have a ham!


Bill Randolph finally gets satisfaction In this country we start-em young.by watching someone else (Bill Clark) Future rodeo star Alex Richards beginsmiss a spike! basic training.


Watched by Steve Troy, Ramon Molina,Peggy Perley and Ken Sowinski, Eva Rigby(Recreation Association president) ex-plains to astronomer Bob Newell the properprocedure for ordering a steak. Bob, anex-Navy carrier pilot, remembers his train-ing and takes notes.

Kudos, for a job well done. Part ofthe Rec. Association crew who made itall possible. Frank Bacon, Eva JeanRigby, Sheila Reasner, Bin del Giudice,Rick Hagen, Emory Egler and Jess Landers.Not in the picture, Esther VigiZ, chair-person for an games and prizes who dida great job, and Paul Harden, who didall the art work.

Bob Burns and Bob Duquet are told to goplay with the bigger kids!

Page 11

What's a pool without kids!

V*,

Vol. 22, No. 3 July 1981

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Jane Chestnut

Neil Horner, employed by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory since April 1961,retired May 15, 1981. Neil began work with the Observatory as a laborer, was transferredto guard, but Neil requested to be transferred back to a laborer, to quote Neil, "nightswere made for love and sleep and he was getting behind with both", working as a guard.The transfer was granted. Since that time, he has worked in the paint shop, and at thetime of his retirement was a plumber's helper.

A retirement party was held for Neil May 15th. He was presented his 20 year certifi-cate and also, the new 20 year pin. Neil received some very nice gifts from his friends.We wish Neil the best of luck in his retirement years.

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GREEN BANK SYMPOSIUM

From left to right: R. McCray, B. T. Lynds, J. A. Nousek, L. H. Aller, J. Crovisier,J. M. Cordes, K. Prendergast, B. D. Savage, Y. Terzian, J. R. Jokipii, V. Icke, J. Al.

Bregman, J. Higdon, F. J. Lockman, R. A. Chevalier, T. Bania, J. M. Dickey, J. H. vonGorkom, G. Heiligman, R. J. Reynolds, D. McCammon, E. E. Salpeter, S. Federman, L. Spitzer,R. C. Bohlin, M. Kutner, D. M. Elmegreen, L. M. Hobbs, B. G. Elmegreen, E. B. Jenkins,F. W. Stecker, B. J. Rickett, B. E. Turner, J. P. °striker, L. Blitz, W. T. Sanders,P. C. Myers, C. Heiles, L. L. Cowie, W. D. Watson, R. L. Brown.

by

John Dickey

May 10-13 a workshop was held at GreenBank titled "The Phases of the InterstellarMedium". Because of the number of roomsavailable the attendance was limited toforty people. Scientists from a broad rangeof disciplines participated, with one ortwo people representing entire fields suchas optical, ultraviolet, x-ray or radiospectroscopy. Several theorists also at-tended; they helped form a synthesis of

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the observational material. The generalconclusion of the conference was thatthere is a lot we still don't know aboutthe interstellar medium, though some ques-tions appear more tractable than others.For the NRAO staff it was a good chanceto make new friends in other parts of thespectrum.

Since most of the participants werenot radio astronomers, coming to Green


July 1981 Vol. 22, No. 3Page 14

Bank was a special occasion. Some hadnever been to the observatory, for othersit was the first time in fifteen or twen-ty years. Most people were surprised howlong it took to get to Green Bank. Butonce they got there most people found theobservatory a pretty good place to holda workshop. The lack of distractionshelped people get more deeply involved inthe subject than at some meetings; and thefairly intimate room and board arrangementshelped give unity to the group. A lot ofcredit for the success of the conferenceshould go to the people of the Green Bankadministrative services division, partic-ularly the residence hall-cafeteria staff,who produced excellent meals and workedhard to make sure everyone was comfortable,and also to Carol Ziegler, Wally Oref,Becky Warner, Tony Miano, Bob Moore, JanetWarner, and Berdeen O'Brien, who took ona lot of extra work helping out.

Dr. Hjellming is a Scientist at the VLA.

