V.R Earthquake

8/14/2019 V.R Earthquake

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EARTHQUAKEV.RAMALINGAM

ENV.EDN.CELL

STATE TRAINING CENTRE

DIRECTORATE OF SCHOOLEDUCATION

PONDICHERRY



WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE?

A sudden slipping or movement

of a portion of the Earth’s crust,

caused by a sudden release of

stresses, usually less than 25

miles below the surface.



Terror

Fear

Panic

Distress

Worry

Anguish

Desperatio

Horror

Misery

Pain

Grief

Sadness









The understanding of the world in the 18th century

was different from today …









Depth and Temperature

Structure of the Earth

Depth Temperature

Mantle 2900 Km 870°C

Outer core 5150 Km 4400-6100°C

Inner core 6400 Km 7000°C





The Earth is a dynamic or constantly changing

planet. The thin, fragile plates slide very slowly

on the mantle's upper layer. This sliding of theplates is caused by the mantle's convection

currents slowly turning over and over. This

overturn is like a conveyor belt that moves the

plates of the crust.

These plates are in constant motion causing

earthquakes, mountain building, volcanism,

the production of "new" crust and the

destruction of "old" crust. The following

cards will teach you more about the Earth's

plates.



What’s a Fault?

A fault is a break in the rock that makes up

the Earth’s crust.

The surfaces on either side of the break

move past each other, becoming

displaced.



Types of Faults

Dip Slips

Change in vertical direction (up and down).

Normal Fault

Thrust Fault



Types of Faults

Strike SlipsChange in horizontal direction (side to

side).

Left-lateral

Right-lateral



Faults



AnAn earthquake is a sudden, rapid earthquake is a sudden, rapid

shaking of the Earth caused by theshaking of the Earth caused by therelease of energy stored in rocks.release of energy stored in rocks.

This energy can be built up and stored for This energy can be built up and stored for many years and then released in secondsmany years and then released in seconds

or minutes.or minutes.



The plates are locked together, unable to

release the accumulating energy. When

the accumulated energy grows strong

enough, the plates break free causing theground to shake. Most earthquakes occur

at the boundaries where the plates meet;

however, some earthquakes occur in themiddle of plates.



Earthquakes strike suddenly, without

warning.

Earthquakes can occur at any time of the

year and at any time of the day or night.

On a yearly basis, 70 to 75 damaging

earthquakes occur throughout the world.



Ground shaking from

earthquakes can collapsebuildings and bridges; disrupt

gas, electric, and phone service;

and sometimes trigger landslides, avalanches, flash

floods, fires, and huge,

destructive ocean waves

(tsunamis).







Focus & Epicenter

The point where the earthquakes are

generated is called focus or Hypocentre.

The point on the earth’s surface, directly

above the focus, is called the epicenter .

C R U S T

EPICENTRE

FOCUS

MANTLE

C R U S T

Earth’s surface

HYPOCENTER



Notice the postion of the continents of

Antarctica (Far north of its current position),Australia (flipped sideways and far west of its

current position) and the subcontinent of India

(Hundreds of miles from Asia).

250 millions

years ago the

Earth's sevencontinents were

all grouped

together into a

supercontinentcalled Pangea.



180 Million Years Ago





135 Million Years Ago



The plates are still moving today making theAtlantic Ocean larger and the Pacific Ocean

smaller. The yellow arrows on the world map

indicate the direction of plates movements today.

COMPLEX PLATE



COMPLEX PLATE

BOUNDARY ZONE

IN SOUTHEAST

ASIA

Northward motion

of India deforms all

of the region

Many small plates

(microplates) and

blocks





The Indian plate crashed into the Eurasian plate

with such speed and force that it created the

tallest mountain range on Earth, the Himalayas!

What do you predict the world will look like in100 million or 200 million years? What new

mountain ranges will form?











The Earth's crust is broken into many pieces. These

pieces are called plates . There are twelve main plates on

the Earth's surface. The lines on this map of the world

represent the largest plate boundaries.