Laura S. Howell

Miss Howell is a senior at PocahontasCounty High School in Dunmore, West Vir-ginia. She is a member of the NationalHonor Society and the Honors Program. Sheserved as class president in her freshmanand sophomore years. She is active inBand, Cheerleading, and serves as secretaryfor the 4-H Club. She is included in Who'sWho Among American High School Studentsand the Society of Distinguished Names andFaces. Miss Howell is the School NewspaperEditor and was a State Finalist in News-writing and Editorial Writing.

Laura plans to enter West Virginia Uni-versity where she will major in Pre-nursing.She is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. LeonardHowell of Green Bank. Mr. Howell is ChiefTelescope Operator at the Interferometer.

David A. Mathieu

1980-81 AUI TRUSTEE SCHOLARSHIP-1

On May 20, 1981, Morton Roberts,director of NRAO, announced the follow-ing NRAO winners of the 1980-81 AUI TrusteeScholarship Competition.

Thomas Hjellming

Mr. Hjellming is graduating fromSocorro High School in Socorro, New Mexico.He has been a member of the National HonorSociety the past three years and was chosenas a Boy's State Delegate his junior year.He is a four-year member of the GermanClub and the NOVA Club and has competedin the National Math Contest every yearsince his freshman year.

Thomas will attend Arizona StateUniversity this fall where he will studyengineering. He is the son of Dr. andMrs. Robert M. Hjellming of Socorro.

Mr. Mathieu is a senior at SocorroHigh School in Socorro, New Mexico. He hasbeen a Student Council Representative forfour years and served as Vice President hisjunior year. He was also a Boy's StateDelegate his junior year. Mr. Mathieu isactive in track, basketball and football.He received All District and All Statehonors in football during his senior year.

David plans to enroll at New MexicoState University this fall where he willpursue an engineering degree. His parentsare Mr. and Mrs. David L. Mathieu of So-corro. His mother, Emily, is a SeniorAccounting Clerk at the VLA.


ITHE 1981 NRAO SUMMER STUDENT PROGRAM I

Galen Gisler

Despite budgetary constraints, andthe fact that we were unable to make anyalternate appointments to the programthis year, the 1981 NRAO Summer StudentProgram is only slightly smaller than inprevious years. Seventeen bright youngminds will swell our ranks this summer,ten of them in Charlottesville, six atthe VLA, and one in Green Bank. They arefourth year undergraduates, or first andsecond year graduate students, and theycome to us from universities all overthe United States.

The program of activities for thesummer students is loosely organized.Each student is assigned to one or twostaff members, who supervise him/her ina project of mutual interest. In somecases the student helps the advisor witha large project which has been years inthe making, in others the advisor sug-gests a small, self-contained projectwhich the student can undertake withminimal supervision. In either case, thestudent is allowed full use of the NRAOfacilities and is encouraged to consultwith other members of the NRAO staff.In addition, in Charlottesville and atthe VLA, there is a full program of lec-tures throughout the summer given byvarious members of the staff, and cover-ing many important topics in radio as-tronomy and astronomy in general. Atthe end of the summer the students areasked to give short talks summarizingthe results of their summer research ata summer student symposium. In manycases, this symposium is the first suchexperience for the student, and it cangive him/her valuable self-confidencefor future scientific talks which he/shewill have to give.

Another feature of the program, begunlast year for the Charlottesville and

Green Bank students, is an allocation of asmall amount of observing time on one ofthe NRAO telescopes for the students as agroup. This observing time is scheduledin the latter half of the summer, to allowthe students time to decide what to do withit, while leaving enough time afterwardsfor the data reduction to be done. The stu-dents are themselves responsible for choos-ing the project, carrying out the observa-tions, reducing the data, and preparingthe results for publication. They will,of course, have access to the advice andopinions of staff members at any stage inthe endeavor. Last summer (1980) the stu-dents used their twenty hours on the 140-foottelescope to get 21-cm line profiles ofdwarf galaxies, and measure rotationalvelocities and masses of the galaxies.

The summer students in Charlottesvilleand Green Bank also participate in publicrelations for the Observatory, by spendinga week each in Green Bank assisting withthe public tours. They give short talks tothe tourists who flock to Green Bank everysummer, and demonstrate how a radio tele-scope works by using a two-foot dish to"observe" a small radio transmitter hiddenin the ceiling of the public auditorium.

There are social aspects to the pro-gram also, beginning with the summer stu-dents' picnic (for students and advisorsand families) held this year in Green Bankon Saturday, June 27th. The picnic is animportant ice-breaker for the students,who will afterwards be working togetherwith each other and with the staff asfriends and colleagues. Last year's Char-lottesville students also participated innumerous other social activities, eitherspontaneously organized by the studentsthemselves or by others at NRAO with stu-dent encouragement and participation.These included excursions to points of in-terest outside Charlottesville (e.g., theSmithsonian Institution in D.C., the King'sDominion amusement park, hiking or camping



in the Shenandoah National Park, whitewater rafting in West Virginia, majorleague baseball games in Baltimoreand Philadelphia), volleyball, soft-ball, and bicycling, and dinner partiesat each other's homes and apartments(last summer we had at least one suchparty each week for the last six weeksof the program!).

The summer student program is along-established feature of NRAO's ser-vice to the American scientific commun-ity. Since the early 1960's the programhas exposed young men and women to radioastronomy at an early stage in theircareers, giving them the opportunity tohave direct experience with the NRAOtelescopes, receivers, and data handlingequipment. This experience makes thembetter equipped to use these facilitiesas visiting graduate students and pro-fessional astronomers in the future.Similar summer programs exist at theArecibo Observatory, Sacramento PeakObservatory, and Kitt Peak NationalObservatory. The NRAO program is thelargest of these, in terms of numbersof students. National laboratories inother branches of science have spon-sored similar programs for many years.

The success of the summer studentprograms at the national observatoriesas a vehicle for recruiting fresh talentinto astronomy is measured by the factthat a substantial fraction of the pres-ent staff at the national observatoriesis made up of alumni of these programs.Even more alumni now have posts in theacademic community and are frequentusers of our facilities.

Not all of the alumni of summerstudent programs go into astronomy asa career, of course. Many go into otherbranches of science, in the academicworld, in industry, or in government.We hope that these alumni carry withthem a solid appreciation of the nationalobservatories and their significance

to the scientific community as a whole.Perhaps the most important function of theNRAO summer student program is to ensurethat the NRAO will have influential friends25 or 30 years from now.

The newest wrinkle on the summer stu-dent programs at the national observatoriesis a program introduced at Kitt Peak lastsummer, in addition to their regular sum-mer student program. Called the NAHBprogram, its aim is to educate young Na-tive Americans, Hispanics, and Blacks infundamental science, and to recruit theminto scientific careers. These minoritiesare much more drastically under-representedin basic science than in other profession-al fields. Of all the national labora-tories, Kitt Peak is the first to institutesuch a program, and its backers hope thatit will be imitated elsewhere, with theintended result that greater numbers ofBlacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans willopt for scientific careers. The NAHBprogram recruits younger students thanthe regular summer student programs do,aiming mostly for second and third yearundergraduates. Kitt Peak's experiencewith it was very favorable last summer,with nine eager and ambitious Black andHispanic students participating. Mark Gor-don of our Tucson site participated dir-ectly in the MO - NAHB program bysupervising one of the students. One ofthe 1980 NAHB students has been accepted tothe regular summer student program for1981 at the Arecibo Observatory. The 1981NAHB program, under the direction of B. T.Lynds, will have eight new students.


ICHARLOTTESVILLE SUMMER STUDENTS

Jackie Thomas

From left to right, top row: Jim Knoke,Chong-An Chang, Dave Wolpert, Tony Davidov,Roy Nakatsuka, Reinhard Skuppin, DebeCrocker. In front: Paul Coleman, DeanneTucker, Jim Lewis, Elizabeth Sturgis.,Carol Bornmann

Everyone knows summertime at NRAOmeans new faces and new friends with thearrival of the summer students. Thisyear in Charlottesville, we have a very"worldly" group to say the least. FromColorado to China to Germany to righthere in Virginia. Just to give you anidea, here are the names and a littleinformation about each of our summerstudents:Jim Knoke, from Somerville, New Jersey.He is a student at Haverford College andis majoring in physics. Jim is workingwith Fred Schwab.Chong-An Chang, from Mainland China, wasa student at Peking University and willbegin at the University of Pittsburghwhere he will major in physics. He isworking with Bob Brown.