9

8

1

2

10

6

12

6

6

5

3

1113

4

Legend1 – North American Plate

2 – South American Plate

3 – African Plate

4 – Eurasian Plate5 – Indo-Australian Plate

6 – Pacific Plate

7 – Antarctic Plate

8 – Nazca Plate

9 – Cocos Plate

10 – Caribbean Plate

11 – Philippine Plate

12 – Juan de Fuca Plate

13 – Arabian Plate14 – Scotia Plate

147

Tectonic Plates of the World



What is the Ring of Fire?



What is the Ring of Fire?

The Pacific Ring of Fire is an area of frequentearthquakes and volcanic eruptions encircling

the basin of the Pacific Ocean. The Ring of

Fire has 452 volcanoes and is home to over 50% of the world's active and dormant

volcanoes. Ninety percent of the world's

earthquakes and 81% of the world's

largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of

Fire.



Earthquake Facts



Deadliest earthquakes^

Rank Earthquake mag. Country Date Fatalitie

s

1 "Shaanxi" 8 China January 23, 1556 830,000

2 "Tangshan" 7.8 China July 27, 1976 242,000

3 "IndianOcean"

9.1 nr.Indonesia

December 26,2004

230,210

4 "Aleppo" 8.5 Syria August 9, 1138 230,000

5 "Damghan" ? Iran December 22,856

200,000

"Haiyuan" 8.6 China December 16,1920

200

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1556_Shaanxi_earthquake

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_23

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1556

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangshan_earthquake


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_27


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_26


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1138_Aleppo_earthquake

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_9


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Haiyuan_earthquake







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Haiyuan_earthquake



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_9

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1138_Aleppo_earthquake



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_27


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangshan_earthquake


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_23


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1556_Shaanxi_earthquake

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes



1.The largest

recorded

earthquakein the world

was a

magnitude9.5 (Mw) in

Chile on

May 22,

1960.



The world's deadliest recorded

earthquake occurred in 1556 in central

China. killing an estimated 8,30,000 people.

In 1976 another deadly earthquake struck in

Tangshan, China, where more than 2,50,000people were killed.



The first “ pendulum seismoscope " to

measure the shaking of the ground during an

earthquake was developed in 1751, and it

wasn't until 1855 that faults were recognized

as the source of earthquakes.

WHEN WAVES ARRIVE







Seismograph



Modified :

I. Felt only by a very few people under especially favorablecircumstances

II. Felt only by a few people at rest, especially on the upper floors of

buildings. Suspended objects may swing.

III. Felt quite noticeably indoors. Standing motor vehicles may rock

slightly. Vibration like the passing of a truck.

IV. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by a few. At night, some awakened.

Crockery, glassware, windows, doors rattle.

V. Felt by nearly everyone; damage to contents and structures

uncommon but possible.

Mercalli (MM) Scale Categories



VI. Felt by all; many frightened and run outdoors;

damage slight.

VII. Everybody runs outdoors; damage negligible to

buildings seismically well-designed and constructed;

slight to moderate to ordinary structures; considerabledamage to poorly built or badly designed structures.

VIII. Damage slight in well-designed, considerable in

ordinary, and great in poorly built structures;

chimneys, monuments, walls, etc., fall.



IX. Damage considerable to well-designed structures, and great (including

partial or complete collapse) in other buildings; buildings shifted off

foundations; underground pipelines disrupted.

X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and

ordinary structures destroyed; railroad tracks bent; landslides common;

water spills over banks of streams, lakes, etc.

XI. Few, if any, masonry structures remain standing; bridges are

destroyed; broad fissures open in the ground; underground pipelines are

completely out of service; earth subsides.

XII. Damage is total; waves are seen propagating along surface of the

ground; nearly impossible to stand; objects thrown up into the air.

Ri ht S l



Richter Scale•

Small: 5.0 to 5.9• Moderate: 6.0 to 6.9

•Major: 7.0 to 7.9

• Great: 8.0 or greater

ground acceleration

In 1935 Charles Richter



developed a method to compare

the sizes of earthquakes based

on waves recorded byseismographs.

Modern seismologists have modified his method

and now analyze all waves recorded on a

seismograph to produce a seismic moment. Theseismic moment is then converted to moment

magnitude, which is the standard size

reported by the U.S. Geological Survey.

derstanding Magnitude



How does the amplitude of a magnitude-9 earthquake

compare to the amplitude of smaller events?