Dave Wolpert, from Boston, Massachusettsis a student at Princeton and is major-ing in physics. Dave is working withEd Fomalont.Tony Davidov is from Boras, Sweden andis a student at Chalmers University ofTechnology. He is working at our elec-tronics lab with Sandy Weinreb in someprojects on the Apple Computer.Roy Nakatsuka is from right here in Vir-ginia and is a student at UVA. He ismajoring in astronomy and is working withAlan Tubbs.Steve Ratcliff, from Ballston Lake, NewYork, will be a student at Princeton andwill major in astronomy. He is workingwith Dave Burstein.Reinhard Skuppin, from Saulgau, West Ger-many, is a student at University of Tubingenand is majoring in astronomy. Reinhard isworking with John Dickey.Debe Crocker, originally from Needham,Massachusetts is a student here at Univer-sity of Virginia. Her major is astronomyand she is working with Barry Turner.Paul Coleman is from Kailua, Hawaii. Heis a student at the University of Pitts-burgh and a physics major. Paul is work-ing with Jim Condon.Deanne Tucker is from Denver, Colorado.She is a student at Stanford Universityand her major is physics. Deanne is work-ing with none other than the summer stu-dent co-ordinator, Galen Gisler.Jim Lewis is from the neighboring cityof Fairfax, Virginia and a student righthere at UVA. He is majoring in physicsand astronomy. Jim is working underJay Lockman.Elizabeth Sturgis is from Coatesville,Pennsylvania and a grad student at theUniversity of Michigan. She is majoringin astronomy and working with John Bensonand Jeff Puschell.Carol Bornmann, from St. Charles, Missouri,is a student at the University of Missouriat Rolla and is majoring in computer science.She is working with who else but Bill Mer-edith.

IGREEN BANK SUMMER STUDENT

Richard Bradley

Richard is an electrical engineeringmajor at Carnegie Mellon University inCarnegie, Pennsylvania, where he makeshis home. He is working under the super-vision of Roger Norrod.


VLA SUMMER STUDENTS

Michael Andrews attends Iowa StateUniversity at Ames, Iowa. He is a physicsmajor and will be working with John Basartthis summer.

Robert Calvert is originally fromBerkeley, California. He attends ReedCollege in Portland, Oregon, where he majorsin physics. He'll be working with Bob Burns.

Michael Fitzsimmons will be workingwith Dick Sramek this summer. He hailsfrom Austin, Texas, and attends Reed Collegein Portland. His major is physics.

Kenneth Mighell majors in astronomy,physics at the University of Washington inSeattle. He is working with Ron Ekers.

Thomas Cwik (not shown) attends theUniversity of Illinois where he majors inelectrical engineering. He makes his homein Urbana, Illinois. He is working underPeter Napier.

Michael Lesser (not shown) lives inLos Angeles and attends UCLA. His majoris astronomy. He is also working underRon Ekers.

From left to right:Michael Fitzsimmons ., Michael Andrews,Kenneth Mighell, Robert Calvert

V . 22, No. Jul 1981 Pate 19

PERSONNEL UPDATE

New Employees

James S. UlvestadResearch AssociateBasic Research - CV

Susan E. DelapTechnical Specialist

Telescope Operations - GB

Christopher P. O'DeaJr. Research Associate

Student Support - NM

Terry S. WhiteTechnical Specialist

Tucson Operations

Wesley A. Sizemore Donald C. Wells, III Manuel SierraTechnical Specialist Systems Scientist Visiting Electronics Engineer

Telescope Operations - GB Computer Division - CV Central Lab - CV

Other New Employees(Photos Not Available)

Ronald W. LoweScientific Programmer IComputer Division - NM

Craig L. SarazinVisiting Associate Scientist

Basic Research - CV

Dennis W. PolyardIntermediate Technician

Electronics - NM

Mary F. HolmesDraftsman II

Antenna Division - NM

Rehires

Raymond P. EscoffierElectronics Engineer I --continued, next page--

Central Lab - CV


PERSONNEL UPDATE(Continued)

Terminations

Daryl L. Grant David EmaryChristopher J. Salter Stephen GottesmanLarry Crouch Dan L. FenstermacherLinda L. Staley

Retirements

John H. Lancaster Neil Horner

Return From Leave of Absence

Kenneth I. Kellermann Steven R. Spangler

Temporary Part-time Employees

Anita Sue Oliver Beth A. LiptakTour Receptionist Lifeguard

Scientific Services - GB Plant Maintenance - GB

Mary J. Baca Steven W. GillispieHousekeeper/Food Handler Equipment CaretakerAdministrative Services - NM Plant Maintenance - GB

Rosalie Slaven William A. ShankHousekeeper/Food Handler LaborerAdministrative Services - GB Plant Maintenance - GB

Barry C. Williams Gregory A. BrubakerLifeguard Painters Helper

Plant Maintenance - GB Plant Maintenance - GB

Vol. 22, No. 3 July 1981 page 21

[...

HOW TO WIN FRIENDS AND INFLUENCETHE NEIGHBORHOOD

Bette del Giudice

Eight years ago in Green Bank, Bettedecided after twenty-five years of pro-crastinating she now had the ideal placeto keep honey bees. Bill and the restof the family were against this ideabut humored Bette. Support, deliveryand even the initial financing for twohives of bees came from Carol and HowardMullenax of Durbin.

The bees arrived with the Mullenaxcouple in the dark of the night whilecity visitors were at the del Giudicehouse. The guests thought that countryliving finally had taken its toll onpoor Bette and that she finally wentover the edge. Bill did finally offerto help set up.

Frantic trips to Marlinton weremade for bee veils, etc. An eveningbeekeeping course was taken at GreenBank school by most of the del Giudicefamily. Bill got so intrigued by thecharacter of the honeybee that he con-verted and became an apiarist. Insanityis catching.

After three years of freezes,starve-outs, swarmings and wax mothsthe del Giudices finally gleaned twentypounds of honey per hive at the amaz-ing cost of $22.00 a pound. Billaccepted a transfer to Socorro so thebees had to be sold.

Once settled in Socorro Bette andBill studied local newspapers for adsabout honeybees. Two active hives ofbees were located, inspected and pur-chased. The big fellow who deliveredthem by himself at 3:00 a.m. causedall sorts of wonderment to the dogs andpeople of the neighborhood at that hour.Bette and Bill became very popular andcame to the attention of much of theneighborhood.

Eventually the two hives became fourwith the purchase from Sears of two queensand two packages of bees all of the Italianpersuasion. Arrival day at the Sears orderstore made Bette very, very popular. Thepeople at Sears frantically phoned Bette,who was teaching at Zimmerly School, tocome quickly that her bees were loose inthe store. They really weren't. A fewstow-aways attached themselves to the out-side of the packages. People get so excited.

Now with four hives in full residence,Bette and the neighbors were straining eachother's patience. Gene Spaulding came tothe rescue and invited the bees, he lovesto be near, to come and live at his placein San Antonio, New Mexico. The bees dear-ly love all that alfalfa and Gene in re-turn. Under his doting attention the waxmoths and skunks hardly make a difference.The first full season of bee management inNew Mexico produced 100 pounds of honeyper hive for Bette and Bill. The cost ismore like $1.50 per pound.

Gene has become so devoted to the beesthat he was constantly scouting out swarmsand cleverly ensconced colonies up anddawn the Rio Grande valley. One of thelatest was in Luis Lopez under a smallsolid building. Bill, Bette and daughterMaria crawled under the building to smokethe bees and collect old honeycomb, broodcomb, queen and worker bees. Bette re-ceived, sorted and packed. The wholeneighborhood, at a discreet distance, turnedout to watch this Sunday entertainment.About forty pounds of honey was saved andthen given to the building owner and thebees were triumphantly brought back toSocorro after just a few hours work. Threedays later the bees decided that they didn'tlike life in town and flew off into thesunset. (Normally bees swarm before noon.)The hive that they vacated was mothballedand moved out of the way near to the gar-age.



Four days later Bette had a smallgroup of teacher friends for a picnicin the yard. Just before guests ar-rived, Bette and Maria noted a football-sized swarm of bees in the yard nextdoor. Bette and Maria decided to boxthe swarm as soon as the guests left.

The guests arrived, includingNancy Gibbins, the school principal,who is deathly allergic to bee stings.Nancy is a former beekeeper. She wastotally unbothered, and she advised eachnew comer of the swarm, its habits, etc.The group nervously sat down at thepicnic table and started to eat. In tenminutes the sky was dotted with beescoming their way.

Bees everywhere. Right overheadand coming down. They came down fifteenfeet from the picnic table and walkedright over the moth balls and on intothe stored beehive. It's true. Therewere five terrified witnesses.