If we likened earthquakes to hillsand mountain peaks...

Mag. 9 = 10x larger than Mag.

8 = 100x larger than Mag. 7Mag. 8 = 10x larger than Mag 7

Mag. 7

Each peak is

(approximately) 10

times the height of the

previous one.

g g

http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/Jpg/dart_mooring0.jpg







The earliest recorded evidence of an

earthquake has been traced back to

1831 BC in China, but there is a fairlycomplete record starting in 780 BC

during the Zhou Dynasty in China.





India Earthquake Prone-India Earthquake Prone- WHWH•India was placed onIndia was placed on

Indo-Australian plate.Indo-Australian plate.

• The plate snapped. The plate snapped.

•Indian subcontinentIndian subcontinentstarted shiftingstarted shifting

upwards.upwards.

•Stresses areStresses are

continuously developedcontinuously developed

north of India.north of India.

•With rupture of Indo-With rupture of Indo-

Eurasia plate in Bay of Eurasia plate in Bay of





5



6

7

8

9

INDIA Seismic Zones



S i i Z



Seismic Zone

Map of India:

Year-1962



Seismic Zone

Map of India:

-1966



Seismic Zone

Map of India:

-1970



Fig: 2.1.6AFTER TSUNAMI





VULNERABILITY • 1819 Gujarat [Kutch] 8.0 (2000 deat

• 2001 Gujarat [Bhuj] 6.9 (13805 deat

• Increased vulnerability in two centuri



You can never tell when

there will be an earthquake,

but you can reduce or avoiddamage, injuries or loss of

life by preparing yourself.

Latest Earthquakes in the World - Past 7 days





Wednesday August 05 2009 at 21:43:24 UTC



Wednesday, August 05, 2009 at 21:43:24 UTC

Thursday, August 06, 2009 at 06:43:24 AM at

epicenter 38.844°S, 137.201°E Location :

4.4 km (2.7 miles) Depth

Magnitude 5.0

450 km (280 miles) SSW of ADELAIDE,

South Australia, Australia

DISTANCE

TIME OF EARTHQUAKE IN OTHER TIME ZONES



TIME OF EARTHQUAKE IN OTHER TIME ZONES

Wednesday, August 05, 2009 at 21:43:27

(UTC) - Coordinated Universal Time

Thursday, August 06, 2009 at 06:43:27 AM

local time at epicenter

Thursday, August 06, 2009 at 03:13:27 AM- Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta

Recent Earthquakes - Last 8-30 Days



It was recognized as early as 350 BC by the



Moonquakes ("earthquakes" on the moon) dooccur, but they happen less frequently and

have smaller magnitudes than earthquakes on

the Earth.

It was recognized as early as 350 BC by the

Greek scientist Aristotle that soft ground

shakes more than hard rock in an earthquake.





The lunar seismometer (lower right) carried aboard Apollo 16.

The lunar seismometer (lower right) carried aboard Apollo 16.

Slip on an earthquake faultSlip on an earthquake fault



@Depth

Intothe

earth

Surface of the earth

Distance along the fault plane

100 km (60 miles)


START




Slip on an earthquake fault

Second 2.0


Second 2.0





Second 4.0


Second 4.0





Second 6.0


Second 6.0





Second 8.0


Second 8.0





Second 10.0


Second 10.0





Second 12.0


Second 12.0





Second 14.0


Second 14.0





Second 16.0


Second 16.0





Second 18.0


Second 18.0





Second 20.0


Second 20.0





Second 22.0


Second 22.0





Second 24.0


Second 24.0



The magnitude of an earthquake is a measuredvalue of the earthquake size



value of the earthquake size.

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/simulations/



Much of the damage in earthquakes





Much of the damage in earthquakes

is predictable and preventable.

We must all work together in our

communities to apply our

knowledge to building codes,retrofitting programs, hazard hunts,

and neighborhood and family

emergency plans.



Alert by the animals



Three weeks ago, the water level in apond 350 miles from the quake's

epicentre inexplicably plunged.

Three days before disaster struck,

thousands of toads appeared on the

streets of Mianzhu city, where 2,000have been reported dead. And hours

before, zoo animals in Wuhan began

acting bizarrely.

Alert by the animals

The earliest reference we have to unusual animal



The earliest reference we have to unusual animal

behavior prior to a significant earthquake is from

Greece in 373 BC. Rates, weasels, snakes, andcentipedes reportedly left their homes and

headed for safety several days before a

destructive earthquake

However, consistent and reliable behavior prior

to seismic events, and a mechanism explaininghow it could work, still eludes us. Most, but not

all, scientists pursuing this mystery are in

China or Japan.



We can easily explain the cause of unusual animal

behavior seconds before humans feel an

earthquake. Very few humans notice the smaller P

wave that travels the fastest from the earthquake

source and arrives before the larger S wave. But

many animals with more keen senses are able to feelthe P wave seconds before the S wave arrives. As

for sensing an impending earthquake days or weeks

before it occurs, that's a different story



British tourists said

moments before the quakestruck the pandas they

were watching at the worldfamous Wolong reserve

became agitated.

isolatednot isolated



As China deals with the aftermath, online

commentators and bloggers are asking why no

heed was paid to these signs.

Some suggested officials could have predicted

the quake earlier.

However, seismologists say it is practicallyimpossible to predict when and where an

earthquake will strike.

Erratic Behavior in Dogs



Researchers around the world continue to

pursue the idea, however. In September 2003 amedical doctor in Japan made headlines with a

study that indicated erratic behavior in dogs,

such as excessive barking or biting, could be

used to forecast quakes.

In 373 B.C., historians recorded that animals,

including rats, snakes and weasels, desertedthe Greek city of Helice in droves just days

before a quake devastated the place.

Do you know what would happen beforean earthquake?



an earthquake?



Bright lights flash in the sky Bright lights flash in the sky



Animals are too nervous, such ascows, pigs, horses, and snakes,

etc.

Predictions of an earthquake:



q

1) Bright lights flash in the sky;

3) The well walls have deep cracks with

smelly gas;4) Animals are too nervous, such as

cows, pigs, horses, and snakes, etc;

5) Mice run out to look for places to hide;

6) Fish jump out of the ponds.

2) The water in the well rise and fall;

• The idea that animals can



sense tremors in advance is as

old as the ancient Greeks of 373 B.C. and as new as theAsian tsunami of 2004.



Frogs Predict Big Earthquake in China



PublicPublicThe Imminent earthquake prediction



1975 Haicheng

Earthquake

1975 Haicheng

Earthquake

The first

successful

imminent

earthquakeprediction in

human history

The first

successful

imminent

earthquake

prediction in

human history

PublicPublic

NoticeNotice

There mightThere might

be anbe an

earthquakeearthquake

very soon,very soon,

the film willthe film will

be shown inbe shown inthe open airthe open air

instead of ininstead of in

the cinema.the cinema.

Xinhua CinemaXinhua Cinema

1975: Liaoning Province,



China

• First major earthquake to be predicted• Saved thousands of lives

• Chinese officials ordered the evacuation of about1 million people days before the earthquake

• Reasons:·Changes in land elevation and ground water levelsfor a few months

·Widespread accounts of peculiar animal behavior

·Regional increase in seismic activity

Living with Disasters…



Are we living in a more dangerous world than

our grandparents lived?

Living with Disasters…



Or is it becoming a safer place?

Conclusion:



"A chain is as strong as itsweakest link”

Conclusion:

Let’s make a safer world





References



1. www.usgs.gov* for information of the tsunami

www.iris.edu*

2. www.bbc.com, www.cnn.com for animation and photos

serc.carleton.edu, www.kyoto-u.ac.jp

3. www.digitalglobe.com for satellite photos

4. www.asiantsunamivideos.com for videos of tsunami disaster

* : U.S. Geological Survey

* : Incorporated Research Institution for Seismology

http://www.usgs.gov/

http://www.iris.edu/

http://www.bbc.com/

http://www.cnn.com/

http://www.carleton.edu/

http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/

http://www.digitalglobe.com/

http://www.asiantsunamivideos.com/

http://www.asiantsunamivideos.com/

http://www.digitalglobe.com/

http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/

http://www.carleton.edu/

http://www.cnn.com/

http://www.bbc.com/

http://www.iris.edu/

http://www.usgs.gov/



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V.R Earthquake