This added another hive to theinventory. New hives don't producean appreciable amount of surplus honey.The four established hives produced 800pounds of surplus honey in 1980. Thehoney is now costing about 50 a pound.

The bee madness seems to be inherit-ed by the female offspring. Maria andAnni both are beekeepers. Maria hasmade plans to keep her own beehives muchto the chagrin of a certain young manthat hangs around the del Giudice house-hold.

..]SENECA LAKE REOPENS

After an absence of nearly threeyears, Seneca State Forest Dam and Lakehave been replaced by the Department ofNatural Resources, division of parksand recreation. The reconstructed damwas designed by Brackenrich & Associates,Inc., Lewisburg, West Virginia, and built

by the Triple H Construction Company ofBeverly, West Virginia, at a cost of justover $147,000.

Due to winter water and ice damage,the original dam was breached in March of1978, and a series of culverts replaced thedam to create a roadway for access to sev-eral of the Seneca State Forest cabins.However, vigorous public sentiment wasinstrumental in prompting the decision toreplace the dam.

Seneca Lake is stocked with trout bi-weekly through the spring by the Departmentof Natural Resources, division of wildlife.Largemouth bass were also stocked in thespring with a stocking of bluegill and afall stocking of trout to follow. Divi-sion of wildlife fish biologist, BernieDowler, describes Seneca Lake as a highelevation, warm water lake where fair togood bass and bluegill fishing can be ex-pected.

Seneca, the second largest state for-est with a total acreage of 11,684, offersguest accommodations of seven rustic cabinsand ten tent or trailer campsites. Recre-ational possibilities include boating,fishing, hunting in season, picnicking,playgrounds and hiking trails.

July 1981RETIREMENT DINNER FOR JACK LANCASTER

Eva jean Rigby

Vol. 22, No. a e 23

Phyllis and Jack Lancaster Morton Roberts and Jack Lancaster

Everyone enjoys the cocktail hour Emory Egler, Ron Ekers, Jess Sanders,Eva Jean Rigby

Jack Lancaster was honored by friends and fellow employees at a retirement party onMarch 28, 1981. The party was held at the National Guard Armory in Socorro. The VIARecreation Association sponsored the band and the no-host bar. The accompanying photographs,taken by John Basart bear witness to the success of the send-off for Jack. The decorations



were contributed by Charlene Temple.Jack hails from Bellport, New York,

a once small fishing village on the GreatSouth Bay and before coming to NRAO in1972, to build the VLA, Jack had workedeighteen years for AUI at Brookhaven Na-tional Laboratory. Under Jack's leader-ship, as assistant director and projectmanager, the VLA was dedicated on Octo-ber 10, 1980.

Jack and Phyllis' love for the seawas made apparent to their New Mexicofriends when they purchased a sail boatand set out for two years of sailing theEastern Inland Coastal Waterways and theCarribbean.

Retirement? Sailing is hard workbut, as always, Jack and Phyllis are doingwhat they enjoy the most -- living lifeto the fullest.

ICONFERENCE ROOMS

Wally Oref

NRAO Green Bank now has three con-ference rooms for group meetings. Thesmallest seats 8-10, the intermediate16-20, and the largest, located in theauditorium, will comfortably seat 40-45.

All three conference rooms are airconditioned, have teleconference systems,and good acoustics. The largest two canbe equipped with standard audio visualequipment.

The auditorium conference room isnot available from mid-June throughLabor Day when it is being used dailyas the tour center. Scheduling of thesmallest and largest conference roomsshould be made with Wally Oref and theintermediate with Rich Lacasse.

1980-1981 BOWLING SEASON

Richard Hiner

The Green Bank bowling team hascompleted the 1980-81 bowling season. Arecord of 65 wins and 79 losses gave us9th place in the Tuesday night league atthe Elkins Recreation Center. In the firsthalf of the season (eighteen weeks) weposted a 36-36 record, and finished thesecond half with a 29-43 record.

The following employees bowled thispast season: Everett Arbogast, HowardBrown, Harold Crist, Marc Damashek, RichardHiner, Jim Lyons, Wendell Monk, Roger Nor-rod, Russell Poling, Sidney Smith, and BobVance.

There are two halves in a bowlingseason, the first half is from September 1to December 29, 1981, and the second halfis from January 5 to May 4, 1982. We needsome new bowlers that would like to bowl afull or half of a season. You can contactany of the above bowlers and they willgive you the details about the bowlingseason.

ITALY THEIR ITALY

C. J. Salter

Strange, things just aren't right withMilan Train Station. Too many trains, notenough people and -- something is missing?I take my seat in a (surprisingly) emptycompartment and then the first flash ofrecognition. Railwaymen, that's what'smissing. Not a grey uniform in sight wherenormally porters are falling over each otherto carry bags you are quite determined tocarry yourself. In a not-too-controlledpanic my eyes scour the platforms and thenI see him; two hundred and fifty pounds ofFerrovia Statale employee with an object in


Vol. 22, No. 3 July 1981 Pae 25

life. He takes a pace forward, stops,looks, bends and? And he picks up adiscarded plastic coffee cup. He weighsit on his hand, he holds it up to eye-level, he admires its grace, examinesits form, considers its subtlety andwith exquisite care replaces it on theground the wrong way up. Suddenly,with unexpected agility, two hundred andfifty pounds of grey-clad power launchthemselves skywards. I don't doubt thatas the doomed receptacle vanishes intopure energy there is a minute pop (or isit a tiny scream?); I can't possibly hearit physically, but as a catalyst to un-derstanding it might well be a fiftymegaton explosion. STRIKE! A comfort-able feeling wells over me and I settleback contentedly into my state-subsi-dized luxury. I shake my head knowingall will be well again in a couple ofhours and reflect how rusty my Italologyhas become. Ah, Italy - their Italy.

There is an obvious answer foreverything in this country; it's justseeing it that isn't always so easy.Things seem so comfortably normal andthen the unexpected hits you betweenthe eyes! Take an example. If you wanta new suit you go to the tailor's, right?For meat you go to the butcher's; forvegetables, the greengrover, O.K.? Sowhere do you go to buy salt, postagestamps and bus tickets? The tobacconists,of course. Get the idea? What do you

mean confusing! Let's take an easier ex-ample then -- car number plates. Eachcity issues plates with its own identifica-tion letters. MI is Milan, BO is Bologna,VE is Venice. Dead simple, eh? So where'sRO then? "Rovigo", you reply correctly,"Whoever could have thought it might beRome?" So you are getting the idea!

It's much the same in politics, theother Italian blood sport (we'll meet theother, other national blood sport in a bit).Italy has about ten political parties, butlet's concentrate for now on the two big-gest. Largest of all, and the forevergovernment (don't let a new prime ministerevery three months fool you!), are theChristian Democrats, the party of theChurch. Next biggest are the Communists.Implacably opposed, you suggest? Sorry,wrong again? Only two years ago they wereindulging in the most affectionate of em-braces immortalized by the delightful ti-tle of "The Historic Compromise".

An aspect of the Italian life-stylewhich I suspect a passing American wouldfind strange is what I have come to call"the Great Italian Agrophobia". As anItalian becomes more prosperous he doesn'tdream of buying land, moving to the coun-tryside and entering the smoky city onlyfor the essential business of earning hisdaily bread. He will move to tinier andtinier apartments, nearer and nearer tothe center of town, until finally achiev-ing the ideal of one room on the fifteenthfloor above the main street. Stage two ofthe game is then to surround himself withas many relatives as possible. The ulti-mately successful man has his mother-in-law in the next apartment, his own parentson the fourteenth floor, son on the thir-teenth, uncle, brother-in-law, aunt andthird cousin on the twelfth, etc.

Driving in an Italian city is anexperience no masochist should miss. Thestandard transport here is the Fiat 500,best described as one quarter of a Ford



Pinto. I suspect that on first en-countering a Fiat 500, an American wouldtry to put it on, rather than get intoit. With vehicles of this size, Italianroads do not have lanes, you just packas many cars in line abreast as you can.Traffic lights take on the aspect of aFormula 1 Grand Prix start line, whilethe 30 mph speed limit is universallyaccepted as marking the minimum speedpermitted! The average Italian is amagnificent driver so long as he is pit-ting his wits against his own kind. Hecan become confused, deranged and evenhomicidal when confronted by a jibber-ing foreigner who is wondering what hedid that was terrible enough that heshould be sentenced to drive in thisapparent chaos.

All of which brings me in a naturalway to the other, other national bloodsport -- pedestrian hunting. I know ofno other country where a motorist wouldrather die than stop for a pedestriancrossing. Open season reigns all yearlong on the foot-bound unfortunates.Clearly it is far too easy for a pedes-trian-seeking race to run a pedestriandown, but to clip his heels with yourtires or remove her shopping basketwith your fender, that takes real skill.Pedestrians, of course, expect such treat-ment but when they catch the rare motor-ist with weak nerves are quite capableof retaliating by lingering in front ofhis car to discuss their neighbor'soperation or yesterday's soccer results.The whip hand, however, is always withthe motorist and I can dip into my ownexperiences for a typical example. Once,as a very new driver here, I did the un-heard-of and stopped at a crossing wherea pedestrian was cowering. She lookedat me amazed. I waved her across. Onefoot was already on the crossing when alook of doubt replaced amazement. Shestopped, she stepped back, she lookedhard at me, I smiled. Horror crossed her

face as she stared imminent extinction inthe teeth. Bombs would not have moved herfrom the slender sanctuary of the pavement.A wiser man, I drove on.

How then would I classify the Italianexperience? Perhaps an impossible questionto answer simply. Delightful? Frustrating?Refreshing? Impossible? All sum it upequally well and equally badly. This isa country where you can develop ulcers very,very quickly, but at least you can expectto feed them well! What could one say ofItaly in just a few words? The only thingthat comes to mind is "Italia? E la lonoItalia!"

BAKED LASAGNE

Carol Ziegler

2 - 6oz. cans tom. paste 2 cups water1 - 8oz. can tom. sauce % tsp. pepper1 small onion (chopped) 1 tsp. salt1 small can mushrooms 2 tsp. oregano1# box lasagne noodles 1# ground beef2 tsp. minced garlic 2 eggs1/2# ground pork (optional)1 - 8oz. pkg. shredded mozzarella1# ricotta or large curd cottage cheese1/2 cup grated parmessan

Brown beef, pork, mushrooms, onion in apan. Drain. Add garlic, oregano, water,tomato paste, tomato sauce, salt and pepper.Simmer at least 30 minutes. Cook noodlesaccording to directions, set aside. Beateggs. Add the ricotta or cottage cheese toeggs. In a 9 x 13 x 2 pan, layer the in-gredients. Start with a layer of noodles,cheese and egg mixture, meat sauce, mozza-rella. A layer of meat sauce should be ontop. Sprinkle with parmessan. Bake for35-45 minutes at 3500These proportions suit my family's blandtastes. For spicier lasagne, add a littlemore oregano, garlic(use fresh) and onion.

Vol. 22, No. Jul 1981 Pate 27

IWHAT'S COOKING? I

SPINACH BALLS

Nina Dawashek

2 pkgs. chopped frozen spinach or1-2 pkgs. fresh

2% cups Pepperidge Farm Herb Stuffing,or other breadcrumbs with herbs

1 large onion (chopped)4 eggs, beaten3/4 cup butter, melted1/2 tsp. salt1/2 cup grated parmessan cheesepepper and garlic to taste

Thaw spinach and drain. Mix with otheringredients. Chill. Roll into one inchballs. Place on cookie sheet. Freeze.Store in plastic bag. Bake from thefreezer for 17 to 20 minutes at 375°.

MUSTARD SAUCE

Nina Danashek

1/3 to 1/2 cup dry mustard1/2 cup white vinegar1/2 cup sugar1 egg yolk

Combine mustard and vinegar in samll bowl.Cover and let stand at room temperatureover night. Combine with rest of ingred-ients in sauce pan. Simmer until slightlythickened. Cover and store in refrigerator(will last up to one month). Serve atroom temperature.

BUTTER PECAN SHORTBREAD

Carol Ziegler

1 cup butter1- cup packed light brown sugar2

21/4 cup flour1/2 cup finely chopped pecans

Beat butter until soft, add brown sugargradually. Bead until fluffy. Add flourgradually. Mix in pecans. Chill doughuntil it is easy to handle. On lightlyfloured surface, pat and roll dough into14" x 10" rectangle approximatel 11-,ll thick.Cut into 24 squares. Divide each intofour triangles. Bake 18-20 minutes at300°. Decorate with icing if desired.

Icing

2 T. buttertsp. vanilla

1 cup confectioners sugarmilk (about 1 T.)coloring if desired

Documents

Volume 22, number 3, July 1981